Dead + Superimposed Dead Loading (per metre width of deck)

SLS = Serviceability Limit State

ULS = Ultimate Limit State

Design SLS moment = ∑(γfL × M) = [(1.0 × 16.3)+(1.2 × 2.4)] × 122 / 8 = 345 kNm

Design ULS moment = γf3 × ∑(γfL × M) = 1.1 × [{(1.15 × 16.3)+(1.75 × 2.4)} × 122 / 8] = 454
kNm

Live Loading (per metre width of deck)

Nominal HA mid span moment = 17.5 × 12.02 / 8 + 33.0 × 12.0 / 4 = 414kNm

The maximum moment for the HB vehicle occurs at point X in the diagram below with the
vehicle positioned as shown.

(CG = position of the centre of gravity of the three 75kN wheel loads)
Nominal HB moment at X = 99.4 × 5.3 - 75 × 1.8 = 392kNm

Combination 1 Loading
Design HA SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.2 × 414 = 497 kNm
Design HB SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.1 × 392 = 431 kNm < 497 kNm ∴ HA critical
Total Design SLS Moment (Dead + Live) = 345 + 497 = 842 kNm

Design HA ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.5 × 414 = 683 kNm
Design HB ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.3 × 392 = 561 kNm < 683 kNm
∴ HA loading critical
Total Design ULS Moment (Dead + Live) = 454 + 683 = 1137 kNm

Combination 3 Loading
Design HA SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.0 × 414 = 414 kNm
Design HB SLS moment = γfL × M = 1.0 × 392 = 392 kNm <414 kNm ∴ HA loading critical
Design SLS Moment (Dead + Live) = 345 + 414 = 759 kNm

Design HA ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.25 × 414 = 569 kNm
Design HB ULS moment = γf3 × γfL × M = 1.1 × 1.1 × 392 = 474 kNm < 569 kNm
∴ HA loading critical
Design ULS Moment (Dead + Live) = 454 + 569 = 1023 kNm

Ultimate Capacity of Deck Slab

Ultimate Design Moment = 1137 kNm

BS 5400 Pt 4 cl. [Link]

It is usual to design reinforced concrete for the ultimate limit state and check for
serviceability conditions.
cl. 5.4.2
Use clause 5.3.2 for the resistance moments in slabs.
cl. [Link]
Try 32mm dia. reinforcement at 125mm centres:
Nominal cover to reinforcement in deck soffit = 60mm
d = 650 - 60 -32/2 = 574
As = Π162 × 1000 / 125 = 6434mm2/m
fy = 500N/mm2
fcu = 40N/mm2
z = [1 - ({1.1fyAs}/{fcubd})]d
z = [1 - ({1.1 × 500 × 6434}/{40 × 1000 × 574})]d = 0.85d < 0.95 d
∴ z = 0.85 × 574 = 488mm
MuSteel = 0.87fyAsz = 0.87 × 500 × 6434 × 488 × 10-6 = 1366 kNm/m
MuConcrete = 0.15fcubd2 = 0.15 × 40 × 1000 × 5742 × 10-6 = 1977 kNm/m > 1366
∴ Mu = 1366 kNm/m > 1137kNm/m ∴ OK.

Check Serviceability Limit State

Combination 1 SLS Design Moment = 842 kNm (345DL + 497LL)

Determine depth 'X' to neutral axis of cracked section:

cl. [Link] Table 3
2
Youngs Modulus for concrete for short term loading = Ec = 31 kN/mm
cl. [Link]
2
Youngs Modulus for steel reinforcement = Es = 200 kN/mm

Case 1) When the bridge has just opened (when only a small amount of creep has
occurred):
Modular Ratio = Es / Ec = 200 / 31 = 6.45
Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis:
1000 × X2 / 2 = 6.45 × 6434 × (574 - X)
500X2 + 41510X - 23.83×106 = 0
X = 177 mm
Second Moment of Area of cracked section:
Ixx = 1000×1773 / 3 + 6.45×6434×(574-177)2 = 8.39×109 mm4
Cl [Link]
6 9 2
Max compressive stress in concrete = 842×10 × 177 / 8.39×10 = 17.8 N/mm
Table 2
2
Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 20 N/mm > 17.8 ∴ OK

Case 2) When creep and shrinkage in the bridge are substantially complete:
cl. [Link](b)
2
Youngs Modulus for concrete for long term loading = Ec/2 = 15.5 kN/mm
Hence Modified Ec for (345DL + 497LL) = (345 × 15.5 + 497 × 31) / 842 = 24.65 kN/mm2
cl. [Link]
Youngs Modulus for steel reinforcement = Es = 200 kN/mm2
Modular Ratio = Es / Ec = 200 / 24.65 = 8.1
Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis:
1000 × X2 / 2 = 8.1 × 6434 × (574 - X)
500X2 + 52115X - 30×106 = 0
X = 198 mm
Second Moment of Area of cracked section:
Ixx = 1000×1983 / 3 + 8.1×6434×(574-198)2 = 9.96×109 mm4
Cl [Link]
6 9 2
Max compressive stress in concrete = 842×10 × 198 / 9.96×10 = 16.7 N/mm
Table 2
2
Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 20 N/mm > 16.7 ∴ OK
Tensile stress in reinforcement = 842×106 × (574 - 198) × 8.1 / 9.96×109 = 257.5 N/mm2
Table 2
2
Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm > 257.5 ∴ OK

Crack Control:
Strain in reinforcement = ∈1 = 257.5 / 200000 = 0.00129
Table 13
Notional surface for crack calculation = 35mm cover to reinforcement

[Link]
2 2
acr = √[(125/2) + (16+35) ] - 16 = 65
Allow for stiffening effect of concrete:
eqn 25
∈m = ∈1 - [{3.8bth(a'-dc)} / {∈sAs(h-dc)}] × [(1-Mq/Mg)×10-9]
∈m = ∈1 - [{3.8×1000×650×(625 - 198)} / {0.00129×6434×(650 - 198)}] × [(1 - 497/345)×10-
9
]
∈m = ∈1 - [-0.00012] but not greater than ∈1 Hence no stiffening effect
∈m = ∈1 = 0.00129 × (625 - 198) / (574 - 198) = 0.00146
Design crack width = 3 × 65 × 0.00146 / [1 + 2 × (65 - 35) / (650 - 198)] = 0.25 mm
eqn 24
Design crack width = 3acr∈m / [1+2(acr-cnom)/(h-dc)]
Table 1
Maximum allowable crack width = 0.25 mm ∴ OK

Combination 3 SLS Design Moment = 759 kNm (345DL + 414LL)

Determine depth 'X' to neutral axis of cracked section:

cl. [Link] Table 3
2
Youngs Modulus for concrete for short term loading = Ec = 31 kN/mm
cl. [Link](b)
2
Youngs Modulus for concrete for long term loading = Ec/2 = 15.5 kN/mm
Hence Modified Ec for (345DL + 414LL) = (345 × 15.5 + 414 × 31) / 759 = 23.95 kN/mm2
cl. [Link]
2
Youngs Modulus for steel reinforcement = Es = 200 kN/mm
Modular Ratio = Es / Ec = 200 / 23.95 = 8.35
Taking first moments of area about the neutral axis:
1000 × X2 / 2 = 8.35 × 6434 × (574 - X)
500X2 + 53724X - 30.84×106
X = 200 mm

Second Moment of Area of cracked section:

Ixx = 1000×2003 / 3 + 8.35×6434×(574-200)2 = 10.18×109 mm4>
Cl [Link]
Max compressive bending stress in concrete = 759×106 × 200 / 10.18×109 = 14.9 N/mm2
Max compressive stress due to positive temperature difference = γfL × 2.31 = 0.8 × 2.31 =
1.8 N/mm2
Total compressive stress in concrete = 14.9 + 1.8 = 16.7 N/mm2
Table 2
2
Allowable compressive stress = 0.5fcu = 20 N/mm > 16.7 ∴ OK
Tensile stress in reinforcement = 759×106 × (574 - 200) × 8.35 / 10.18×109 = 232.8 N/mm2
Tensile stress due to reverse temperature difference =
γfL × 8.35×[{(1.43+0.06)×(130-60-16)/130}-0.06] = 0.8 × 4.7 = 3.8 N/mm2
Total tensile stress in reinforcement = 232.8 + 3.8 = 237 N/mm2
Table 2
Allowable tensile stress = 0.75fy = 375 N/mm2 > 237 ∴ OK

Hence B32 bars at 125 centres are adequate for the mid span.

Shear Design

Shear is designed for ultimate limit state.

cl. 5.4.4
V = shear force due to ultimate loads.
Maximum Dead Load V = γf3 × 12 × (1.15 × 16.3 + 1.75 × 2.4) / 2
Maximum Dead Load V = 1.1 × 137.7 kN = 151 kN

Determine shear effects at distance d away from the support.

Try 32mm dia. bars at 125 c/c : d = 574mm

Maximum HA V = γf3 × 1.5 × (12 × 17.5 / 2 + 33 × 11.426 / 12 - 17.5 × 0.574)

Maximum HA V = 1.1 × 190 kN = 209 kN

Maximum HB V = γf3 × 1.3 × 75 × (11.426 + 9.626 + 3.626 + 1.826) / 12

Maximum HB V = 1.1 × 215 kN = 237 kN > 209 ∴ HB loading critical
Maximum V = 151 + 237 = 388 kN
Shear stress = V / bd = 388×103 / (1000 × 574) = 0.68 N/mm2

Design for no shear reinforcement condition then ξsvc > 0.68 N/mm2
Table 9
1/4 1/4
ξs = (500/d) = (500/574) = 0.97
Table 8
1/3 1/3
vc = 0.27/γm(100As/bwd) (fcu)
vc = (0.27 / 1.25) × [100 × 6434 / (1000 × 574)]1/3 × (40)1/3 = 0.77 N/mm2
ξsv√ = 0.97 × 0.77 = 0.75 N/mm2 > 0.68 ∴ OK
cl [Link]
Check that the maximum allowable shear stress is not exceeded:
Maximum allowable shear stress = 0.75√fcu or 4.75 N/mm2
0.75√fcu = 0.75√40 = 4.74 > 0.68 ∴ OK

Hence B32 bars at 125 centres are adequate for shear at the ends of the deck.

Note: Intermediate sections between mid span and the ends of the deck will have a
smaller moment than at mid span and a small shear than at the ends of the deck. These
sections need to be checked to determine where the reinforcement may be reduced to
B25 at 125c/c.
cl. [Link]
Minimum area of reinforcement = 0.15% of bad = 0.15 × 1000 × 574 / 100 = 861 mm2/m ∴
use B12 bars at 125 centres (As = 905 mm2/m) for distribution reinforcement.