Area Moments

of Inertia

APPENDIX OUTLINE
A
A/1 Introduction
A/2 Denitions
A/3 Composite Areas
A/4 Products of Inertia and Rotation of Axes

A/1 Introduction
When forces are distributed continuously over an area on which
they act, it is often necessary to calculate the moment of these forces
about some axis either in or perpendicular to the plane of the area. Fre-
quently the intensity of the force (pressure or stress) is proportional to
the distance of the line of action of the force from the moment axis. The
elemental force acting on an element of area, then, is proportional to
distance times differential area, and the elemental moment is propor-
tional to distance squared times differential area. We see, therefore,
that the total moment involves an integral of form (distance)2 d (area).
This integral is called the moment of inertia or the second moment of the
area. The integral is a function of the geometry of the area and occurs
frequently in the applications of mechanics. Thus it is useful to develop
its properties in some detail and to have these properties available for
ready use when the integral arises.
Figure A/1 illustrates the physical origin of these integrals. In part a
of the gure, the surface area ABCD is subjected to a distributed pres-
sure p whose intensity is proportional to the distance y from the axis
AB. This situation was treated in Art. 5/9 of Chapter 5, where we de-
scribed the action of liquid pressure on a plane surface. The moment
about AB due to the pressure on the element of area dA is py dA
ky2 dA. Thus, the integral in question appears when the total moment
M k y2 dA is evaluated.

441
442 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A In Fig. A/1b we show the distribution of stress acting on a trans-

verse section of a simple elastic beam bent by equal and opposite couples
applied to its ends. At any section of the beam, a linear distribution of
dA B
force intensity or stress , given by ky, is present. The stress is posi-
tive (tensile) below the axis OO and negative (compressive) above the
y
axis. We see that the elemental moment about the axis OO is dM
D y( dA) ky2 dA. Thus, the same integral appears when the total mo-
p = ky ment M k y2 dA is evaluated.
C A third example is given in Fig. A/1c, which shows a circular shaft
(a) subjected to a twist or torsional moment. Within the elastic limit of the
material, this moment is resisted at each cross section of the shaft by a
distribution of tangential or shear stress , which is proportional to the
radial distance r from the center. Thus, kr, and the total moment
about the central axis is M r( dA) k r2 dA. Here the integral dif-
fers from that in the preceding two examples in that the area is normal
O instead of parallel to the moment axis and in that r is a radial coordinate
dA instead of a rectangular one.
Although the integral illustrated in the preceding examples is gen-
O y erally called the moment of inertia of the area about the axis in question,
a more tting term is the second moment of area, since the rst moment
= ky y dA is multiplied by the moment arm y to obtain the second moment
for the element dA. The word inertia appears in the terminology by rea-
son of the similarity between the mathematical form of the integrals for
second moments of areas and those for the resultant moments of the so-
called inertia forces in the case of rotating bodies. The moment of iner-
(b)
tia of an area is a purely mathematical property of the area and in itself
has no physical signicance.
= kr O
dA
r A/2 Denitions
O
The following denitions form the basis for the analysis of area mo-
ments of inertia.

Rectangular and Polar Moments of Inertia

(c)
Consider the area A in the x-y plane, Fig. A/2. The moments of iner-
Figure A/1 tia of the element dA about the x- and y-axes are, by definition, dIx
y2 dA and dIy x2 dA, respectively. The moments of inertia of A about
the same axes are therefore
y

x
A
dA y
Ix 2 dA
(A/1)
I x
r y 2
y dA
x
O

Figure A/2 where we carry out the integration over the entire area.
 Article A/2 Denitions 443

The moment of inertia of dA about the pole O (z-axis) is, by similar

denition, dIz r2 dA. The moment of inertia of the entire area about
O is

Iz r 2
dA (A/2)

The expressions dened by Eqs. A/1 are called rectangular moments of

inertia, whereas the expression of Eq. A/2 is called the polar moment of
inertia.* Because x2 y2 r2, it is clear that

Iz Ix I y (A/3)

For an area whose boundaries are more simply described in rectangular

coordinates than in polar coordinates, its polar moment of inertia is eas-
ily calculated with the aid of Eq. A/3.
The moment of inertia of an element involves the square of the dis-
tance from the inertia axis to the element. Thus an element whose coor-
dinate is negative contributes as much to the moment of inertia as does
an equal element with a positive coordinate of the same magnitude.
Consequently the area moment of inertia about any axis is always a pos-
itive quantity. In contrast, the rst moment of the area, which was in-
volved in the computations of centroids, could be either positive,
negative, or zero.
The dimensions of moments of inertia of areas are clearly L4, where
L stands for the dimension of length. Thus, the SI units for area mo-
ments of inertia are expressed as quartic meters (m4) or quartic millime-
ters (mm4). The U.S. customary units for area moments of inertia are
quartic feet (ft4) or quartic inches (in.4).
The choice of the coordinates to use for the calculation of moments
of inertia is important. Rectangular coordinates should be used for
shapes whose boundaries are most easily expressed in these coordinates.
Polar coordinates will usually simplify problems involving boundaries
which are easily described in r and . The choice of an element of area
which simplies the integration as much as possible is also important.
These considerations are quite analogous to those we discussed and il-
lustrated in Chapter 5 for the calculation of centroids.

Radius of Gyration
Consider an area A, Fig. A/3a, which has rectangular moments of
inertia Ix and Iy and a polar moment of inertia Iz about O. We now visu-
alize this area as concentrated into a long narrow strip of area A a dis-
tance kx from the x-axis, Fig. A/3b. By denition the moment of inertia
of the strip about the x-axis will be the same as that of the original area
if kx2A Ix. The distance kx is called the radius of gyration of the area

*The polar moment of inertia of an area is sometimes denoted in mechanics literature by

the symbol J.
444 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

y
y
y A
ky
y
kz
A A A
x
x C O
x
y kx O
x
O x
O
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure A/3

about the x-axis. A similar relation for the y-axis is written by consider-
ing the area as concentrated into a narrow strip parallel to the y-axis as
shown in Fig. A/3c. Also, if we visualize the area as concentrated into a
narrow ring of radius kz as shown in Fig. A/3d, we may express the polar
moment of inertia as kz2A Iz. In summary we write

Ix kx2A kx Ix /A
I y ky2A or ky Iy /A (A/4)
Iz kz2A kz Iz /A

The radius of gyration, then, is a measure of the distribution of the area

from the axis in question. A rectangular or polar moment of inertia may
be expressed by specifying the radius of gyration and the area.
When we substitute Eqs. A/4 into Eq. A/3, we have

kz2 kx2 ky2 (A/5)

Thus, the square of the radius of gyration about a polar axis equals the
sum of the squares of the radii of gyration about the two corresponding
rectangular axes.
Do not confuse the coordinate to the centroid C of an area with the
radius of gyration. In Fig. A/3a the square of the centroidal distance
y
y0 from the x-axis, for example, is y 2, which is the square of the mean
dy x0 value of the distances from the elements of the area to the x-axis. The
quantity kx2, on the other hand, is the mean of the squares of these dis-
A dA tances. The moment of inertia is not equal to Ay 2, since the square of
y0 the mean is less than the mean of the squares.
C x0

dx Transfer of Axes
d
The moment of inertia of an area about a noncentroidal axis may be
O
x easily expressed in terms of the moment of inertia about a parallel cen-
troidal axis. In Fig. A/4 the x0-y0 axes pass through the centroid C of the
Figure A/4 area. Let us now determine the moments of inertia of the area about the
 Article A/2 Denitions 445

parallel x-y axes. By denition, the moment of inertia of the element dA

about the x-axis is

dIx (y0 dx)2 dA

Expanding and integrating give us

Ix y
0
2
dA 2dx y dA d dA
0 x
2

We see that the rst integral is by denition the moment of inertia Ix

about the centroidal x0-axis. The second integral is zero, since y0 dA
Ay0 and y0 is automatically zero with the centroid on the x0-axis. The
third term is simply Adx2. Thus, the expression for Ix and the similar ex-
pression for Iy become

Ix Ix Adx2
(A/6)
Iy Iy Ady2

By Eq. A/3 the sum of these two equations gives

Iz Iz Ad2 (A/6a)

Equations A/6 and A/6a are the so-called parallel-axis theorems. Two
points in particular should be noted. First, the axes between which the
transfer is made must be parallel, and second, one of the axes must pass
through the centroid of the area.
If a transfer is desired between two parallel axes neither of which
passes through the centroid, it is rst necessary to transfer from one
axis to the parallel centroidal axis and then to transfer from the cen-
troidal axis to the second axis.
The parallel-axis theorems also hold for radii of gyration. With sub-
stitution of the denition of k into Eqs. A/6, the transfer relation
becomes

k2 k2 d2 (A/6b)

where k is the radius of gyration about a centroidal axis parallel to the

axis about which k applies and d is the distance between the two axes.
The axes may be either in the plane or normal to the plane of the area.
A summary of the moment-of-inertia relations for some common
plane gures is given in Table D/3, Appendix D.
 446 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/1 y y0

Determine the moments of inertia of the rectangular area about the cen-
troidal x0- and y0-axes, the centroidal polar axis z0 through C, the x-axis, and the dy
polar axis z through O. h

2
y
x0
Solution. For the calculation of the moment of inertia Ix about the x0-axis, a C
horizontal strip of area b dy is chosen so that all elements of the strip have the h

same y-coordinate. Thus, 2

y dA]
h/2 O x
1
[Ix 2 Ix y2b dy 12 bh3 Ans. b
h/2

By interchange of symbols, the moment of inertia about the centroidal y0-axis is

1
Helpful Hint
Iy 12 hb3 Ans.
If we had started with the second-
The centroidal polar moment of inertia is order element dA dx dy, integra-
1 1 tion with respect to x holding y
[Iz Ix Iy] Iz 12(bh3 hb3) 12 A(b2 h2) Ans.
constant amounts simply to multi-
By the parallel-axis theorem the moment of inertia about the x-axis is plication by b and gives us the ex-
pression y2b dy, which we chose at

h2
2
[Ix Ix Adx2]
1
Ix 12 bh3 bh
1
3 bh3 3 Ah2
1
Ans. the outset.

We also obtain the polar moment of inertia about O by the parallel-axis theorem,
which gives us

2b h2
2 2
1
[Iz Iz Ad2] Iz 12 A(b2 h2) A

Iz 13A(b2 h2) Ans.

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/2 x

Determine the moments of inertia of the triangular area about its base and
about parallel axes through its centroid and vertex.
dy
h

Solution. A strip of area parallel to the base is selected as shown in the gure, x
y
and it has the area dA x dy [(h y)b/h] dy. By denition
x

y dA]
h h
hy y3 y4 bh3 b
[Ix 2
Ix y2 b dy b Ans.
0 h 3 4h 0
12
Helpful Hints
By the parallel-axis theorem the moment of inertia I about an axis through the
centroid, a distance h/3 above the x-axis, is
Here again we choose the simplest
possible element. If we had chosen

bh3 bh h 2
bh3 dA dx dy, we would have to inte-
[I I Ad ] 2
I Ans.
12 2 3 36 grate y2 dx dy with respect to x rst.
This gives us y2x dy, which is the ex-
A transfer from the centroidal axis to the x-axis through the vertex gives pression we chose at the outset.
Expressing x in terms of y should
2h3
2
bh3 bh bh3
[I I Ad2] Ix Ans. cause no difculty if we observe the
36 2 4
proportional relationship between
the similar triangles.
 Article A/2 Denitions 447

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/3 y

Calculate the moments of inertia of the area of a circle about a diametral
axis and about the polar axis through the center. Specify the radii of gyration.
dr0
r
r0
x
Solution. A differential element of area in the form of a circular ring may be O
used for the calculation of the moment of inertia about the polar z-axis through
O since all elements of the ring are equidistant from O. The elemental area is
dA 2r0 dr0, and thus,

r
r
r4 1 2
[Iz 2 dA] Iz r02(2r0 dr0) 2 Ar Ans.
0 2
y
The polar radius of gyration is dr0

k AI kz
r
2
Ans.
r0
d

r0 sin
By symmetry Ix Iy, so that from Eq. A/3 x
O r
r4 1 2
[Iz Ix Iy] Ix 12 Iz 4 Ar Ans.
4

The radius of gyration about the diametral axis is

k AI kx
r
2
Ans. Helpful Hints

The foregoing determination of Ix is the simplest possible. The result may

Polar coordinates are certainly indi-
cated here. Also, as before, we
also be obtained by direct integration, using the element of area dA r0 dr0 d
choose the simplest and lowest-order
shown in the lower gure. By denition
element possible, which is the differ-

y dA]
2 r
ential ring. It should be evident im-
[Ix 2 Ix (r0 sin )2r0 dr0 d mediately from the denition that
0 0
the polar moment of inertia of the

2
r4 sin2 ring is its area 2r0 dr0 times r02.
d
0 4
This integration is straightforward,

2
r4 1 sin 2 r4
Ans. but the use of Eq. A/3 along with the
4 2 2 4
0 result for Iz is certainly simpler.
 448 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/4 y

Determine the moment of inertia of the area under the parabola about the
3
x-axis. Solve by using (a) a horizontal strip of area and (b) a vertical strip of area. 2
k y
x=

4
Solution. The constant k 9 is obtained rst by substituting x 4 and y 3
into the equation for the parabola. 0 x
0 4

y 2 /9
(a) Horizontal strip. Since all parts of the horizontal strip are the same dis- 4y
x =
tance from the x-axis, the moment of inertia of the strip about the x-axis is y2 dA x dy
where dA (4 x) dy 4(1 y2/9) dy. Integrating with respect to y gives us Solution (a)

y dA] 4y 1 y9 dy 725 14.4 (units)

3 2
y
[Ix 2 Ix 2 4
Ans.
0
x

y 2 /9
(b) Vertical strip. Here all parts of the element are at different distances 4y
from the x-axis, so we must use the correct expressions for the moment of inertia x=
Solution (b)
of the elemental rectangle about its base, which, from Sample Problem A/1, is
y
bh3/3. For the width dx and the height y the expression becomes

dIx 13(dx)y3 x
x dx
To integrate with respect to x, we must express y in terms of x, which gives
y 3x/2, and the integral becomes Helpful Hint

3x2 dx 725 14.4 (units) There is little preference between So-

4 3
1
Ix 3 4
Ans. lutions (a) and (b). Solution (b) re-
0
quires knowing the moment of inertia
for a rectangular area about its base.

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/5

Find the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the semicircular area. C
20 mm _ x0
r
x

Solution. The moment of inertia of the semicircular area about the x-axis is 15 mm
one-half of that for a complete circle about the same axis. Thus, from the results x
of Sample Problem A/3,

1 r4 204
Ix 2(104) mm4
2 4 8

We obtain the moment of inertia I about the parallel centroidal axis x0 next.
Transfer is made through the distance r 4r/(3) (4)(20)/(3) 80/(3) mm
by the parallel-axis theorem. Hence, Helpful Hint

202 3 This problem illustrates the caution

2 2
80
[I I Ad 2] I 2(104) 1.755(104) mm4
we should observe in using a double
transfer of axes since neither the x-
Finally, we transfer from the centroidal x0-axis to the x-axis. Thus, nor the x-axis passes through the
centroid C of the area. If the circle
202 15 3
2 2
80
[I I Ad 2] Ix 1.755(104) were complete with the centroid on
the x axis, only one transfer would
1.755(104) 34.7(104) 36.4(104) mm4 Ans. be needed.
 Article A/2 Denitions 449

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/6 y

Calculate the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the area enclosed be- x
dx
tween the y-axis and the circular arcs of radius a whose centers are at O and A.

Solution. The choice of a vertical differential strip of area permits one integra- a
y2
tion to cover the entire area. A horizontal strip would require two integrations
with respect to y by virtue of the discontinuity. The moment of inertia of the y1
strip about the x-axis is that of a strip of height y2 minus that of a strip of height
y1. Thus, from the results of Sample Problem A/1 we write A
x
1 1 1 O a/2 a
dIx 3(y2 dx)y22 3(y1 dx)y12 3(y23 y13) dx

The values of y2 and y1 are obtained from the equations of the two curves,
which are x2 y22 a2 and (x a)2 y12 a2, and which give y2 a2 x2
and y1 a2 (x a)2. Thus, Helpful Hint

a/2
Ix 13 {(a2 x2)a2 x2 [a2 (x a)2]a2 (x a)2} dx We choose the positive signs for the
0 radicals here since both y1 and y2 lie
above the x-axis.
Simultaneous solution of the two equations which dene the two circles gives
the x-coordinate of the intersection of the two curves, which, by inspection, is
a/2. Evaluation of the integrals gives

a/2
a4 3
a2a2 x2 dx
0 4 2 3

16 4

a/2
a 3
4
x2a2 x2 dx
0 3

4 2 3
a/2
a 3 2
4
a2a2 (x a)2 dx
0

a/2
a4 3
(x a)2a2 (x a)2 dx
0 8 8 3
1
Collection of the integrals with the factor of 3 gives

a4
Ix (93 2) 0.0969a4 Ans.
96

If we had started from a second-order element dA dx dy, we would write y2 dx dy

for the moment of inertia of the element about the x-axis. Integrating from y1 to y2
holding x constant produces for the vertical strip

y2
1
dIx y2 dy dx 3(y23 y13) dx
y1

which is the expression we started with by having the moment-of-inertia result

for a rectangle in mind.
450 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

PROBLEMS A/4 Calculate the moment of inertia of the shaded area

about the y-axis.
Introductory Problems
y
A/1 If the moment of inertia of the thin strip of area
about the x-axis is 2.56(106) mm4, determine the area
40
A of the strip to within a close approximation.

y y = x2/3

10

40 mm x
O
x
O
Problem A/4

Problem A/1
A/5 The moments of inertia of the area A about the paral-
lel p- and p-axes differ by 15(106) mm4. Compute the
A/2 Determine the moments of inertia of the rectangular
area A, which has its centroid at C.
area about the x- and y-axes and nd the polar moment
of inertia about point O.
25 mm
y
50 mm
b 2b

3 3
x
O p
p C

h
A

Problem A/5
Problem A/2
A/6 Use the differential element shown to determine the
A/3 Determine by direct integration the moment of iner- moments of inertia of the triangular area about the
tia of the triangular area about the y-axis. x- and y-axes. Also determine the polar moment of
inertia about point O.

y y

h
b b

2 2
x dy
O b

Problem A/3 h
y

x
O

Problem A/6
 Article A/2 Problems 451

A/7 Determine the polar moments of inertia of the semi- y

circular area about points A and B.

B C

t << r r

r x
O
x
A O
Problem A/10
Problem A/7
A/11 Use the relationships developed and used in Sam-
A/8 The area of the narrow strip of uniform width is ple Problem A/1 to determine expressions for the
750 mm2. Using the fact that the width is small com- rectangular and polar moments of inertia Ix, Iy,
pared with the length of the strip, approximate its and IO of the thin rectangular strip of area A where
moment of inertia about the x-axis. Compare your t is very small compared with b.
answer with the erroneous result of multiplying the
y
area by the square of its distance from its centroid
to the x-axis.

mm
150

100 mm b

50 mm t << b

x
x
Problem A/8 O b

Problem A/11
A/9 Determine the polar radii of gyration of the trian-
gular area about points O and A.
A/12 Determine the moments of inertia of the quarter-
circular area about the x- and y-axes, and nd the
A a
polar radius of gyration about point O.

a a

O
a
Problem A/9
O x

Representative Problems Problem A/12

A/10 Determine the moments of inertia Ix and Iy of the

area of the thin semicircular ring about the x- and
y-axes. Also nd the polar moment of inertia IC of
the ring about its centroid C.
452 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/13 Determine the radius of gyration about a polar axis A/16 Determine the rectangular and polar radii of gyra-
through the midpoint A of the hypotenuse of the tion of the shaded area about the axes shown.
right-triangular area. (Hint: Simplify your calcula-
tion by observing the results for a 30 40-mm rec- y
tangular area.)

x3
40 mm y =
A 4

30 mm

Problem A/13 0 x
0 1 2
A/14 Determine by direct integration the moments of in-
ertia of the trapezoidal area about the x- and y-axes. Problem A/16
Find the polar moment of inertia about point O.
A/17 In two different ways show that the moments of in-
y ertia of the square area about the x- and x-axes are
the same.

a
x
a

h a/2

x
C
x a/2
O b

Problem A/14

A/15 Determine the moment of inertia about the x-axis of Problem A/17
the shaded area shown.
A/18 Determine by direct integration the moments of in-
y
ertia of the trapezoidal area about the x- and y-axes.

b y

x
y = b cos b b
2a 2 2
2 2

0 x h
0 a

O
x
b b
Problem A/15 1 1
2 2

Problem A/18
 Article A/2 Problems 453

A/19 Determine the moment of inertia of the elliptical A/22 The moment of inertia about the x-axis of the rec-
area about the y-axis and nd the polar radius of tangle of area A is approximately equal to Ad2 if h is
gyration about the origin O of the coordinates. small compared with d. Determine and plot the per-
centage error n of the approximate value for h /d ra-
y tios from 0.1 to 1. What is the percentage error for
x2 y2 h d/4?
2 + 2 = 1
a b
b
b
h/2
x0
x
O a h/2

x
Problem A/19
Problem A/22
A/20 Determine the polar radius of gyration of the area of
the equilateral triangle about the midpoint M of its A/23 Determine the moment of inertia of the quarter-
base. circular area about the tangent x-axis.

a a

a
x
a/2 M a/2
Problem A/23
Problem A/20

A/24 Determine the moments of inertia of the shaded

A/21 Determine the moments of inertia of the shaded
area about the y- and y-axes.
area about the x- and y-axes. Use the same differen-
tial element for both calculations.
y y

x = ky2
200
mm
x2
y= x
a

a 200
mm

x
a 400 mm

Problem A/21 Problem A/24

454 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/25 Calculate by direct integration the moment of iner- A/28 Calculate the moment of inertia of the shaded area
tia of the shaded area about the x-axis. Solve, rst, about the x-axis.
by using a horizontal strip having differential area
and, second, by using a vertical strip of differential y
area.
6
y

4 x = ky2 y = kx2

0 x
0 6
x

Problem A/28
Problem A/25

A/29 Determine the radius of gyration about the y-axis of

A/26 Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area
the shaded area shown.
about the x-axis using (a) a horizontal strip of area
and (b) a vertical strip of area.
y
y
Parabolic

80 mm

b
40 mm

x
x 80 mm 80 mm
a
Problem A/29
Problem A/26
A/30 Determine the moments of inertia of the circular
A/27 Determine the moment of inertia about the x-axis
sector about the x- and y-axes.
and the polar radius of gyration about point O for
the semicircular area shown. y

y
r

A x
B O
r
Problem A/30

x
O

Problem A/27
 Article A/2 Problems 455

A/31 From considerations of symmetry show that Ix A/33 By the methods of this article, determine the rec-
Iy Ix Iy for the semicircular area regardless of tangular and polar radii of gyration of the shaded
the angle . area about the axes shown.

y y
y

x
r a

x
O
a

Problem A/31 2
x
O
A/32 Calculate the moments of inertia of the shaded area
about the x- and y-axes, and nd the polar moment Problem A/33
of inertia about point O.
A/34 Calculate the moment of inertia of the shaded area
y of the two overlapping circles about the x-axis.
4
y

y = k2 x

4
r r

x
y = k1x3

x
O

Problem A/32

Problem A/34
456 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/3 Composite Areas

It is frequently necessary to calculate the moment of inertia of an
area composed of a number of distinct parts of simple and calculable
geometric shape. Because a moment of inertia is the integral or sum of
the products of distance squared times element of area, it follows that
the moment of inertia of a positive area is always a positive quantity.
The moment of inertia of a composite area about a particular axis is
therefore simply the sum of the moments of inertia of its component
parts about the same axis. It is often convenient to regard a composite
area as being composed of positive and negative parts. We may then
treat the moment of inertia of a negative area as a negative quantity.
When a composite area is composed of a large number of parts, it is
convenient to tabulate the results for each of the parts in terms of its
area A, its centroidal moment of inertia I, the distance d from its cen-
troidal axis to the axis about which the moment of inertia of the entire
section is being computed, and the product Ad2. For any one of the parts
the moment of inertia about the desired axis by the transfer-of-axis the-
orem is I Ad2. Thus, for the entire section the desired moment of iner-
tia becomes I I Ad2.
For such an area in the x-y plane, for example, and with the nota-
tion of Fig. A/4, where Ix is the same as Ix0 and Iy is the same as Iy0 the
tabulation would include

Part Area, A dx dy Adx2 Ady2 Ix Iy

Sums A Adx2 Ady2 Ix Iy

From the sums of the four columns, then, the moments of inertia
for the composite area about the x- and y-axes become

Ix Ix Adx2
Iy Iy Ady2

Although we may add the moments of inertia of the individual parts

of a composite area about a given axis, we may not add their radii of gy-
ration. The radius of gyration for the composite area about the axis in
question is given by k I/A, where I is the total moment of inertia and
A is the total area of the composite gure. Similarly, the radius of gyra-
tion k about a polar axis through some point equals Iz/A, where Iz
Ix Iy for x-y axes through that point.
 Article A/3 Composite Areas 457

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/7 y

Determine the moments of inertia about the x- and y-axes for the shaded
area. Make direct use of the expressions given in Table D/3 for the centroidal
moments of inertia of the constituent parts. 30 mm
30 mm

30 mm
Solution. The given area is subdivided into the three subareas showna rec-
tangular (1), a quarter-circular (2), and a triangular (3) area. Two of the sub- x
areas are holes with negative areas. Centroidal x0y0 axes are shown for areas 40 mm 40 mm
(2) and (3), and the locations of centroids C2 and C3 are from Table D/3.
y
The following table will facilitate the calculations. y0

r (2)
x0
C2
y0
(1)

(3)
x0
C3 10 mm
x
r = 4(30)
= 12.73 mm 40

3 3
mm

[Ix Ix Adx2] Ix 1.366(106) 2.68(106) 4.05(106) mm4 Ans.

[Iy Iy Ady2] Iy 2.46(106) 4.90(106) 7.36(106) mm4 Ans.

The following sample problem will determine Ix by a different technique. For

example, the area moment of inertia of subareas (1) and (3) about the x-axis are
commonly tabulated quantities. While the above solution began with the centroidal
moments of inertia of subareas (1) and (3), the following sample problem will make
more direct use of the tabulated moments of inertia about the baselines.
 458 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/8

30 mm
Calculate the moment of inertia and radius of gyration about the x-axis for 30 mm
the shaded area shown. Wherever possible, make expedient use of tabulated
moments of inertia.
30 mm
x
40 mm 40 mm
Solution. The composite area is composed of the positive area of the rectangle
(1) and the negative areas of the quarter circle (2) and triangle (3). For the rec-
tangle the moment of inertia about the x-axis, from Sample Problem A/1 (or
Table D/3), is x _
r (2)
1 1 x0
Ix 3 Ah2 3(80)(60)(60)2 5.76(106) mm4 C
(1)
From Sample Problem A/3 (or Table D/3), the moment of inertia of the negative
quarter-circular area about its base axis x is (3)
x

Ix
1 r4
4 4

(30)4 0.1590(106) mm4
16
Helpful Hints
We now transfer this result through the distance r 4r/(3) 4(30)/(3)
12.73 mm by the transfer-of-axis theorem to get the centroidal moment of iner- Note that we must transfer the mo-
tia of part (2) (or use Table D/3 directly). ment of inertia for the quarter-
circular area to its centroidal axis x0

[I I Ad2] Ix 0.1590(106) (30)2

4
(12.73)2 before we can transfer it to the
x-axis, as was done in Sample Prob-
lem A/5.
0.0445(106) mm4

The moment of inertia of the quarter-circular part about the x-axis is now We watch our signs carefully here.
Since the area is negative, both I
[I I Ad2] Ix 0.0445(106)

(30)2
4
(60 12.73)2
and A carry negative signs.

Always use common sense at key

1.624(106) mm4
points such as this. The two minus
Finally, the moment of inertia of the negative triangular area (3) about its base, signs are consistent with the fact
from Sample Problem A/2 (or Table D/3), is that subareas (2) and (3) reduce the
1 1
numerical value of the moment of
Ix 12bh3 12(40)(30)3 0.90(106) mm4 inertia of the basic rectangular area.
The total moment of inertia about the x-axis of the composite area is,
consequently,

Ix 5.76(106) 1.624(106) 0.09(106) 4.05(106) mm4 Ans.

This result agrees with that of Sample Problem A/7.

1 1
The net area of the gure is A 60(80) 4(30)2 2(40)(30) 3490 mm2 so
that the radius of gyration about the x-axis is

kx Ix/A 4.05(106)/3490 34.0 mm Ans.

 Article A/3 Problems 459

PROBLEMS y

Introductory Problems 2R 2R

A/35 Determine the moment of inertia about the x-axis of

the rectangular area without and with the central 2R
rectangular hole.
x
y R
2R
h

4

h
x Problem A/37
2

h A/38 Determine the percent reductions in both area and

4 area moment of inertia about the y-axis caused by
b b b removal of the rectangular cutout from the rectan-

4 2 4 gular plate of base b and height h.

Problem A/35 y

A/36 Determine the moment of inertia about the y-axis

of the circular area without and with the central h/8
square hole.
h
y

h/8

2b/3
b
R
R Problem A/38
R x
A/39 By the method of this article, determine the rectan-
gular and polar radii of gyration of the shaded area,
repeated here from Prob. A/33, about the axes shown.

Problem A/36

A/37 Determine the percent reduction n in the polar mo- a

ment of inertia of the square plate due to the intro-
duction of the circular hole.
a

2
x
O

Problem A/39
460 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/40 The cross-sectional area of a wide-ange I-beam has A/43 Determine the moments of inertia of the shaded
the dimensions shown. Obtain a close approximation area about the x- and y-axes.
to the handbook value of Ix 657 in.4 by treating
the section as being composed of three rectangles. y

x 16.25

0.380

x
O
7.073 0.628
Problem A/43

Problem A/40 Representative Problems

A/41 Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area A/44 Determine the moments of inertia of the Z-section
about the x-axis in two ways. The wall thickness is about its centroidal x0- and y0-axes.
20 mm on all four sides of the rectangle.
100 mm
y
20 mm

y0

100 mm x0
140 mm
x
20 mm
20 mm 100 mm
20 mm

100 mm
360 mm

Problem A/44
Problem A/41

A/45 Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area

A/42 Determine the moments of inertia of the shaded
about the x-axis in two different ways.
area about the x- and y-axes.

y 4a

a
a a
x
a

2a a

a Problem A/45
x

Problem A/42
 Article A/3 Problems 461

A/46 A oor joist which measures a full 2 in. by 8 in. has A/49 The rectangular area shown in part a of the gure is
a 1-in. hole drilled through it for a water-pipe instal- split into three equal areas which are then arranged
lation. Determine the percent reduction n in the as shown in part b of the gure. Determine an ex-
moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area about pression for the moment of inertia of the area in
the x-axis (compared with that of the undrilled joist) part b about the centroidal x-axis. What percent in-
for hole locations in the range 0 y 3.5 in. Evalu- crease n over the moment of inertia for area a does
ate your expression for y 2 in. this represent if h 200 mm and b 60 mm?

2 1

4
1
A y 1 2 3 x 2 x
x h

3
Section A b
(a) (b)
Problem A/46
Problem A/49
A/47 Determine the polar radius of gyration about point
A for the shaded area shown. A/50 Develop a formula for the moment of inertia of the
regular hexagonal area of side a about its central
80 mm x-axis.

a
80
mm
O x
60 mm

Problem A/47
Problem A/50
A/48 Calculate the polar radius of gyration about point O
of the area shown. Note that the widths of the ele- A/51 Approximate the moment of inertia about the x-axis
ments are small compared with their lengths. of the semicircular area by dividing it into ve hori-
zontal strips of equal width. Treat the moment of
y inertia of each strip as its area (width times length
of its horizontal midline) times the square of the
distance from its midline to the x-axis. Compare
30 your result with the exact value.

30 4
y
4

100

x 1
O 5
30 x

4
Problem A/51

Problem A/48
462 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/52 Determine the polar radius of gyration of the shaded A/54 By the method of this article, determine the mo-
area about point O. ments of inertia about the x- and y-axes of the trape-
zoidal area, repeated here from Prob. A/18.
y
y

b b
2 2
2 2

O
a x
b b
1 1
2 2

Problem A/54
x
O A/55 A hollow mast of circular section as shown is to be
0.4a stiffened by bonding two strips of the same material
and of rectangular section to the mast throughout
Problem A/52 its length. Determine the proper dimension h of
each near-rectangle which will exactly double the
A/53 Calculate the polar radius of gyration of the shaded stiffness of the mast to bending in the y-z plane.
area about its centroid C. (Stiffness in the y-z plane is proportional to the area
moment of inertia about the x-axis.) Take the inner
100 100 boundary of each strip to be a straight line.

y
h

y0
600
x0
C 4 8
x

100

500
h
Dimensions in millimeters
2
Problem A/53

Problem A/55
 Article A/3 Problems 463

A/56 Determine the moments of inertia of the shaded A/59 Determine the polar moment of inertia about point
area about the x- and y-axes. Also determine the O of the shaded area shown.
polar moment of inertia about point O.

0.6h 0.6h
30
30
30

20
0.75h h
45 45
O
160
Dimensions in millimeters

x Problem A/59
O
A/60 For the H-beam section, determine the ange width b
Problem A/56
which will make the moments of inertia about the
central x- and y-axes equal. (Hint: The solution of a
A/57 Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area
cubic equation is required here. Refer to Art. C/4 or
about the x-axis.
C/11 of Appendix C for solving a cubic equation.)
y

b
a x

10 mm
a

45 45 4
x
10 mm 10 mm
100 mm
Problem A/57
Problem A/60
A/58 Calculate the moment of inertia of the 300 100-mm
channel section about the centroidal x0-axis. Neglect
the llets and rounds and compare with the handbook
value of Ix 6.25(106) mm4.

16.2 mm
7.5 mmR

100 mm 17.5 mm
12.5 mmR G
x0

18.8 mm
300 mm

Problem A/58
464 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/4 Products of Inertia and Rotation of Axes

In this article, we dene the product of inertia with respect to rec-
tangular axes and develop the parallel-axis theorem for centroidal and
noncentroidal axes. In addition, we discuss the effects of rotation of axes
on moments and products of inertia.

Denition
In certain problems involving unsymmetrical cross sections and in
the calculation of moments of inertia about rotated axes, an expression
dIxy xy dA occurs, which has the integrated form

Ixy xy dA (A/7)

where x and y are the coordinates of the element of area dA dx dy.

The quantity Ixy is called the product of inertia of the area A with re-
spect to the x-y axes. Unlike moments of inertia, which are always posi-
tive for positive areas, the product of inertia may be positive, negative,
or zero.
The product of inertia is zero whenever either of the reference axes
y is an axis of symmetry, such as the x-axis for the area in Fig. A/5. Here
we see that the sum of the terms x(y) dA and x(y) dA due to symmet-
x rically placed elements vanishes. Because the entire area may be consid-
ered as composed of pairs of such elements, it follows that the product of
inertia Ixy for the entire area is zero.
+y
x
y Transfer of Axes
By denition the product of inertia of the area A in Fig. A/4 with re-
spect to the x- and y-axes in terms of the coordinates x0, y0 to the cen-
x
troidal axes is

Figure A/5
Ixy (x d )(y d ) dA
0 y 0 x

x y dA d x dA d y dA d d dA
0 0 x 0 y 0 x y

y
y0
dy x0

A dA
y0
C x0

dx
d

x
O

Figure A/4, Repeated

 Article A/4 Products of Inertia and Rotation of Axes 465

The rst integral is by denition the product of inertia about the cen-
troidal axes, which we write as Ixy. The middle two integrals are both
zero because the rst moment of the area about its own centroid is nec-
essarily zero. The fourth term is merely dx dy A. Thus, the transfer-of-
axis theorem for products of inertia becomes

Ixy Ixy dx dy A (A/8)

Rotation of Axes
The product of inertia is useful when we need to calculate the mo-
ment of inertia of an area about inclined axes. This consideration leads
directly to the important problem of determining the axes about which
the moment of inertia is a maximum and a minimum.
In Fig. A/6 the moments of inertia of the area about the x- and y-
axes are

Ix y dA (y cos x sin ) dA
2 2

Iy x dA (y sin x cos ) dA
2 2

where x and y have been replaced by their equivalent expressions as

seen from the geometry of the gure.

y sin

x cos
y
y
dA
x

x y cos
y
y
y x

x sin
x
O x

Figure A/6

Expanding and substituting the trigonometric identities

1 cos 2 1 cos 2
sin2 cos2
2 2

and the dening relations for Ix, Iy, Ixy give us

Ix Iy I x Iy
Ix cos 2 Ixy sin 2
2 2
(A/9)
Ix Iy I x Iy
Iy cos 2 Ixy sin 2
2 2
466 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

In a similar manner we write the product of inertia about the in-

clined axes as

Ixy xy dA (y sin x cos )(y cos x sin ) dA

Expanding and substituting the trigonometric identities

sin cos 12 sin 2 cos2 sin2 cos 2

and the dening relations for Ix, Iy, Ixy give us

Ix Iy
Ixy sin 2 Ixy cos 2 (A/9a)
2

Adding Eqs. A/9 gives Ix Iy Ix Iy Iz, the polar moment of iner-

tia about O, which checks the results of Eq. A/3.
The angle which makes Ix and Iy either maximum or minimum
may be determined by setting the derivative of either Ix or Iy with re-
spect to equal to zero. Thus,

dIx
(Iy Ix) sin 2 2Ixy cos 2 0
d

Denoting this critical angle by gives

2Ixy
tan 2 (A/10)
Iy I x

Equation A/10 gives two values for 2 which differ by , since tan 2
tan (2 ). Consequently the two solutions for will differ by /2.
One value denes the axis of maximum moment of inertia, and the
other value denes the axis of minimum moment of inertia. These two
rectangular axes are called the principal axes of inertia.
When we substitute Eq. A/10 for the critical value of 2 in Eq. A/9a,
we see that the product of inertia is zero for the principal axes of inertia.
Substitution of sin 2 and cos 2, obtained from Eq. A/10, for sin 2 and
cos 2 in Eqs. A/9 gives the expressions for the principal moments of in-
ertia as

Ix Iy 1
Imax (Ix Iy)2 4 Ixy2
2 2
(A/11)
Ix Iy 1
Imin (Ix Iy)2 4 Ixy2
2 2

Mohrs Circle of Inertia

We may represent the relations in Eqs. A/9, A/9a, A/10, and A/11
graphically by a diagram called Mohrs circle. For given values of Ix, Iy,
 Article A/4 Products of Inertia and Rotation of Axes 467

Ixy
x
x
Ix
A
Ix

Imin C
P
x
Ixy
A
2 Axis through P of
Ixy maximum moment
O 2 of inertia
I
Ixy

Iy
D
Iy
Imax

Figure A/7

and Ixy the corresponding values of Ix, Iy, and Ixy may be determined
from the diagram for any desired angle . A horizontal axis for the mea-
surement of moments of inertia and a vertical axis for the measurement
of products of inertia are rst selected, Fig. A/7. Next, point A, which
has the coordinates (Ix, Ixy), and point B, which has the coordinates
(Iy, Ixy), are located.
We now draw a circle with these two points as the extremities of a
diameter. The angle from the radius OA to the horizontal axis is 2 or
twice the angle from the x-axis of the area in question to the axis of
maximum moment of inertia. The angle on the diagram and the angle
on the area are both measured in the same sense as shown. The coordi-
nates of any point C are (Ix, Ixy), and those of the corresponding point
D are (Iy, Ixy). Also the angle between OA and OC is 2 or twice the
angle from the x-axis to the x-axis. Again we measure both angles in the
same sense as shown. We may verify from the trigonometry of the circle
that Eqs. A/9, A/9a, and A/10 agree with the statements made.
 468 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/9 y y0

Determine the product of inertia of the rectangular area with centroid at C dy
with respect to the x-y axes parallel to its sides.

h x0
Solution. Since the product of inertia Ixy about the axes x0-y0 is zero by sym- C
metry, the transfer-of-axis theorem gives us
dx
[Ixy Ixy dxdyA] Ixy dxdybh Ans. b
In this example both dx and dy are shown positive. We must be careful to be con- x
sistent with the positive directions of dx and dy as dened, so that their proper
signs are observed.

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/10 y

Determine the product of inertia about the x-y axes for the area under the b
parabola. 2
k y
x= dx
x dy
Solution. With the substitution of x a when y b, the equation of the curve
y
becomes x ay2/b2.
x
a
y
y0 b
Solution I. If we start with the second-order element dA dx dy, we have
2
dIxy xy dx dy. The integral over the entire area is 2 /b
ay
x=
12 a aby y dy
b a b 2 4
1 2 2 y x0
Ixy xy dx dy 2
4 6a b Ans.
0 ay2/b2 0
y/2
x
a
Solution II. Alternatively we can start with a rst-order elemental strip and x dx
save one integration by using the results of Sample Problem A/9. Taking a verti-
cal strip dA y dx gives dIxy 0 (12 y)(x)(y dx), where the distances to the cen- y y0
a+x b

troidal axes of the elemental rectangle are dx y/2 and dy x. Now we have 2 dy
x

a a a
y2 xb2 b2 3 1 x0
Ixy x dx x dx x 6 a2 b 2 Ans.
0 2 0 2a 6a 0
y
Helpful Hint
x
a
If we had chosen a horizontal strip, our expression would have become
dIxy y 12 (a x)[(a x) dy], which when integrated, of course, gives us
the same result as before.

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/11 y

Determine the product of inertia of the semicircular area with respect to the y0 4r

x-y axes. 3p
x
r x0
Solution. We use the transfer-of-axis theorem, Eq. A/8, to write C

3 (r) r2 2r3
2 4
4r
[Ixy Ixy dxdyA] Ixy 0 Ans. Helpful Hint
Proper use of the transfer-of-axis
where the x- and y-coordinates of the centroid C are dy r and dx 4r/(3).
theorem saves a great deal of labor
Because y0 is an axis of symmetry, Ixy 0.
in computing products of inertia.
 Article A/4 Products of Inertia and Rotation of Axes 469

SAMPLE PROBLEM A/12 y

10
Determine the orientation of the principal axes of inertia through the cen- mm 2.5 mm
troid of the angle section and determine the corresponding maximum and mini-
mum moments of inertia.

Solution. The location of the centroid C is easily calculated, and its position is
shown on the diagram. 50 mm
C
x
Products of Inertia. The product of inertia for each rectangle about its cen- 7.5 mm
troidal axes parallel to the x-y axes is zero by symmetry. Thus, the product of in-
ertia about the x-y axes for part I is 10 mm

[Ixy Ixy dxdyA] Ixy 0 (12.5)(7.5)(400) 3.75(104) mm4 40 mm

where dx (7.5 5) 12.5 mm

y
and dy (20 10 2.5) 7.5 mm y
Likewise for part II,
II
[Ixy Ixy dxdyA] Ixy 0 (12.5)(7.5)(400) 3.75(104) mm4 dy
x
where dx (20 7.5) 12.5 mm, dy (5 2.5) 7.5 mm

For the complete angle, dx

C
x
Ixy 3.75(104) 3.75(104) 7.5(104) mm4 dx

Moments of Inertia. The moments of inertia about the x- and y-axes for part I
I are
dy
1
[I I Ad2] Ix 12 (40)(10)3 (400)(12.5)2 6.58(104) mm4
1 Helpful Hint
Iy 12 (10)(40)3 (400)(7.5)2 7.58(104) mm4
and the moments of inertia for part II about these same axes are Mohrs circle. Alternatively we could use Eqs.
1 A/11 to obtain the results for Imax and Imin, or
[I I Ad2] Ix 12 (10)(40)3 (400)(12.5)2 11.58(104) mm4
we could construct the Mohrs circle from the
1
Iy 12 (40)(10)3 (400)(7.5)2 2.58(104) mm4 calculated values of Ix, Iy, and Ixy. These values
are spotted on the diagram to locate points A
Thus, for the entire section we have
and B, which are the extremities of the diame-
Ix 6.58(10)4 11.58(10)4 18.17(104) mm4 ter of the circle. The angle 2 and Imax and Imin
are obtained from the gure, as shown.
Iy 7.58(104) 2.58(104) 10.17(104) mm4

Principal Axes. The inclination of the principal axes of inertia is given by Eq. +Ixy , (10 4) mm4
A/10, so we have
Imax = 22.7

tan 2 I I
2Ixy 2(7.50) Iy = 10.17
tan 2 1.875
y x 10.17 18.17
B
2 61.9 31.0 Ans. Ixy =
(7.5)
We now compute the principal moments of inertia from Eqs. A/9 using for = +7.5
I, (10 4) mm4
and get Imax from Ix and Imin from Iy. Thus,
2 = 61.9
Imax
18.17 10.17 18.17 10.17
2

2
(0.471) (7.50)(0.882) (104) Imin =
Ixy = 7.5

22.7(104 ) mm 4
Ans. 5.67 A

Imin 18.17 2 10.17 18.17 2 10.17 (0.471) (7.50)(0.882) (10 ) 4 Ix = 18.17

Ixy , (10 4) mm4

5.67(104) mm4 Ans.
470 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

PROBLEMS A/63 Determine the product of inertia about the x-y axes
of the circular area with three equal square holes.
Introductory Problems
y
A/61 Determine the product of inertia of each of the four
areas about the x-y axes. 3 2

50 50
3
10
(a) 2
(b) x
2
60 30
3
60 40
30 x
(c) 40
(d)
30 60 2 3

60
30 Problem A/63
Dimensions in millimeters
A/64 Determine the product of inertia of each of the four
areas about the x-y axes.
Problem A/61

A/62 Determine Ix, Iy, and Ixy for the rectangular plate y
with three equal circular holes.
60 60
(a)
25 (b)
y
50
100 100
40
80
x
(c)
50 30 30 40
200 x (d)
50 30
80

25
400
50
Dimensions in millimeters
Dimensions in millimeters
Problem A/62
Problem A/64
 Article A/4 Problems 471

A/65 Determine the product of inertia of the rectangular A/68 Determine the products of inertia of the area of the
area about the x-y axes. Treat the case where b is quarter-circular ring about the x-y axes and about
small compared with L. the x0 -y0 axes through the centroid C of the ring.
Treat b as very small compared with r.
y
b y

L y0

x
x0
C
Problem A/65 b<< r
r
A/66 Determine the product of inertia of the rectangular
strip number 1 about the x-y axes. Assume that the
x
width b is small compared with the length L. From O
this rst result, determine the product of inertia for
each of the strips 2, 3, and 4. Verify that the sum of Problem A/68
the four results is zero.
Representative Problems
y
b
A/69 Derive the expressions for the product of inertia of
2 L L 1 the right-triangular area about the x-y axes and about
the centroidal x0 -y0 axes.

x
y

L L
y0

h
3 4 x0
C
x
Problem A/66 b

A/67 Determine the product of inertia of the shaded area Problem A/69
about the x-y axes.
A/70 Derive the expression for the product of inertia of the
y right-triangular area about the x-y axes. Solve, rst,
by double integration and, second, by single integra-
tion starting with a vertical strip as the element.

20 y

h
60

x
b
x
120 20 Problem A/70
Dimensions in millimeters

Problem A/67
472 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/71 Obtain the product of inertia of the quarter-circular A/74 The products of inertia of the shaded area with re-
area with respect to the x-y axes and use this result spect to the x-y and x-y axes are 8(106) mm4 and
to obtain the product of inertia with respect to the 42(106) mm4, respectively. Compute the area of
parallel centroidal axes. the gure, whose centroid is C.

y y y
y0 50 mm

x
x0 30
C mm
60 mm
x
r
C 20 mm
x
Problem A/71

A/72 Calculate the product of inertia of the shaded area

about the x-y axes. (Hint: Take advantage of the
Problem A/74
transfer-of-axes relations.)

A/75 Determine the product of inertia of the trapezoidal

y
area about the x-y axes.

60 60 x y

40 40 a

40
h
60

Problem A/72
x
A/73 Solve for the product of inertia of the semicircular b
area about the x-y axes in two different ways.
Problem A/75
y
A/76 Determine the product of inertia of the elliptical
area about the x-y axes.

y
r

x Ellipse

Problem A/73
b

x
a

Problem A/76
 Article A/4 Problems 473

A/77 Obtain the product of inertia of the area of the cir- A/80 Determine the moments and product of inertia of
cular sector with respect to the x-y axes. Evaluate the area of the equilateral triangle with respect to
your general expression for the specic cases of the x-y axes.
(a) quarter-circular and (b) semicircular areas.
y
y
y

b b
x

15
x x
r b

Problem A/77 Problem A/80

A/78 Determine the product of inertia of the rhombic A/81 Determine the maximum and minimum moments of
area about the x-y axes. ( Hint: Regard the area as a inertia with respect to axes through C for the com-
combination of a rectangle and triangles and use the posite of the two areas shown. Find the angle mea-
results of Prob. A/70.) sured counterclockwise from the x-axis to the axis of
maximum moment of inertia. Make use of the results
y of Prob. A/69.

60 x a
s
2a C
x
Problem A/78 2a
a
A/79 Determine the product of inertia of the shaded area
about the x-y axes.

y Problem A/81

A/82 Determine the moments and product of inertia of

x = ky3 the quarter-circular area with respect to the x-y
axes.
a
y
y
x
b

Problem A/79 x

30
x
r

Problem A/82
474 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

A/83 Find Ix and Iy for the shaded area and show that the y
x-y axes are principal axes of inertia.
2a
y

b a
C
x
b a
x
2a
Problem A/83
Problem A/85
A/84 Sketch the Mohrs circle of inertia for each of the
four rectangular areas with the proportions and A/86 Determine the angle which locates the principal
positions shown. Indicate on each diagram point A axes of inertia through point O for the rectangular
which has coordinates (Ix, Ixy) and the angle 2, area. Construct the Mohrs circle of inertia and
where is the angle from the x-axis to the axis of specify the corresponding values of Imax and Imin.
maximum moment of inertia.
y
y
y

x x
2b
y

(a) (b) x
y x
y O b

Problem A/86

x x A/87 Determine the maximum moment of inertia about

an axis through O and the angle to this axis for the
triangular area shown. Also construct the Mohrs
circle of inertia.

y
(c) (d)

Problem A/84

A/85 Determine the minimum and maximum moments of

inertia with respect to centroidal axes through C for
the composite of the two rectangular areas shown.
Find the angle measured from the x-axis to the axis 8
of maximum moment of inertia.
x

x
O 4

Problem A/87
 Article A/4 Problems 475

* A/90 Determine and plot the moments and products of

*Computer-Oriented Problems inertia of the shaded area about the x-y axes as
functions of from 0 to . State the mini-
*A/88 Plot the moment of inertia of the shaded area about mum and maximum values of each function and the
the x-axis as a function of from 0 to 90 corresponding values of .
and determine the minimum value of Ix and the
corresponding value of . y
y 0.5a
y
100
mm
a
x

x
200
mm

100
mm x
O

x
O Problem A/90
300
mm
* A/91 The gure shows the cross section of a structural
Problem A/88 concrete column. Determine and plot the product of
inertia Ixy of the sectional area about the x-y
*A/89 Plot the moment of inertia of the shaded area about axes as a function of from 0 to /2. Deter-
the x-axis for the range 0 90. Determine the mine the angle for which Ixy 0. This informa-
minimum value of Ix and the corresponding value tion is critical to the design of the column to
of . determine the plane in which the column has a
minimum resistance to bending. Make use of the
y results for Prob. A/69.

80 mm
y

60 6 2
mm
y
120 4 x
mm
x
y
60
mm 4
x

x 2 6
O
Problem A/91
Problem A/89
 476 Appendix A Area Moments of Inertia

*A/92 Plot the moment of inertia of the Z-section area * A/94 Determine the moment of inertia of the shaded area
about the x-axis as a function of from 0 to about the x-axis through O in terms of and plot it for
90. Determine the maximum value of Ix and the range 0 to 180. Find the maximum and
the corresponding value of from your plot, then minimum values and their corresponding angles .
verify these results by using Eqs. A/10 and A/11.
y
50 mm
10 mm 30
y0
90
x
x0 120 x
70 mm

10 mm
30
x
10 mm O 240
50 mm
Dimensions in millimeters

Problem A/92
Problem A/94

*A/93 Plot the moment of inertia of the shaded area about

the x-axis as a function of from 0 to 180.
Determine the maximum and minimum values of Ix
and the corresponding values of .

x
b

x
b/2 b/2

Problem A/93