PASSIVE FILTERS: LOW – PASS FILTER
Experiment no. ___
I. OBJECTIVES
1. To simulate a filter frequency response using MATLAB and Pspice software
2. To verify the mathematical characteristics of different types of passive filters with electronic simulation
software like Orcad’s Capture and Pspice.
3. To derive the frequency response using transfer function.
II. Procedure
1. RL Low-Pass Filter. Given a RL low-pass filter in Figure 1. The derived transfer function of the RL low pass
filter is given as
R
L
H ( s )=
R
s+
L
Cutoff frequency (ωc) for RL low pass filter is given as
R
ωc=
L
L
+ +
Vi Vo R
- -
Figure 1
2. Set the load resistor of Figure 1 to 1 kΩ and the inductance to 10 mH. The input voltage is 1 Vmax (ac
signal). Copy and run the MATLAB script file and plot the waveform. Calculate the cutoff frequency, and
the cutoff phase angle ϴc.
ωc = ________ rad/s ϴc = ___________ degrees
%LPF series RL circuit
figure('Units', 'normalized',...
'Color', [0.0323 0.7323 0.7323],...
'HitTest', 'off',...
'PaperPosition', [0.9 0.0595 0.8 0.8],...
'Position', [0.09 0.0595 0.8 0.8],...
'Name', 'Common Fourier Series',...
'NumberTitle','off')
R = 1e3; L = 10e-3; RL = 1e3;
s = tf('s');
H_s = R/L/(s + R/L);
bode(H_s,'r'),grid on
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Bode Diagram
0
-5
-10
-15
Magnitude (dB) -20
-25
-30
-35
-40
0
-30
Phase (deg)
-60
-90
3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
3. Connect a load of RL = 1 kΩ (across the output). The transfer function of the LPF with load is given as
ωc
H ( s )=
s +ω c
kR RL
w h ere: ωc = k=
L R+ R L
Revise your MATLAB script file to include the frequency response of a loaded RL LPF. Compute the
cutoff frequency and the cutoff phase angle under this condition. The graph should show the cmparison of
frequency responses between the unloaded and loaded filter.
ωc = _________ rad/s ϴc = _________ degrees
Your MATLAB script here:
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3.1 By comparing the cutoff frequency and cutoff phase angle of a loaded RL LPF with an
unloaded filter, what can you conclude the effect of having load?
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3.2 With your answer in 3.1, does a filter serves an attenuator or an amplifier? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3.3 In connection with your answer to Q3.1, which is a preferred connection,
a. filter followed by an amplifier
b. amplifier followed by a filter
4. Test your output (RL unloaded only) using Pspice (Capture). Run the circuit by creating a profile AC
SWEEP/NOISE with the following parameters.
start: 100
End: 1meg
Points/Decade: 11
Logarithmic
Measure the cutoff frequency in Hz by using the Trace on the toolbar, and choose Cursor. move the cursor
to the cutoff frequency point.
fc = __________ Hz.
4.1 With your computed fc (Pspice), is it (approximately) equal to your manual calculation in
Step 2. ______________
4.2 For any discripancy, state the reason for it.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Do the same step of Pspice with loaded RL LPF.
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5.1 What is the cuoff frequency of the loaded circuit? Compare it with your manual calculation (Step 3)
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. RC Low – Pass Filter. Derive the transfer function of an unloaded RC low – pass filter of Figure 2. Set Vi =
1 Vmax (ac), R = 1 kΩ, C = 10 μF.
6.1 What is the derived formula of cutoff frequency for RC low – pass filter?
6.2 What is the derived formula of transfer function of RC low – pass fillter?
R
+ +
Vi Vo C
- -
Figure 2
6.3 Trace the frequency response of the circuit, by making a MATLAB script. Write your
program.
7. Connect a load of RL = 1 kΩ to circuit of Figure 2.
7.1 What is the derived transfer function of the loaded RC LPF?
7.2 What is the value of attenuating factor (k), for circuit of figure 2?
7.3 Trace again the frequency response. Use the program of Step 6, and attach the script for
loaded circuit. The graph should show the comparison responses between the unloaded and
loaded circuit.
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8. With the help of PSpice, make a simulation profile to run the loaded circuit of Figure 2.
8.1 Compare the frequency responses of MATLAB and Pspice for this circuit. Are the two
responses exactly the same? __________
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