NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
PRESENTATION BY:
AJAY PRAKASH MISHRA
ASNT NDT LEVEL III (LT, MT, PT, RT, UT, VT)
LARSEN & TOUBRO LIMITED
MFF, HAZIRA, SURAT
HISTORY
The oil and whiting method - railroad
industry in the early 1900's.
By the 1940's, fluorescent or visible dye
was added to the oil used to penetrate
test objects.
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Scope
PT enables the detection of
discontinuities that are open to the
surface such as cracks, porosities,
undercut.
This method is effectively used for
examination of nonporous, metallic/non
metallic, materials both ferrous and
non-ferrous, glazed ceramics, plastics
and glasses. Prepared By: NDT-MFF, L&T 3
PENETRANT TESTING
THE PROCESSES
Major Steps:
1. Pre Cleaning
2. Application of Penetrant
3. Removal of Excess Penetrant
4. Application of Developer
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PENETRANT TESTING
THE PROCESSES
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Process Flow Chart
Pre cleaning
Penetrant
Application
Penetrant
Dwell time
Excess Penetrant
removal
Drying
Developer
Application
Developer
Dwell time
Examine
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Surface Preparation
Surface preparation by mechanical, chemical
or by any other means, is necessary where
surface irregularities could mask.
Adjacent areas with in at least 25 mm shall
be free from oil, dirt, grease, scale etc.
Drying after preparation by normal
evaporating or with forced hot air.
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PRINCIPAL
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PRINCIPAL
Lower the Contact Angle Higher the Wetting ability i.e. good penetration
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PRINCIPAL
xxxxx
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PENETRANT TESTING
QUALITIES OF PENETARNT
1. GOOD WETTING ABILITY
2. SURFACE TENSION
3. VISCOSITY
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ROLE OF DEVELOPER
Absorption of Penetrant from flaw i.e.
blotting action
Adsorption
Spread Out
Contrast
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Developer Properties
Absorptive Easily wetted
Contrasting colour
Fine texture
Easily removed
Able to mask out Non--toxic and
Non Non-
Non-
background colour irritant
Evenly and easily
applicable
Light and even coat
Non-fluorescing
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No Developer With
Developer
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PENETRANT TESTING
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS MIL-I-25135E
Type I Fluorescent type penetrant
Type II Visible type penetrant
Type III Dual mode PENETRANT
Method A Water washable
Method B Post emulsifiable lipophilic
METHOD OF
Method C Solvent removable
Method D Post-emulsifiable REMOVAL
Sensitivity Level½ Ultra low sensitivity
Sensitivity Level 1 Low sensitivity SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity Level 2 Normal sensitivity
Sensitivity Level3 High sensitivity
Sensitivity Level 4 Ultra high sensitivity
Form a Dry developer powder
Form b Water soluble powder
DEVELOPER
Form c Water suspended developer
Form d Non-aqueous developer
Form e Specific application developer
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PENETRANT TESTING
COMPARISION BASED ON ADVANTAGE
Water Post Solvent
Water wash
Variable Washable Emulsification Clean
visible
Fluorescent Fluorescent Visible
High Sensitivity X X
High visibility X X
High speed X X
Good retest X
X
Portability X
X
Intricate parts X
Shallow defects X
Large parts X X
Contaminated parts X
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PENETRANT TESTING
DIADVANTAGES COMPARISION
Water Post Solvent
Water wash
Variable Washable Emulsification Clean
visible
Fluorescent Fluorescent Visible
Black light X X
required
X
Poor retest X X
High manpower X
X
Rinsing aid X X
required
X
Low speed X X
Poor on shallow X X X
defects
Poor on rough
surfaces
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5. Inspection
Indications viewed as soon as
practicable after developer application
with final assessment taking place after
a minimum development time has
elapsed.
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30 Seconds 1 Minute 15 Minutes
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LIGHT REQUIREMENT
For Fluorescent light examination
Visible ambient light < 20 Lx
Intensity of Black light >1000
µW/cm2
Wave length –320 to 380 nm.
Allow backlight to warm up for a
minimum of 10min prior to its use.
For Visible light examination :
Light intensity = 1000 Lx
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Visual Inspection
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6. Post Cleaning
DP residues are required to be removed
because
They may be harmful to the component
or
They may impair subsequent processing
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Advantages of DPI
Applicable to all non-porous materials
Able to test large parts with a portable kit
Batch testing
Applicable to small parts with complex
geometry
Simple, cheap, easy to interpret
Good sensitivity
Training requirements typically less than for
other NDT methods.
Automation is possible
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PENETRANT TESTING
CAPABILITIES
Combinations of Penetrant Type – Removal Process –
Developer Type provides a wide variety of application for a
range of test objects.
Visible dye is best suited for field application
Generally less operator dependent
Visible Penetrants do not require special arrangements like
black light
Very simple and immediate result
Indications are formed over discontinuity hence easy to locate
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PENETRANT TESTING
LIMITATIONS
Not suitable for non porous materials
Can only detect flaws open to surface
General purpose PT materials can be applied for ambient
temperature
Surface cleaning is very critical for effective testing
Cannot find depth of flaw
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Disadvantages of DPI
Will only detect defects open to the
surface
Careful surface preparation required
Not applicable to porous materials
Temperature dependent
Cannot retest indefinitely
Compatibility of chemicals
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PENETRANT TESTING
PERFORMANCE CHECK
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PENETRANT TESTING
BLACK LIGHT LAMP
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PENETRANT TESTING
APPLICATIONS
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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS
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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS
Surface Preparation
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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS
Application of Penetrant
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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS
Application of Developer
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PENETRANT TESTING
INDICATIONS
Thank You
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