884 MODULATION TECHNIQUES P7.1 Amplitude Modulation J Problem 1 Consider the message signal m(t) = 20 cos(2at) volts and the carrier wave €(0) = 50 c0s(10021) volts (a) Sketch (to scale) the resulting AM wave for 75% modulation. (®) Find the power developed across a load of 100 ohms due to this AM wave. \ J Problem 2A carrier wave of frequency 1 MHz is modulated 50% by a sinusoidal wave of frequency 5 kHz. The resulting AM wave is transmitted through the resonant circuit of Fig. P7.1, which is tuned to the cartier frequency and has a Q factor f 175. Determine the modulated wave after transmission through this circuit. What is the percentage modulation of this modulated wave? J Problem 3 Using the message signal 1 ive m(t) = percentage modulation equals the following values: (a) 50% b) 100% (© 135% commence) ek cutptseat determine and sketch the modulated wave for amplitude modulation whose Figure P71SN 386 MODULATION TECHNIOUES where a; and a; are constants, Explain how these devices could be used to provide an amplitude modulator. Problem 6 Consider the amplitude-modulated wave of Fig. P7.2 with a periodic triangular envelope. This modulated wave 1s applied to an en- elope detector with zero source resistance and a load resistance of 250 ohms. The carrier frequency f. = 40 kHz. Suggest a suitable value for the capacitor C so that the distortion (at the envelope detector output) is negligible for frequencies up to and including the eleventh Inarmonic of the modulating wave. P7.2 Double Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Modulation Problem 7 Consider the DSBSC modulated wave obtained by using the sinusoidal modulating wave M(t) = Ag COs(2Hf wl) and the cartier wave c(t) = Acvos(2aft | 4) ‘The phase angle ¢, denoting the phase difference between c(t) and m(t) at time t = 0, is variable, Sketch this modulated wave for the following values of ¢: @ ¢ (b) p = 45° © 6= 0 @ @ = 135° ‘Comment on your results. Problem 8 A sinusoidal wave of frequency 5 kH7 is applied to a product modulator, together with a carrier wave of frequency 1 MHz. The mod- tlator output is next applied to the resonant circuit of Fig. P7.1. Determine the modulated wave after transmission through this cireuit, Problem 9 Using the message signal m(t) described in Problem 3 deter- mine and sketch the modulated wave for DSBSC modulation, Problem 10 Given the nonlinear devices described in Problem 5, explain how they could be used to provide a product modulator. Problem 11 A messoge signal m(¢) is applied to a ring modulator. The amplitude spectrum of m(t) has the value M(Q) at zero frequency. FindPROBLEMS 387 the ring modulator output at f = fe, =3fe, =5fey«. « whiete fi is the fundamental frequency of the square carrier wave c(?) / Problem 12 Consider n message signal m(t) with the spectrum shown in Fig, P7.3. The message bandwidth W = 1 kHz. This signal is applied to ‘a product modulator, together with a carrier wave A, cos(22.1), producing Ue DSDSC modulated wave s(t). This modulated wave is next applied to a coherent detector. Assuming perfect synchronism between the carrier ‘waves in the modulator and detector, determine the spectrum of the de- {tector output when: (a) the cartier frequency f, = 1.25 kHz and (b) the carrier frequency f. — 0.75 kklz. What is the lowest carrier frequency for which each component of the modulated wave s(¢) is uniquely determined by m()? Vv Problem 13 A DSBSC wave is demodulated by applying it to a coherent detector. (a) Evaluate the effect of a frequency eur Af in the local cersier frequency of the detector, measured with respect t the cartier frequency of the incoming DSBSC wave. (b) For the case of a sinusoidal modulating wave, show that because of this frequency evr, the demodulated wave exhibits beats at the error frequency. Milistrate your answer with a sketch of this demodulated wave. \/ Problem 14 Consier compsite nave obtained by adding a nonco- herent carrier A, cos(Za{.t + $) to a DSBSC wave cos(2nf.t)m(.). This composite wave is applied to an ideal envelope detector. Find the resulting detector output. Evaluate this output for (@ p= 0. (b) 6 4 O and |m(n)| < A,12. ayWF 388 MODULATION TECHNIQUES 7.3 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing Problem 15 Consider the quadrature-carrier multiplex system of Fig 7.16. The multiplexed signal s(¢) produced at the transmitter output in part 4 of this figure is applied to a communication channel of transfer function A(J). The output of this channel is in (win applied to dhe receiver input in part b of Fig. 7.16. Prove that the condition Alfet+ fy= Hef), OF few is necessary for recovery of the message signals m,(t) and ms(t) at the receiver outputs; f. is the carrier frequency, and W is the message band- width. Hint: Evaluate the spectra uf the two receiver outputs P7.4 Single-Sideband Modulation Problem 16 Using the message signal m(t) described in Problem 1, de- termine and sketch the modulated waves for single-sideband modulation with (a) only the upper sideband transmitted, and (b) only the lower side- band transmitted. Problem 17 Consider a pulse of amplitude A and duration 7. This pulse is applied to an SSD modulator, producing the modulated wave 3((). De- termine the envelope of s(¢), and show that this envelope exhibits peaks at the beginning and end of the pulse. Problem 18 Consider the two-stage SSR modulator of Fig 7.18b. The input signal consists of a voice signal occupying the frequency band 0.3 — 3.4 kHz, The two oscillator frequencies have the values f, = 100 KHz and f2 = 10 MIlz. Specify the following: (@) The sidebands of the DSBSC modulated waves appearing at the {two product modulator outputs (b) The sidebands of the SSB modulated waves appearing at the two ‘band-pass filter outputs, (© The passband and guardbands of the two band-pass filters. Problem 19 (8) Let s.(0) denote the SSB wave obtained by transmitting only the upper sideband, and s,(1) its Hilbert transform. Show that m(t) = 210 cos(2n ft) + (0) sin(nf.0)] and mi) = F [6.0 o0s(2af.) ~ 5.0) sin]v PROBLEMS 389 where m(Z) is the message signal, #i(*) is its Hilbert transform, f, the carrier frequency, and A. is the carrier amplitude. {b) Show that the corresponding equations in terms of the SSB wave 50) obtained by transmitting only the lower sideband ae [sA0) cos(2nf.t) + (0) sinQaf.t)] and 2 : sna) ~ % bn sinQaf.t) ~ $0 cosC2nf. () Using the results of (a) and (b), setup the block diagram ota receiver for demodulating an SSB wave Problem 20 (a) Consider a message signal m(‘) vautaining frequeney components at 100, 200, and 400 Hz. This signal is applied to an SSB modulator together with a carrier at 100 kHz, with only the upper sideband re~ tained: In the coherent detector used to recover m(), the local oscillator supplies a sine wave of frequency 100.02 kltz. Determine the frequency ‘components of the detector outpat b) Repeat your analysis, assuming that only the Jower sideband is transmitted. 7.5 Vestigial Sideband Modulation Problem 21 The single-tone modulating wave m(t) = Aq cos(2zfut) is used to generate the VSB modulated wave S(0) = aAgA, OS2n(fe + fa)! | Amt — a) cosl2n(f. ~ fa)Al where a is a constant, less than unity, (a) Find the in-phase and quadrature components of the VSB modu- lated wave s(?). (b) What is the value of constant a for which s() reduces to a DSASC modulated wave? {© What are the values of constant a for which it reduces to an SSB modulated wave? (a) The VSB wave s((), plus the carrier A, con(2n fet) is passed through ‘an envelope detector Determine the distortion produced by the quad- rature component. @) What is the value of constant a for which this distortion reaches its worst possible value?