FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Content
PROFESSIONAL ACADEMIC SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 2
1. EVAPORATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN:....................... 2
1.1. Evaporation: .................................................................... 2
1.2. Sweating .......................................................................... 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.
1.3. Evapotranspiration .......................................................... 3
Title:
2. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EVAPORATION: ......................... 3
"Evaporation and evapotranspiration".
2.1. Meteorological factors: ................................................... 3

Alunmos: 3. THE NATURE OF THE SURFACE EVAPORATION ..................... 4

Adrianzen Garcia, Sucet. 3.1. Temperature of liquid water: .......................................... 4

Rivera Palacios, Abel. 3.2. Salinity: ............................................................................ 4
Rivas Marchan, Pavel. 4. AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE: .......... 4
Villegas Silva, Darwin. 4.1. Reflectance (albedo) of the surface: ............................... 4
5. MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION. ...................................... 5
Teaching: 5.1. The methods of estimating evaporation ......................... 5
Arbulú Ramos, Jose Del Carmen. 5.2. Estimation of evapotranspiration ................................... 5
5.3. The direct measurement of the evaporation is possible

Date: 6. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EVAPORATION......................... 5

6.1. Other instruments: .......................................................... 6
23/09/2015.
7. GENERAL INFORMATION ........................................................ 6
7.1. Factors that affect the evaporation. ............................... 6
CHICLAYO, PERU 8. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EVAPORATION: ....................... 6
8.1. Methods of estimating evaporation. .............................. 6
(2015)

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 8.2. Estimation of evapotranspiration................................... 6 [Link]
8.3. Water Budget Equation (Storage): ................................. 7
Evaporation (E) is the process by which liquid water is converted into
8.4. Energy Budget method:.................................................. 7
water vapor (vaporization) and is removed from the evaporative
8.5. Energy budget Method................................................... 7
surface (removal of steam). For which different methods both
8.6. Energy Budget Method .................................................. 8
instrumental applicatives, mathematical as approved by the FAO to
8.7. The METHOD OF ENERGY BUDGET ................................ 8
obtain results of evaporation at different places on our planet.
8.8. Penman Method (combination): .................................... 8
8.9. Penman method requires:............................................. 9 The evapotranspiration (ET) is a combination of two processes;
9. ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN ........................... 10 evaporations the physical process by which water is converted to its
9.1. Consumptive use is a function of: ................................ 10 gaseous form, the evaporation of water to the atmosphere occurs on
9.2. Climate Factor: ............................................................. 10 the surface of rivers, lakes, soils and vegetation. And the transpiration
9.3. The evapotranspiration measure: ................................ 10 is the process through which the water flows from the soil to the
9.4. Potential Evapotranspiration: ...................................... 10 atmosphere through the tissue of the plant.
9.5. Method of Blaney - Criddle: ......................................... 10
1. EVAPORATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN:
9.6. Thornthwaite method: ................................................. 11
9.7. Method of Hargreaves.................................................. 12 1.1. Evaporation:

II. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ........................................................................ 13 It is the physical process by which water changes from liquid
to gaseous state, returning directly to the atmosphere in the
form of steam. Also the water in the solid state (ice or snow)
you can go directly to steam and the phenomenon is called
sublimation. For the purposes of estimating the losses by
evaporation in a zone, the term is understood in a broad
sense , including the sublimation. Solar radiation provides to

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 the molecules of water energy necessary for the change in 1.3. Evapotranspiration
status. All kinds of water on the earth's surface is exposed to Evapotranspiration is the combination of the phenomena of
evaporation. The phenomenon is both weaker the lower is evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from
the agitation of the molecules, and so much more intense the vegetation. The difficulty of the measurement in separately
greater the amount of water with the possibility of from both phenomena (the moisture content of the soil and
evaporation. In addition, it is necessary that the environment plant development of the plant) makes it necessary to
that surrounds the evaporative surface has the ability to introduce the concept of evapotranspiration loss as joint of a
support water vapor. The latter is known as evaporative given system.
power of the atmosphere.

2. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE EVAPORATION:

1.2. Sweating 2.1. Meteorological factors:
The process is physical-biological by which water changes
2.1.1. Solar radiation:
from liquid to gaseous state through the metabolism of
 Evaporation is a process of energy exchange.
plants and passes into the atmosphere. It is essentially the
 Provide the solar radiation the energy needed for
same physical process that evaporation, except that the
the water molecules in liquid evaporate.
surface from which escape the molecules of the liquid water
is not free but that is the surface of the leaves. These are
2.1.2. Relative Humidity:
composed of thin layers of cells (mesoderm) and have a thin
 As the moisture from the air to increase its
skin of a cell thickness, which owns numerous stomata.
capacity to absorb more water vapor decreases,
and the rate of evaporation becomes slower.

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 2.1.3. The temperature of the air: 3. THE NATURE OF THE SURFACE EVAPORATION
 Vapor pressure of saturation of temperature The important factors that affect the evaporation of different
increase ( increases the saturation deficit) , surfaces:
 High temperature means that there is no energy
available for evaporation 3.1. Temperature of liquid water:
 (High temperature of the liquid water.)
2.1.4. Wind:  (Molecular Motion of high in the water)
 As the liquid water evaporates from a body of  (The number of molecules that come out of the body of
water, the air next to this body becomes water will be high)
saturated.
 For the continuation of the evaporation, the 3.2. Salinity:
saturated air must be eliminated.
 Adversely affects evaporation.
 This is made possible by the wind.
 1 % In the concentration of salt (1% decrease in
 10% Change in the wind speed 1.3 % change in evaporation)
evaporation.

4. AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE:

2.1.5. Atmospheric Pressure:
Roughness, texture, or the size of the surface.
 An increase in atmospheric pressure prevents the
movement of molecules out of the water.
4.1. Reflectance (albedo) of the surface:

High albedo (low surface evaporation)

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  The standard tray of USA Time Office class A.
 Daily measurements: height and volume of water of water
/ day
 Anemometer to measure wind
 Caliber Precipitation close to the frying pan.
 Diameter: 122 cm (4 feet)
 Pan depth: 25.4 cm (10inches)
 Water depth : 20cm ( 8inches)

5. MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.
5.1. The methods of estimating evaporation 6. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EVAPORATION

 Water Budget Equation (Storage) approach  Due to the heating of water through the walls of the pan,

 Energy Budget Method saucepan of measurement must be corrected by a

 Penman (combination) Method coefficient.

 The coefficient of tray may change from time to time or
from one place to another.
5.2. Estimation of evapotranspiration
 In Turkey, is constant (0.7 ).
 Blaney Criddle Method
 Thornthwaite Method

 Installing a tray
5.3. The direct measurement of the evaporation is possible
 Sunk
using tank of evaporation.
 Floating
 Surface
Most commonly used:

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 6.1. Other instruments: 8. THE MEASUREMENT OF THE EVAPORATION:
 Savage Evaporimetro 8.1. Methods of estimating evaporation.
 Livingston atmometro  Budget Water ( Storage Equation) approach
 Pische Armometer  Energy Budget Method
 Panman (combination) Method
 Method of mass transfer
 Empirical Equations
The estimation of evaporation from water surfaces is necessary
free that mainly two objectives:
 The determination of the actual evaporation taking place
from an existing tank for optimum operation of the tank.
 The estimation of evaporation of a future tank to be built.

7. GENERAL INFORMATION
7.1. Factors that affect the evaporation.
 Meteorological factors
8.2. Estimation of evapotranspiration
 The nature of the evaporation surface
 Blaney Criddle Method

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  Thornthwaite Method
Where

8.3. Water Budget Equation (Storage):  QN : net radiation absorbed by the body of water

Continuity equation:  Qc : heat transfer sensitive

E = (ΔS + P + Qs) - (Qo + QSS)  Qe : energy used for evaporation

 Qθ : increase of the energy stored in the body of water

Where:  Qv : the energy input and output advection

 ΔS: changes in storage (S2 - S1 )

 P: precipitation
 Qs: surface flow
 Qoh: drainage of surface
 QSS: subsurface flow (leaks)
 Dt: weeks, months or years.

8.5. Energy budget Method

8.4. Energy Budget method:

QN - qh - QE = Qθ - Qv
Where
1 Langley / day = 1 cal/cm2

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  Ρ: density of water (gr/cm3). 8.7. The METHOD OF ENERGY BUDGET
 Le: latent heat of vaporization (cal / gr) It is the most accurate method but requires the gathering
 R: relationship between the loss of heat by conduction of detailed atmospheric data.
to by evaporation

8.8. Penman Method (combination):

The use of energy budget and the methods of mass

transport, Penman (1956) proposed a new equation that gives
a good estimate of the evaporation of the lakes for all the days
8.6. Energy Budget Method
of menstruation:

Where:
Where
 E0: the evaporation of the surface of the water open
 γ : constant Psicrometro = 0.66 Mb / ºC.
(mm/day)
 Ts: the water's surface temperature in °C.
 Qn: net amount of radiation that is on the surface of free
 Ta: air temperature in °C.
water ([Link]/cm2/day = 59 mm / day)
 Is: vapor pressure to the saturation temperature of the
 Ea: evaporation due to the mass transfer of steam (mm/day)
surface water in mb.
 Δ : gradient of vapor pressure of saturation in t air
 EA: vapor pressure of the air in mb .
temperature ( °C). Δ is determined as shown in the following
figure.
 Ɣ : constant Psicrometro ( = 0.66 Mb / ºC or 0.49 mm Hg / ºC

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 given in the table 1 as a function of the latitude of the
place and the months of the year .
 R: ALBEDO ( reflection coefficient) of the surface (equal to
0.60 for free water surfaces).
 N/D: proportion of actual hours of sunshine for possible
hours of sunshine. Possible hours of sunshine , d, is given
in table 2 for the latitude of the place and the time of the
The values of Qn and Ea is determined on the basis of the following year.
equations  Δ: constant Lummer and Pringsheim , equal to 117.74 * 10
^ 9 [Link]/cm^ 2/day.
 𝑻𝒂 : Absolute temperature on earth (K = t ° C + 273)
 E: actual vapor pressure of air in mm Hg at ° C
 𝒆𝒔 : The vapor pressure of the air saturation INMM Hg at °
C
 𝑼𝟐 : Wind Speed at 2 m. Height in m / s

The definition of the terms are the following:

8.9. Penman method requires:
 𝑹𝑰 : Net Amount of energy absorbed in the surface.
 𝑹𝑩 : Long-wave radiation net of the earth.
 The average temperature of the air ,
 𝑹𝑪 : The short wave radiation real del sol and the sky, on
 The relative humidity ,
the surface of the earth.
 The speed of the wind , and
 𝑹𝑨 : Value of the solar radiation that reaches the outer
 Duration of the sunny weather.
limits of the atmosphere in [Link]/cm^ 2/day. Is

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 The Penman method in common use in the world and in  The use of large tanks (Ø 5 m or larger) filled with the same
Turkey and that gives reasonably good results. type of soil and vegetation and the surrounding area.
 It is called evapotranspirometer (lysimeters).
9. ESTIMATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN
9.4. Potential Evapotranspiration:
 Blaney Criddle Method
 Panman Method and
 Thornthwaite Method

9.1. Consumptive use is a function of: 9.5. Method of Blaney - Criddle:

 Climate, H. F. Blaney and W. D. Criddle developed a formula that
 The soil moisture , allows you to estimate the amount of water needed for
 The type of soil , irrigation depending on certain crops, a concept that the
 Method of land management and authors called consumptive use and that equate the of
 The type of vegetation. potential evapotranspiration. His method based on the fact
that the water required by a crop is a function of temperature,
9.2. Climate Factor: of the hours of light and vegetation cover.
Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind and the latitude of
the area, affecting the entire length of the period of growth.

9.3. The evapotranspiration measure:  Give a good estimate of the potential evapotranspiration in
 The real measure is almost impossible. the arid and semi-arid zones

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  Consumptive use

Where:
 Eto reference evapotranspiration (mm/day).
 T, average daily temperature.
 P, percentage average daily hours of light per year.

Application: It is recommended that you use in areas which are

counted with temperature data this formula should be used
especially in arid to semi-arid areas.

9.6. Thornthwaite method:

Ch. Thornthwaite developed the formula for calculating the

potential evapotranspiration which bears his name, to relate Where:
experimental results of evapotranspiration data with average
 ETo, potential evapotranspiration monthly, in
monthly temperatures, parameters that are correlated to
mm/month
both depended on the net radiation.
 I, thermal index
The monthly evapotranspiration (cm)
monthly
 I, thermal index annual
 T, average monthly temperature of the month, in °C
 A, constant to determine, which depend on each
place.

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  N, maximum number of hours sunshine for the  RA, extraterrestrial Radiation expressed in mm/day of
month under consideration, according to the latitude evaporation
 D, the number of days in the month.  T°C, average temperature (Tmax+Tmin) /2 ( ºC).
Acceptable results are obtained in humid areas with  TD, thermal amplitude Tmax-Tmin ( °C)
abundant vegetation, but the errors increase in arid or Applicability: Hargreaves (1982), recognizes that this
semi-arid areas. model requires local calibration, mainly in areas with high
temperatures in summer (cited by Santa Ollala and
9.7. Method of Hargreaves
Valero, 1993).
According to the method of Hargreaves, the temperature and
radiation can be used together to effectively predict the 9.8. Turc Method (1954, 1961)
variation of the ETo.
Ryley and Hargreaves (1985), published an equation for
the ETo, developed on the basis of measurements of several
lysimeters, and comparisons with other methods are
calibrated on the basis of 8 years of measured values of ET for
the high grass and Fescue to climate data corresponding to
 Q: precipitation in mm/year
Davis (California, USA). According
 ETR: etp real in mm/year
to Hargreaves and Samani (1991), the equation
of Hargreaves is expressed as follows:

Where:

 Eto reference evapotranspiration (mm/day).

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  [Link]
experimentales/hidrologia/contenidos/[Link]
[Link]
 [Link]
f

II. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
 ANDIA CAHUANA, Augustine and YUGAR MORALES, Weimar
(2009): "teaching support material for teaching and learning
of the subject of hydrology civ-233" UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR
DE SAN SIMON
 MILLAR B. , AGUSTIN (2008): tabular information for the
calculation of potential evaporation through the Penman
equation .
 Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertuğ Akintuğ "evaporation and
transpiration" program of Civil Engineering Technical
University of the Middle East Campus north of Cyprus
 [Link]
/[Link]
 [Link]

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