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Lecture 06
Classes Vs Structs
Abstract Data Types (ADTs)
• Programmer-Defined data types that specify
– legal values that can be stored
– operations that can be done on the values
• The user of an abstract data type (ADT) does
not need to know any implementation details
(e.g., how the data is stored or how the
operations on it are carried out)
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Type in C++
• Mechanism for user defined types are
– Structures
– Classes
• Built-in types are like int, float and double
• User defined type can be
– Student in student management system
– Circle in a drawing software
Class
• Class is a tool to realize objects
• Class is a tool for defining a new type
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Revision- C Structures
struct account {
int account_number;
char *first_name;
char *last_name;
double balance;
};
• struct account s;
• can be accessed like s.account_number
C++ Structures with Functions
struct SomeStruct {
int x, y, z;
void someFunction() {
x++;
y++;
x++;
}
}
struct SomeStruct s;
[Link]();
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Structure Vs Class
struct SomeStruct { class SomeClass {
int x, y, z; int x, y, z;
void someFunction() { void someFunction() {
x++; x++;
y++; y++;
x++; x++;
} }
} }
struct SomeStruct s; SomeClass s;
[Link](); [Link]();
Introduction to Classes
• A class is a programmer-defined data type used
to define objects
• A class consists of a set of variables called
member variables and a set of functions called
member functions.
• A class definition begins with the keyword class
and a name.
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Defining a New User Defined Type
class ClassName
{
…
DataType MemberVariable;
ReturnType MemberFunction();
…
};
An Example
class Rectangle
{
private:
double length; Access Specifiers
double width;
public:
void setDimensions(double l, double w)
{
length = l;
width = w;
}
double getArea()
{
return length*width;
}
};
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Access Specifiers
• Used to control access to members of the class.
• Each member is declared to be either:
– public:A can be accessed by functions outside of
the class
– private: can only be called by or accessed by
functions that are members of the class
– protected: can only be called by or accessed by
functions that are members of the derived class
Access Specifiers (Contd.)
• Can be listed in any order in a class
• Can appear multiple times in a class
• If not specified, the default is private!!!
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Types of Member Functions
• Accessor, get, getter function: uses but does
not modify a member variable
e.g.; getArea()
• Mutator, set, setter function: modifies a
member variable
e.g.; setDimensions()
Accessing members
• Members of an object can be accessed using
– dot operator (.) to access via the variable name
– arrow operator (->) to access via a pointer to an
object
• Member variables and member functions are
accessed in a similar fashion
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Introduction to Objects
• An object is an instance of a class
• Defined just like other variables
Rectangle r1, r2;
• Can access members using dot operator
[Link](5,6);
cout << [Link]();
Default access specifiers
• When no access specifier is mentioned then
by default the member is considered private
member
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Example
class Rectangle class Rectangle
{ {
double Length; private:
double Width; double Length;
}; double Width;
};
Classes Vs Structs
• When to use a struct
– Use a struct for things that are mostly about the data
• When to use a class
– Use a class for things where the behavior is the most
important part
– Prefer classes when dealing with
encapsulation/polymorphism
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Conventions and Suggestions
Conventions:
• Member variables are usually private
• Member functions are usually public
• Use ‘get’ in the name of accessor functions, ‘set’
in the name of mutator functions
Your Turn
• Create a class named Employee. Declare some
of its attributes and member functions.
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Review
Quiz coming next week
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