PAM 5164
PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
WAN NORAIN AWANG LONG
16001146
WATER & GAS CONING
IN HORIZONTAL AND
VERTICAL WELL
Prepared for:
CONTENT
• Coning phenomena.
• Coning and Cusping.
• Main cause of coning.
• Impact of coning.
• Predicting coning.
Critical rate correlations for vertical and
horizontal well.
REFERENCES
• PetroWiki.org – Water and gas coning
• PetroWiki.org – Conformance problems
• PRRC.nmt.edu – 3D Coning and Cusping
• Joshi, S. D. (1991). “Water and gas coning in
vertical and horizontal wells” Horizontal Well
Technology.
HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL WELL
Source: Heriot Watt . Production Technology 1
CONING CRESTING
PREMATURE WATER/ GAS BREAKTHROUGH
Source: Joshi, S. D. (1991). Horizontal Well Technology
CONING
• Bottom water drive – Top section of pay zone.
• Gas cap drive – as low as possible (far from gas
cap)
• If both – Near the center of the oil zone thickness or
below the center, toward water zone.
Density difference of gas and oil
Lower viscosity of gas
CONING AND CUSPING
Source: http://petrowiki.org/Water_and_gas_coning
Source: http://www.prrc.nmt.edu/groups/res-sweep/
MAIN CAUSE OF CONING
• Pressure drawdown.
Can cause the undesired fluid move toward the
perforations.
Vertical well - larger drawdown.
Minimizing by drilling horizontal well.
HORIZONTAL VS. VERTICAL WELL
Source: Joshi, S. D. (1991). Horizontal Well Technology
IMPACT OF CONING
• Gas Coning vs. Free-gas Production
• Water Coning vs. Water Production
Decreasing the production rate.
Depleting the reservoir pressure – shut in the well.
WATER & GAS CONING IN HORIZONTAL WELL
Source: Joshi, S. D. (1991). Horizontal Well Technology
CRITICAL RATE CORRELATIONS
• Vertical Well
Craft and Hawkins Method
Meyer, Gardner, and Prison Method
Chaperon Method
Schols Method
Hoyland, Papatzacos and Skjaeveland Method
• Horizontal Well
Chaperon Method
Efros Method
Giger and Karcher et al. Method
Joshi Method (Gas Coning)
CHAPERON METHOD – VERTICAL WELL
CHAPERON METHOD – HORIZONTAL WELL
CHAPERON METHOD – HORIZONTAL WELL
Chaperon Method
α” F
1 4.003
2 4.026
3 4.083
4 4.160
5 4.245
7 4.417
10 4.640
13 4.80
20 5.08
30 5.31
40 5.48
70 5.74
MINIMIZING CONING
a) Partial perforation or penetration.
Limited portion is perforated.
Source: Jhttp://petrowiki.org/Water_and_gas_coning
MINIMIZING CONING
b) Critical producing rate – perforation length.
Produce at a rate greater than critical and risk
coning.
Produce at a rate less than critical and
temporarily sacrifice oil production.
• Hybrid strategy – Partial perf. & a reduced
producing rate.
CASE STUDY
Water Coning, Rospo Mare, Elf-Aquitaine, Italy
– Highly fractured limestone (D=4,523 ft)
– Reservoir thickness = 230 ft
– Initially, horizontal, vertical and slant were drilled.
– Horizontal well - slotted liner
– Vertical well increased temporarily after acid
treatment and dropped off rapidly – well may be
contact with the aquifer.
CASE STUDY
Water Coning, Rospo Mare, Elf-Aquitaine, Italy
Source: Joshi, S. D. (1991). Horizontal Well Technology
CASE STUDY
Water Coning, Den Helder Field, Offshore Netherlands
– Reservoir condition: 4,600 ft deep with oil capacity
of 72 MMSTB (max oil thickness – 131 ft) ,
underlain by aquifer for whole – 1,140 ac.
– Early water b/through and rapid in water cut due to
high viscosity of oil.
– Horizontal well – slightly faulted anticlinal
structure, all sidetracked from existing vertical
wells.
CASE STUDY
Water Coning, Den Helder Field, Netherlands
Source: Joshi, S. D. (1991). Horizontal Well Technology
