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Universal Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy Can Neither Be Created Nor Destroyed It Can Only Convert From One Form To Another

The document discusses different forms of energy including work, kinetic energy, potential energy, power, and energy transformations. It defines work as force multiplied by displacement and discusses units of measurement. Potential energy forms include gravitational, elastic, chemical, and nuclear. Kinetic energy is defined as one-half mass times velocity squared. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms.

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Rabbani Sumra
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71 views2 pages

Universal Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy Can Neither Be Created Nor Destroyed It Can Only Convert From One Form To Another

The document discusses different forms of energy including work, kinetic energy, potential energy, power, and energy transformations. It defines work as force multiplied by displacement and discusses units of measurement. Potential energy forms include gravitational, elastic, chemical, and nuclear. Kinetic energy is defined as one-half mass times velocity squared. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between forms.

Uploaded by

Rabbani Sumra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Work = Force X Displacement.

W = Change in energy = ∆E
Unit: Nm or Joule. Scalar Energy: ability to do work
F & D in same direction + ive W Unit: Joule. Scalar
F & D in Opp direction - ive W K.E. = ½ mv2 energy due to motion
F & D Perpendicular = Zero W P.E. = mgh, energy due to height

If height = zero, P.E. = zero W done on body, its E increases


If velocity = zero, K.E. = zero W done by body, its E decreases
When KE = PE, v = sqrt(2gh) F & D in opp direction W= -ve
Mechanical E = KE + PE F & D perpendicular W= 0
K1 + P1 = K2 + P2 PE is not path dependant

W = Change in energy = ∆E Spring: elastic potential energy


Energy: capacity to do work Voltage: potential difference
Unit: Joules. Scalar Heat: temperature gradient
K.E. = ½ mv2 energy due to motion Fluid flows: pressure difference
P.E. = mgh energy due to height U= gravitational Potential Energy

Power= W / t. Unit: Watt or J/s Simple machine: enables effect of


1kW = 103 watt force applied at one point to
1MW = 106 watt another convenient point.
1hp = 746 watt It doesn’t convert one form of
1kWh = 3.6 X 106 J energy to other.

Universal law of conservation of 6 simple machines: lever, wedge,


energy: Energy can neither be slope, screw, pulley, wheel-axle.
created nor destroyed; it can only Ex: L: tongs. W: chisel. Sl: steps
convert from one form to another. S: jack. P: pulley. W-A: tyre.
Total E of Universe = constant Complex m/c are made of S m/c
Vibrational KE: Substance possesses Internal PE: mutual attraction and
E due to internal motions of repulsion among CP.
constituent particles (CP) and also Sum of all energies: internal energy
due to interactions among the CP. Internal [ KE + PE ]
CP Vibrate @ mean pos. Heat/therm E: random motion of CP.

Mass of nucleus < mass of its CP in Chemical E: energy of stable


free state. E eqn to this mass diff is chemical compound is always less
known as nuclear energy or nuclear than the sum of energies of its
binding energy. elements in free state. Difference is
known as CE or C binding Energy.

Einstein’s theory of relativity: M & E Conversion of small qty of mass


are two diff forms of same funda- results into enormous amt of E.
mental qty, mutually convertible. Nuclear energy: P & N interact at dist
E= mc2 c= vel of light= 3X 108m/s of 10-15m.

Nuclear fission: Heavy nuclei i.e. PE: relative, not absolute.


Uranium bombarded by neutrons, PE: 0 at reference point
U absorbs n becomes unstable. PE: not path dependant
Compound nucleus splits into half, Concept is important in Gravitation,
neutrons & huge amt of E emitted. electric & magnetic field

Nuclear fusion: lighter nuclei like At microscopic level: Chem E is PE.


hydrogen, deuteron combine at Heat/thermal: KE.
high temp, forms helium nucleus. Force F = ma unit: N vector
Nuclear energy is released. Ex: a = v1-v2 / t unit: m/s2 vector
energy produced in sun & star. v = d/t unit: m/s vector

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