Transport Phenomena I
Department of Chemical Engineering
Cairo University
2016/2017
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA I
INSTRUCTOR:
Ahmed Sherif Eissa,
[email protected] 0100-5806060 (Mob)
Ahmed Refaat,
[email protected] 0122-2277897 (Mob)
Hours:
Saturday 10:45 AM to 12:45 PM
Textbook:
1. R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart and E.N.
Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, J. Wiley
and Sons, Inc., NY, 2003
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Course Activities
• Lectures
• Home Works
• Project
• Exams
Homework
• There will be ~ 2 homework assignments
• Homework should be worked on in groups of 5. Only one
solution per group needs to be turned in.
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Project
There will be a group project (5 students per group)
Project Topic: Using Comsol Software for Modeling of
Momentum Transport Problem.
Project report: to be submitted sometimes during the term (date to
be announced later)
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Exams& Grading
• There will be a mid term exam
The course grades will be determined as follows:
Final Examination 70%
Homeworks: 5%
Project: 10 %
Exams (2 Mid Terms): 15 %
(1st Exam on 5th of Nov, 2nd Exam on 10th of Dec,
Inshallah)
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
ATTENDANCE
•As per the university law:
You have to attend at least 75% of lectures to be allowed
to sit for the final exam.
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Course Outline
Applied Mathematics and Momentum Transport:
1. Mathematical Preliminaries (Vector/tensor notation)
Index notation, scalar and cross products, Kroenecker delta, permutation
symbol, determinants, tensors, dyadics, symmetric and skew symmetric
tensor.
2. Conservation of Mass & Momentum
Continuity Equation, Equations of Motion, N-S Equation
3. Constitutive Equations & Stress Tensor
Newtonian and Generalized Newtonian Fluids (GNF), Boundary Conditions
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Course Outline-cont’d
Complex Flows & Approximate Methods:
4. Lubrication Theory
Order of magnitude analysis for low Reynolds # creeping flows and
simplification of NS equations
5. Stream Functions
Analysis of flow around objects
6. Boundary Layer Approximations
Flow near boundaries
7. Turbulent Flows
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Today’s Agenda
Transport Phenomena: (Chapter 0 in BSL)
Overview and Perspective
Course Objectives
Applications & Examples
Mathematical Preliminaries: (Appendix A in BSL)
Vectors and Scalars
Index Notation
Dot Products
Operators
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Transport Phenomena, Why?
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Levels of Studying Transport Phenomena
(a) Macroscopic
(b) Microscopic
(c) Molecular
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
How is our Book Organized?
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Momentum Transport
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Momentum Transport Phenomenon
Fluids Deformation
tied together via Stresses and
or Flow constitutive eqns
(Kinematics)
Forces
Solids:
Fluids:
log τ
.
ie: Newtonian Fluid: τyx = µγ
τyx [=] shear stress µ
.
µ [=] viscosity
γ [=] rate of strain .
log γ
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Momentum Transport Phenomenon
Applications:
a) Flow through a pipeline
Need to know what
is happening in
bulk, boundary
conditions
b) Falling film problems
gas-liquid
interface
θ
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Momentum Transport Phenomenon
Applications:
c) Coating
d) Flow around objects, i.e. sphere
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Momentum Transport Phenomenon
Overall Objectives
Math Preliminaries Conservation law
-Mass
-Momentum Static Problems
Constitutive eqn’s
& BC’s
Exact solns to Complex flows
flow problems; Approx solns
Non-Newtonian
Newtonian -BL
flows/fluids -Turbulence
-Lubrication
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Math
Preliminaries
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Math preliminaries: Vectors
Index Notation:
x3 a
a3
a2
a1 x2
a = a e + a e +a e
1 1 2 2 3 3
x1
Where e1, e2 and e3 are unit vectors
Unit vector: vector of unit length along axis
e3
e2 |ei| = 1
e1
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Vectors: Index notation
Can also write a as:
i =3
a = ∑ae
i =1
i i
Components of a are ai, where i=1, 2 or 3
For simplification, we omit the summation symbol:
a = a e
i i
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Vectors: Index Notation
Example:
F =a b c expanded
j i j i
F j = aib j ci ∴ repeated index " i ", so s u m,
F1 = a b c + a b c + a b c
111 2 1 2 3 1 3
Similarly, F2 = ? = ai b2 ci
F =a b c =a b c +a b c +a b c
2 i 2i 121 2 2 2 323
F =a b c +a b c +a b c
3 131 232 333
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Vectors: Scalar (dot) Products
Scalar (dot) Products:
a a ⋅ b = a b cos ( θab ) = ai ei ⋅ b j e j
θab
b ( )
= ai b j ei ⋅ e j = ?ai b j δi j
Define δij = Kronecker delta Named after
ei ⋅ e j = δij German
Mathematician:
Leopold
1 0 0 Kronecker
1 if i = j
δij = = 0 1 0 so e1 ⋅ e1 = cos 0° = 1
0 if i ≠ j 0 0 1 e1 ⋅ e2 = cos 90° = 0
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Vectors: Scalar (dot) Products
a⋅a =
(
ai ei ⋅ a j e j = ai a j ei ⋅ e j )
2
ai a j δij = ai ai = a Magnitude of a
So a•b =?
a ⋅ b = (ai ei ) ⋅ (b j e j ) = ai b j ( ei ⋅ e j )
= ai b j δij = ai bi = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Vectors
The components of a vector can be obtained by dotting
the vector with its corresponding unit vector
ak = ek ⋅ a
i .e.,
e1 ⋅ a = e1 ⋅ ai ei
= ( e1 ) ⋅ ( a1 e1 + a2 e2 + a3 e3 )
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Vectors
Another format:
a=aλ
wh ere λ = un it vect or in di rect io n of a
λ = λ1 e1 + λ 2 e 2 + λ3 e3 , λ =1
How to get λι: a ⋅ e j = a λi ei ⋅ e j = a λi δij
ai = a λi
a
λi = i
a
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
Operators
∂ ∂ ∂
“del” or ∇≡ e1 + e2 + e3
“nabla” ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ
Example: ∇ψ ≡ e1 + e2 + e3 = ei
∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3 ∂xi
∂T ∂T
V ⋅∇T = νi ei ⋅ e j = νi ei ⋅ e j
∂x j ∂x j
∂T
= νi δij
∂x j
∂T ∂T ∂T ∂T
= νi = V1 + V2 + V3
∂xi ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
In Class Exercise
?
∇ ⋅ (V ψ ) = ψ ( ∇ ⋅ V ) + (V ⋅∇ψ )
LHS :
∂
= ei ⋅ e jV j ψ
∂ xi
∂
(
= ei ⋅ e j
∂xi
) (
V jψ )
∂ ∂ψ ∂Vi
=
∂xi
( Vi ψ ) = Vi
∂xi
+ψ
∂xi
= V ⋅∇ψ + ψ ( ∇ ⋅ V )
Transport Phenomena – Lectures
