MA 201 Week 1 Lab Notes
Differentiation Techniques Review:
1. Rules of Differentiation:
d n
Power Rule: (x ) = nxn 1
dx
d
Product Rule: (f (x)g(x)) = f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x)
dx
d f (x) f 0 (x)g(x) f (x)g 0 (x)
Quotient Rule: =
dx g(x) [g(x)]2
Chain Rule: 1. Given f (x) and g(x); by the chain rule:
(f g)0 (x) = [f (g(x)]0 = f 0 (g(x)) g 0 (x)
2. Given two functions, say y(x) and x(t); by the chain rule:
dy dy dx
=
dt dx dt
Ex. If f (x) = tan2 (x3 2x); determine f 0 (x):
f 0 (x) = 2 tan(x3 2x) sec2 (x3 2x) (3x2 2)
2. Implicit Differentiation:
Consider an equation where the dependent variable (say y) cannot be easily solved for in terms of the independent
dy
variable (say x): To determine dx (or y 0 (x)) in this case, we must implicit differentiation. To do so, differentiate
both sides of the equation as per usual, except for the terms involving y (say f (y)): Here, the additional formula
d(f (y)) df dy
dx = dy dx must also be applied.
Ex. Given the equation y sin(x) = x3 + cos(y); determine y 0 (x) using implicit differentiation:
1 y 0 sin x + y cos x = 3x2 y 0 sin y
) y 0 (sin x + sin y) = 3x2 y cos x
3x2 y cos x
) y0 =
sin x + sin y
1
Integration Techniques Review:
1. Substitution Rule:
R
Given two functions f (x) and g(x); to evaluate I = f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx :
R
let u = g(x) ) du = g 0 (x)dx ) I = f (u)du
Note:
(i) For inde nite integrals, the solution must be expressed in terms of the original variable
(ii) For de nite integrals, any limits of integration must be changed to re ect the change in variable.
Z
sin( ln x) 1
Ex. 1) dx Let u = ln x ) du = dx
x x
Z
cos( u) cos( ln x)
= sin( u)du = +C = +C
Ze 1
sin( ln x) Let u = ln x ) du = dx
2) dx x
x x = 1 ) u = 0; x = e ) u = 1
1
Z1 1
cos( u) cos( ) cos(0) 1 1 2
= sin( u)du = = = + =
0
0
2. Integration by Parts:
R R R R
Inde nite Integrals: f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g(x) f 0 (x)g(x)dx or udv = uv vdu
Rb b Rb
De nite Integrals: f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g(x)ja f 0 (x)g(x)dx
a a
R4 Let u = (x + 3) dv = e2x
Ex. I = (x + 3)e2x dx = 2x
0 ) du = dx and v = e2
4
1 R4 e2x
= (x + 3)e2x 2 du
2 0 0
4
1 e2x 7 8 e8 1 1 13e8 5
= (x + 3)e2x 4 = e (3) =
2 0 2 4 2 4 4 4
3. Partial Fraction Expansion:
R P (x)
Consider Q(x) dx: If:
(i) If deg(P)<deg(Q), use partial fraction expansion.
P (x) R(x)
(ii) If deg(Q)>dep(P), use long division to rewrite f (x) = as S(x) + where deg(R)<deg(Q), then
Q(x) Q(x)
use partial fraction expansion if necessary.
R 1
Ex: I = 2
dx
x x 2
R 1
= dx
(x 2)(x + 1)
1 A B
Now, = + ) 1 = A(x + 1) + B(x 2) = (A + B)x + (A 2B)
(x 2)(x + 1) (x 2) (x + 1)
A+B =0
) ) A = B ) B 2B = 1 ) B = 1=3; A = 1=3
A 2B = 1
R 1 1 1 1
dx = ln (x 2) ln (x + 1) + C
3(x 2) 3(x + 1) 3 3
2
4. Using Trig Identities:
R R R
(i)Consider integrals of the form: sin(mx) cos(nx)dx; sin(mx) sin(nx)dx; cos(mx) cos(nx)dx
The following may be useful: sin(A) cos(B) = 1=2(sin(A B) + sin(A + B))
sin(A) sin(B) = 1=2(cos(A B) cos(A + B))
cos(A) cos(B) = 1=2(cos(A B) + cos(A + B))
R
(ii)Consider an integral of the form: sinm x cosn xdx where m; n are positive integers.
if n is odd use the substitution u = sin(x) and the identity cos2 x = 1 sin2 x
if m is odd use the substitution u = cos(x); and the identity sin2 x = 1 cos2 x
if both m; n are even use the identities sin2 x = 1=2(1 cos 2x) and cos2 x = 1=2(1 + cos 2x)
R
Ex. sin3 x cos2 xdx
R
= sin x(1 cos2 x) cos2 xdx Let u = cos x ) du = sin xdx
R
= (1 u2 )u2 du
R 2
= u u4 du
u3 u5 cos3 x cos5 x
= + +C = + +C
3 5 3 5
5. Trig Substitution:
R
Consider the integral f (x)dx: If f (x) contains a term of the form:
p
a2 x2 Let x = a sin ; - =2 =2
p
x2 a2 Let x = a sec ; 0 < =2; 3 =2
p
a2 + x2 Let x = a tan ; - =2 < < =2
Z
1
Ex. I= p dx Let x = 4 tan ;- =2 < < =2 ) dx = 4 sec2 d
16 + x2
Z
4 sec2
= p d
16 + 16 tan2
Z
4 sec2
= d
4 sec
Z
= sec d
p
16 + x2 x
= ln jsec + tan j + C = ln + +C
4 4
