Switzerland
Switzerland, federated country of central Europe. Switzerland’s administrative capital
is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Switzerland’s small size—its total area is
about half that of Scotland—and its modest population give little indication of its international
significance.
For many outsiders, Switzerland also evokes a prosperous if rather staid and unexciting
society, an image that is now dated. Switzerland remains wealthy and orderly, but its
mountain-walled valleys are far more likely to echo the music of a local rock band than
a yodel or an alphorn. Most Swiss live in towns and cities, not in the idyllic rural landscapes
that captivated the world through Johanna Spyri’s Heidi (1880–81), the country’s best-known
literary work. Switzerland’s cities have emerged as international centres of industry and
commerce connected to the larger world, a very different tenor from Switzerland’s isolated,
more inward-looking past. As a consequence of its remarkably long-lived stability and
carefully guarded neutrality, Switzerland—Geneva, in particular—has been selected as
headquarters for a wide array of governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including
many associated with the United Nations (UN)—an organization the Swiss resisted joining
until the early 21st century.
Switzerland’s rugged topography and multicultural milieu have tended to emphasize
difference. People living in close proximity may speak markedly distinct, sometimes nearly
mutually unintelligible dialects of their first language, if not a different language altogether.
German, French, Italian, and Romansh all enjoy national status, and English is spoken widely.
Invisible lines separate historically Protestant from historically Roman Catholic districts,
while the tall mountains of the Saint Gotthard Pass separate northern from southern Europe
and their diverse sensibilities and habits. Yet, Switzerland has forged strength from all these
differences, creating a peaceful society in which individual rights are carefully balanced
against community and national interests.