Council on Tall Buildings
2008
and Urban Habitat
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CTBUH - Publication
Principal Authors:
Recommendations for the Seismic
Design of High-rise Buildings
Michael Willford
Andrew Whittaker
Ron Klemencic
Editor:
Antony Wood A Consensus Document - CTBUH Seismic Working Group
CTBUH Seismic Working Group
Principal Authors
Published by Michael Willford, Arup
The Council on Tall Buildings
and Urban Habitat
© CTBUH 2008 Andrew Whittaker, State University of New York, Buffalo
ISBN: 978-0-939493-26-5 Ron Klemencic, Magnusson Klemencic Associates
Editor
Antony Wood
Design & Layout
Katharina Holzapfel Working Group Contributors
CTBUH Chairman
David Scott
Rob Smith, Matt Jackson, Xiaonian Duan and David Scott, Arup
CTBUH Executive Director Robert Scott, Atkins
Antony Wood
Manager of Operations Kourosh Kayvani, Connell Wagner
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Council on Tall Buildings
and Urban Habitat
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Copyright
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and Urban Habitat.
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CTBUH Seismic Design Guide 2008 -2-
Content
More content at: www.ctbuh.org
04 1.0 Introduction and Background 1.0
1.1 Overview
1.2 International Context
1.3 Scope of this Guide
05 2.0 Design Objectives and Philosophy 2.0
2.1 Overview of Performance Objectives
2.2 Minimum Design Objective Recommendations
2.3 Additional Design Objectives
2.4 Deformation Based Design Philosophy
2.5 Performance Criteria
2.6 Design Issues
2.7 Project Seismic Design Basis
2.8 Peer Review
2.9 Construction Observation
2.10 Performance Monitoring
09 3.0 Seismic Hazard Assessment 3.0
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Acceleration Response Spectra
3.3 Site Response
3.4 Selection and Modification of Earthquake Histories for Response-History Analysis
12 4.0 Foundation Effects 4.0
4.1 Overview
4.2 Geotechnical Parameters
4.3 Rocking and Translation
4.4 Soil-Structure Interaction
4.5 Foundation Embedment
14 5.0 Structural Analysis and Modeling Procedures 5.0
5.1 General
5.2 Numerical Modeling
5.3 Elastic Analysis and Assessment
5.4 Nonlinear Response History Analysis and Assessment
18 6.0 Energy Dissipation Components 6.0
19 7.0 References 7.0
20 Appendices A/B
Appendix A Damping in High-rise Buildings
Appendix B Performance Assessment in Regions of Low Seismic Hazard
-- CTBUH Seismic Design Guide 2008
Seismic Hazard Assessment
3.0 Seismic Hazard Assessment
3.1 Introduction spectral acceleration versus period is Depending on the tectonic setting,
known as a Uniform Hazard Spectrum soil type, period and selected annual
The conventional description of seismic hazard for (UHS). Every spectral ordinate in a UHS frequency of exceedance, 84th percen-
design is an elastic acceleration response spectrum. It is has an identical mean annual frequency tile spectral demands can be twice the
important for the structural designer to understand how of exceedance. It is highly unlikely that median demand.
such a spectrum is derived, what it represents, and the the spectrum for one earthquake record
uncertainties in the reported seismic demand. will match the UHS across a wide range of 3. The structural engineer should
A peer-reviewed site-specific seismic hazard assessment periods. exercise care in selecting an appropri-
is recommended for all high-rise building projects, par- ate damping level consistent with the
ticularly in locations where the extent of previous study Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis height, structural form and the likely
and codified guidance is limited. It should be borne in (DSHA) can also be undertaken to estimate response level of the building. The
mind that the accuracy of code response spectra for spectral demands at a site given a maxi- design spectrum is typically associated
periods of more than 3 seconds is usually uncertain, and mum magnitude earthquake on a known with 5% of critical damping, which is
that site specific studies are often required to character- active fault at the shortest distance from likely to be substantially higher than
ize the seismic demand for the longer period range of the fault to the site. damping measured in a tall building
interest for many tall buildings. under service loadings. (Appendix A
The structural engineer is responsible provides information on this topic.) 3
The following sections present recommendations for for the safety and performance of the The literature (e.g., ASCE 7, Eurocode 8)
site-specific hazard studies and the selection and scaling building, and should be cognizant of the provides equations and tables to trans-
of ground motions. For the purpose of these Recom- following: form a 5% damped spectrum to a more
mendations, it is assumed that a) modal analysis will be lightly damped (e.g., 2%) spectrum.
conducted for the service-level assessment because the 1. The seismic response of tall buildings
building response must be elastic or near-elastic, and b) can be influenced by multiple modes, 4. The maximum accelerations of elastic
nonlinear response-history analysis will be conducted with significant modal responses occur- single-degree-of-freedom systems
for the collapse-level assessment for which inelastic ring in second or higher translational or of varying period will generally not
response is expected in the building. torsional modes. Spectral demands at result from the same earthquake event.
periods smaller than the fundamental For example, the maximum spectral
period may be more critical in terms of demands in long period buildings will
3.2 Acceleration Response Spectra design actions and deformations than generally be associated with infrequent,
first mode demands. large magnitude earthquakes whereas
A site specific acceleration response spectrum repre- the maximum spectral demands at
sents the maximum acceleration response of a series of 2. Site-specific spectra are developed short periods are often associated with
elastic single-degree-of-freedom oscillators of varying on the basis of an understanding of more frequent, smaller magnitude
natural period at the site for a given intensity of shaking. the seismo-tectonic environment earthquakes close to the site.
The intensity of shaking can be defined using a prob- of the region, less than 100 years of
ability of exceedance in a given period of time (typically instrumental recordings of earthquake 5. PSHA, which is used to generate
50 years) or to a specific scenario earthquake represent- motions, physical examination of faults mean geomean horizontal shaking
ing a maximum magnitude earthquake in the region. by trenching (where surficial expression spectra for different annual frequencies
The spectrum can be developed for a point on the of faults is available), estimates of the of exceedance, utilizes ground motion
ground surface (free-field) or at depth in the soil column. temporal distributions of earthquake attenuation functions. Most of these
shaking on nearby faults, alternative functions are valid in the period range
Site-specific spectra are generally developed for a refer- attenuation functions, local site effects of 0 to 4 seconds and only a small num-
ence site class condition by Probabilistic Seismic Hazard and other factors. Spectra are typically ber have been developed for periods
Analysis (PSHA). Such analysis generates a family of seis- represented by mean values and dis- up to 10 seconds. Site specific spectra
mic hazard curves, which plot mean annual frequency persions, where the dispersions capture developed for the period range of 0 to
of exceedance versus 5% damped spectral acceleration the epistemic (model) uncertainty. 4 seconds are often extended to longer
across a wide period range. At a selected mean annual periods (which are of interest for the
frequency of exceedance (e.g., 0.00040, which corre- analysis and design of tall buildings)
sponds to a return period of 2475 years), a plot of
-- CTBUH Seismic Design Guide 2008
by assuming that spectral acceleration 3.3 Site Response There is no consensus on the best procedures for the
is inversely proportional to period and selection and scaling of earthquake ground mo-
anchoring spectral demand at a period For hard and soft rock sites, with shear tion records (time series). The topic is the subject of
of 3 or 4 seconds. wave velocities in the upper 30m of significant study at this time and results will vary with
760 m/sec or greater, site amplification of the degree of inelastic response in the building for the
6. Geomean spectral demands can be bedrock motion effects are generally small chosen level of seismic hazard. Herein, it is assumed
substantially smaller than maximum and are ignored in the hazard assessment. that the degree of inelastic response is limited and is
spectral demands and substantially For firm soil and soft soil sites, a more less than that assumed for low and medium rise code
greater than minimum spectral de- robust procedure for establishing seismic compliant buildings subjected to maximum earth-
mands. The ratio of maximum to geo- demands is to conduct a site response quake shaking.
mean demands can exceed 1.3 in the study, wherein bedrock motions are trans-
long period range (Huang et al., 2008). mitted upwards by vertically propagating The modification process typically generates a family
shear waves through nonlinear soil layers. of ground motion records that have similar response
7. Near source effects can have a More sophisticated (and computationally spectra to the target UHS over a wide range of natural
significant impact on spectral demands intensive) 3-dimensional methods simulat- periods. This process is conservative because a UHS
in the long period range. Care must be ing the entire wave propagation process is generally composed of spectral contributions
3 taken to adequately account for these from fault to site are now beginning to from multiple sources, earthquake magnitudes, and
effects in seismic hazard studies for emerge. site-to-source distances—no single combination of
sites situated within 15km of known source, magnitude, and distance dominates the entire
active faults. Within 3km of active faults, For the design of high-rise buildings on spectrum in most cases. Baker and Cornell (2006)
maximum demands are generally ori- softer sites with deep and massive founda- developed the conditional mean spectrum to address
ented perpendicular to the strike of the tions and basements, one key issue is what this issue.
fault for large magnitude earthquakes motions are appropriate for the design of
(Huang et al., 2008). the building, given the variation of motions Alternate procedures may be used to select and scale
with depth in the ground. This is discussed ground motions for response-history analysis. The se-
The mean geomean spectrum that is further in section 4. These so-called foun- lected records must capture the distribution of spectral
produced by PSHA should be adjusted dation motions may be substantially dif- demand across the period range of interest in each
for the maximum direction of shaking ferent from the free-field surface motions principal horizontal direction, which will generally be
for response spectrum analysis using the predicted by a seismic hazard assessment. between the period of the fourth translational mode
procedures to be adopted by the United and 1.5 times the fundamental translational mode.
States Geological Survey in the 2009 A site response study should also identify
seismic hazard maps for the United States. the potential for liquefaction at depth, Three acceptable procedures are presented below;
The short- and long-period multipliers on slope instabilities and other geo-seismic other robust procedures may be used. For each of
geomean spectral demands at 1.1 and 1.3, hazards. these procedures it is assumed that maximum, geo-
respectively, and are based on the studies mean and minimum spectra have been generated for
reported in (Huang et al., 2008). the collapse-level assessment using the procedures
3.4 Selection and Modification of Earth- presented in Section 3.3
The site-specific spectrum for maximum quake Histories for Response-History
shaking, which was developed for a refer- Analysis
ence site class, must be converted to a Procedure 1: Matching to the maximum spectrum
free-field or surface spectrum. The conver- Although acceleration response spectra
sion is achieved using either short or long can be used directly for elastic design Spectrally matched ground motion records should
period site class modifiers (see ASCE 41-06) using modal analysis, nonlinear response- produce the same spectral response (+10%, -5%) as
or site-response analysis, which is dis- history analysis requires the use of sets of the maximum spectrum for all the important transla-
cussed in Section 3.3. If the site-class modi- ground motion records. Some modifica- tional modes of the tall building. The ground motions
fiers are to be used, the reference spectral tion of recorded real ground motions is should be matched in the time domain from a period
values of bedrock motion are those of the generally necessary to assess the per- of 0 second to a period of 1.5 times the fundamental
mean geomean spectrum. formance of a tall building because the translational period of the building.
spectral content of a given earthquake
record is unlikely to be similar to that of the
target spectrum.
CTBUH Seismic Design Guide 2008 - 10 -
Energy Dissipation Components
6.0 Energy Dissipation
Components
Energy dissipation components (also 3. Dampers can be constructed with
known as dampers) and systems can be large displacement capacity to mitigate
used to mitigate the effects of earthquake the effects of severe earthquake shak-
shaking and wind-induced vibration. ing and high fatigue life to mitigate the
effects of wind storms over the life of
Traditional systems for reducing wind- the building.
induced vibrations in high-rise buildings
such as tuned-mass dampers and tuned Viscoelastic solid dampers can be used in
liquid dampers are generally unsuitable for some circumstances to control wind and
mitigating earthquake-induced response seismic responses. However, they present
because they are tuning-sensitive and some design challenges since their proper-
will not provide reliable control when the ties require modification during a wind
building suffers significant yielding and pe- or seismic event to account for the effect
riod elongation. In addition they generally of viscous heating and the consequent
cannot generate high levels of damping loss of force output for a given stroke and
and are difficult to design to accommo- velocity. Damper manufacturers should
date the very high responses associated be consulted for appropriate numerical
with strong earthquakes. models for viscoelastic dampers subject to
small amplitude, large-cycle wind loading
Energy dissipation components based on and large amplitude small-cycle earth-
the yielding of metals, developed for earth- quake loading.
quake engineering applications, are unsuit-
able for mitigating wind-induced motion Nonlinear mathematical models for metal-
because the serviceability wind-induced lic yielding, friction and viscoelastic damp-
forces on the components will be lower ers are available in the literature (e.g., ASCE
than their yield forces. They will therefore 41-06) for earthquake applications.
not dissipate energy in serviceability wind
events when damping is required to satisfy Damper performance should be confirmed
occupant comfort criteria. Similar com- by full-scale testing under maximum
ments apply to friction dampers. earthquake and maximum wind load-
ings. Procedures for testing dampers for
Energy dissipation components construct- earthquake effects can be found in US
ed using viscous fluids (e.g. fluid viscous codes, guidelines and standards (e.g., ASCE
dampers and viscous wall dampers) can 41-06). Procedures for testing dampers for
be used in certain applications to mitigate wind effects should be developed on a
both earthquake and wind effects. The ad- project-specific basis considering demands
vantages of such components and systems (displacement, velocity and number of
include: cycles) associated with the response of the
building to wind during its lifetime. Atten-
6 tion should be paid to fatigue of damper
1. System performance is somewhat in-
dependent of changes in the dynamic components and wear of seals under large
properties of the building. cycle wind loading.
2. Building response in multiple modes
can be mitigated rather than just in the
fundamental mode as is the case with
tuned mass and liquid dampers.
CTBUH Seismic Design Guide 2008 - 18 -
References
7.0 References
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCE 7-05: Minimum design Satake N., Suda K, Arakawa T, Sasaki K and Tamura Y, Damping evalua-
loads for buildings and other structures, Reston, VA, 2005 tion using full scale data of buildings in Japan, ASCE Journal of Struc-
tural Eng, Vol. 129, No. 4, pp. 470-477, April 2003
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ASCE 41-06: Seismic Rehabili-
tation of Existing Buildings, Reston, VA, 2006 Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC), Vision 2000
Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings, Sacramento, CA,
Applied Technology Council (ATC), ATC-40: Seismic Evaluation and 1995
Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, Redwood City, CA, 1996
Structural Engineers Association of North California (SEAONC), Recom-
Baker, J. W. and Cornell, C. A., Spectral shape, epsilon and record selec- mended Administrative Bulletin on the Seismic Design and Review of
tion, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 35, No. 9, Tall Buildings using Non-Prescriptive Procedures, Prepared for City of
pp. 1077-1095, 2006 San Francisco Department of Building Inspection, April 2007
European Committee for Standardization, EN1998-1:2004 Eurocode 8: Tamura Y, Amplitude dependency of damping in buildings and estima-
Design of structures for earthquake resistance: Part 1 General Rules, tion techniques, Proceedings, 12th AWES Wind Engineering Workshop,
Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, 2004 Australasian Wind Engineering Society, Queenstown, New Zealand, 2006
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Prestandard and Commen- Wolf J. P., Soil-structure interaction in the time domain, Prentice-Hall, NJ,
tary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Report No. FEMA 356, 1988
Washington, DC, 2000
Xu Y. L., Zhan S., Field measurements of Di Wang Towers during
Huang, Y.-N., Whittaker, A. S., Luco, N., Maximum spectral demands in the typhoon York, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Dynamics,
near-fault region, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 319-341, 2008 Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 73-93, 2001
International Code Council, 2006 International Building Code,
Washington, DC, 2006
International Conference of Building Officials, 1997 Uniform Building
Code, Whittier, CA, 1997
Li Q. S., Fang J. Q., Jeary A. P., Wong C. K., Liu D. K., Evaluation of wind
effects on a super-tall building based on full scale measurements,
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 29, Issue 12,
pp. 1845-1862, 2000
Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council (LATBSDC), Alter-
native Procedure for Seismic Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings
Located in the Los Angeles Region, Consensus Document, Los Angeles,
CA, 2008
Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China, GB 50011
– 2001 Code for Seismic Design of Buildings, Beijing, 2001
7
- 19 - CTBUH Seismic Design Guide 2008
About the Council
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of
Technology in Chicago, is an international organization sponsored by architecture,
engineering, planning, and construction professionals, designed to facilitate ex-
changes among those involved in all aspects of the planning, design, construction
and operation of tall buildings.
The Council’s mission is to disseminate information on healthy urban environ-
ments and tall building technology, to maximize the international interaction of
professionals involved in creating the built environment and to make the latest
knowledge available to professionals in a useful form.
Since its founding in 1969, the Council has been active in organizing and sponsor-
ing professional conferences on the regional, national and international levels.
Symposia, workshops, seminars, and technical sessions are held periodically on
topics of unique interest to the particular community.
As one of its services to the public, the Council publishes the CTBUH Journal, a
journal that includes papers submitted by researchers, scholars, suppliers, and
practicing professionals in the industry. The Council also operates the “High-Rise
Buildings Database” which contains important data on thousands of tall buildings
throughout the world.
The Council is the recognized source for information on tall buildings worldwide,
focusing on their role in the urban environment. The Council provides a forum for
discussing the ideas associated with providing adequate space to live and work,
involving not only technological factors, but social and cultural aspects as well.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Illinois Institute of Technology, S. R. Crown Hall
3360 South State Street
Chicago, IL, 60616
Phone: +1 (312) 909 0253
Fax: +1 (610) 419 0014
Email:
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ISBN: 978-0-939493-26-5
