Impedance Matching and Tuning
1
Impedance
peda ce Matching
atc g and
a d Tuning
u g
• Impedance matching or tuning is important for the following
reasons:
Maximum power is delivered
Improve the SNR of the system
Reduce amplitude and phase errors
in L
Figure 5.1 (p. 223)
A lossless network matching an arbitrary load impedance to a transmission line.
2
Impedance
peda ce Matching
atc g and
a d Tuning
u g
Other Discussion
Matching network usually use lossless components: L
L, C
C, transmission
line, transformer, …
There are many possible solutions available
Use Smith chart to find the optimal design
F
Factors iin the
h selection
l i off a particular
i l matching
hi network:
k
Complexity
Bandwidth
Implementation
Adjustability
3
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
Figure 5.2 (p. 223)
i matching
L-section hi networks.
k (a)
( ) Network k for
f zL
inside the 1 + jx circle.
(b) Network for zL outside the 1 + jx circle.
4
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
• Analytic Solutions (ZL = RL + j XL)
Case 1 : z L is inside the 1 jx ( RL Z 0 ) Case 2 : z L is outside the 1 jx ( RL Z 0 )
For a matching condition : For a matching condition :
1 1 1
Z 0 jX jB
jB 1 RL jX L Z0 RL j X X L
Separating into Re/Im parts : Separating into Re/Im parts :
B XRL X L Z 0 RL Z 0 BZ 0 X X L Z 0 RL
X 1 BX L BZ 0 RL X L X X L BZ 0 RL
Solution : Solution :
X L RL Z 0 RL2 X L2 Z 0 RL X RL Z 0 RL X L
B
RL2 X L2 Z 0 RL RL
B
1 X Z Z Z0
X L 0 0
B RL BRL
5
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
jX jX - jB - jB
L L
C C
- jX - jX jB jB
Z Y
L C
C L
C L
L C
6
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
• Smith chart solutions
Case 1 : z L is inside the 1 jjx circle
1 jx circle
7
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
Case 2 : z L is outside the 1 jx circle
1 jb circle
i l
8
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
• Example 5.1 L-Section
Impedance Matching
Z L 200 j100 , Z 0 100 ,
f 500 MHz
Solution 1 :
z L 2 j1
y L 0.4 0.2 j jb j 0.3
y 0.4 0.5 j
z 1 j1.2 x j1.2
b
C 0.92
0 92 pF
2 f Z 0
x Z0
L 38.8 nH
2 f
9
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
• Example 5.1 L-Section
Impedance Matching
Z L 200 j100 , Z 0 100 ,
f 500 MHz
Solution 1 :
z L 2 j1
y L 0.4 0.2 j jb j 0.7
y 0.4 0.5 j
z 1 j1.2 x j1.2
1
C 2.61 ppF
2 f x Z 0
Z0
L 46.1 nH
2 f b
10
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
• Example 5.1 L-Section Impedance Matching
Figure 5.3b (p. 227) (b) The two possible L-section matching circuits.
( )R
(c) Reflection
fl i coefficient
ffi i magnitudes
i d versus frequency
f for
f the
h matching
hi circuits
i i off (b).
(b)
11
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
• Lumped elements (l < /10): parasitic C/L, spurious resonances, fringing
fields, loss and perturbations caused by a ground plane.
10 nH
0.5 pF
25 pF
12
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
Estimating Bandwidth :
single
g frequency
q y
bandwidth
Approximate tuning may
be Better!!
Frequncy Contours :
Foster' s reactance theorem
as f , jX of impedance
and jB of admittances
Impedances and admittances
on the Smith chart trace clockwise
arcs as frequency is increased.
13
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
• Constant Q circles:
X B
Q
R G
1 Q 2 FR
R
FR 0
RL
14
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
Broadband
Low Q matching
1 Q 2 n FR
Q=1 074
Q=1.074
15
Matching
atc g with
w t Lumped
u ped Elements
e e ts
One-section High Q Matching v. s. 3-sections Low Q Matching
16
Single-Stub
S g e Stub Tuning
u g
Yini jB
(a) No Lumped Elements
(b) Easy to fabricate in
microstrip or stripline.
Y0 jB
Z in jX
Z 0 jX
Figure
g 5.4 (p
(p. 229))
Single-stub tuning circuits.
(a) Shunt stub. (b) Series stub.
17
Single-Stub
S g e Stub Tuning
u g (S(Shunt)
u t)
• Example 5.2
Z L 60 j80 S.C.
S.C. y
Z 0 50 , f 2 GHz
z L 1.2 j1.6 y L 0.6 j 0.8
SWR circle t 1 jb circle
i l intersects
i t i l :
d1 0.11 for y1 1 j1.47
d 2 0.26 for y2 1 j1.47
j1.47 S.C. l1 0.095
S C l2 0.405
j1.47 S.C.
18
Single-Stub
S g e Stub Tuning
u g (S(Shunt)
u t)
• Example 5.2
19
Single-Stub
S g e Stub Tuning
u g (S(Shunt)
u t)
Z L 1 YL RL jX L 1 1
RL jX L jZ 0t d 2 tan t, for t 0
d : Z Z0
Z 0 j RL jX L t
1 tan 1 t , for t 0
where t tan d 2
Y G jB 1 Z t Bs Bs B
where G 2
RL 1 t 2 For an open - circuited stub,
RL X L Z 0t
2 lo 1 B 1 1 B
tan 1 s tan
RL2t Z 0 X Lt X L Z 0t
2 Y0 2 Y0
B
Z 0 RL2 X L Z 0t
2
For a short - circuited stub,,
d is chosen so that G Y0 1 Z 0 ls 1 1 Y0 1 1 Y0
tan tan
t
X L RL Z 0 RL X L2 Z 0
2
for RL Z 0
2 Bs 2 B
If the resultant l is negative 2
RL Z 0
t X L 2Z 0 for
f RL Z 0
20
Single-Stub
S g e Stub Tuning
u g (Se
(Series)
es)
• Example 5.3
Z L 100 j80
Z 0 50 , O.C.
O.C. f 2 GHz z
z L 2 j1.6
SWR circle intersects 1 jx circle :
d1 0.120 for z1 1 j1.33
d 2 0.463 for z 2 1 j1.33
O C l1 0.397
j1.33 O.C.
j1.33 O.C. l2 0.103
21
Single-Stub
S g e Stub Tuning
u g (Se
(Series)
es)
• Example 5.3
22
Single-Stub
S g e Stub Tuning
u g (Se
(Series)
es)
YL 1 Z L GL jBL 1 1
GL jBL jY0t d 2 tan t, for t 0
d: Y Y0
Y0 j GL jBL t
1 tan 1 t , for t 0
where t tan d 2
Z R jX 1 Y t X s X s X
where R 2
GL 1 t 2 For an open - circuited stub,
GL BL Y0t
2 lo 1 1 Z 0 1 Z
tan tan 1 0
GL2t Y0 BLt BL Y0t
2 X s 2 X
X
Y0 GL2 BL Y0t
2
For a short - circuited stub,,
d is chosen so that R Z 0 1 Y0 ls 1 1 X s 1 1 X
tan
tan
t
BL GL Y0 GL BL2 Y0
2
for GL Y0
2 Z 0 2 Z0
If the resultant l is negative 2
GL Y0
t BL 2Y0 for
f GL Y0
23
Double-Stub
oub e Stub Tuning
u g
24
Double-Stub
oub e Stub Tuning
u g
Figure 5.7 (p. 236)
Double-stub tuning.
(a) Original circuit with the load an
arbitrary distance from the first stub.
(b) Equivalent-circuit with load at the
first stub.
25
Double-Stub
oub e Stub Tuning
u g
Forbidden region :
No intersection point
with Rotated 1 jb circle
reduce d for reducing
forbidden region
d 0 or / 2 : frequency
sensitive
d are generally chosen
as / 8 or 3 / 8
26
Double-Stub
oub e Stub Tuning
u g
• Example 5.4
Z L 60 j80 , Z 0 50
Stubs: open-circuited stubs,
d / 8, f 2 GHz
Z L : a series resistor and capacitor
Solution:
zL 1.2 j1.6 yL 0.3 j 0.4
b1 1.314 l1 0.146
b1 0.114 l1 0.482
y2 1 j 3.38
y2 1 j1.38
1 38
b2 3.38 l2 0.204
b2 1.38 350
1 38 l2 00.350
27
Double-Stub
oub e Stub Tuning
u g
0.995 pF
0.204 0.146
0.995 pF
(c)
0.350 0.482
Figure 5.9b (p. 239)
(b) The two double-stub tuning solutions.
(c) Reflection coefficient magnitudes versus (b)
frequency for the tuning circuits of (b).
28
Double-Stub
oub e Stub Tuning
u g
Forbidden region :
• Analytic Solution st
4t 2 Y0 BLt B1t
2
Just to the left of the 1 stub :
0 1 1
Y1 GL j BL B1 Y 1 t
0
2
2 2
length d transmission line 1 t 2 Y0
0 GL Y0 2
just to the left of the 2 nd stub : t sin 2 d
GL j BL B1 Y0t
Y0 1 t 2 GLY0 GL2t 2
Y2 Y0 B1 BL
Y0 j t GL j BL j B1 t
where t tan d and Y0 1 / Z 0
Y0 1 t 2 GLY0 GL2t 2 GLY0
reall part off Y2 Y0 B2
GL t
1 t 2 Y0 BLt B1t lo 1 1 B
G GLY0 2
2
2
0 For O.C. stub : tan
2
L
t t Y0
1 t 2 4t 2 Y0 BLt B1t
2
ls 1 1 Y0
GL Y0 1 1 For S.C. stub : tan
2
2t
Y0 1 t
2 2
2
2 B
29
Thee Quarter-Wave
Qua te Wave Transformer
a so e
1
4Z 0 Z L 2
1 2
sec
Z L Z 0
Figure 5.10 (p. 241) A single-section quarter- Z L Z0
wave matching
t hi transformer.
t f 0 4 att the
th design
d i cos for
f near 2
frequency f0. 2 Z0Z L
Z L j Z1t
Z in Z1
Z1 j Z L t
where t tan l tan 2 , at f 0
Z in Z 0 Z L Z0
Z in Z 0 Z L Z 0 j 2t Z 0 Z L
Figure 5.11 (p. 242) Approximate behavior of
Z1
2
Z0Z L the reflection coefficient magnitude for a single-
section quarter-wave transformer operating near
its design frequency.
30
Thee Quarter-Wave
Qua te Wave Transformer
a so e
Bandwidth : 2 m
2
2
1 2 Z0Z L
2 1 sec
m Z L Z0
m 2 Z0Z L
or cos m
1 m2 Z L Z 0
If we assume TEM lines, then
2 f v p f
l
v p 4 f0 2 f0
Fi
Figure 5.12 ( 243) Reflection
5 12 (p. R fl ti coefficient
ffi i t
f 4 m 4 2 Z0Z L magnitude versus frequency for a single-
1
2 2 cos m
section quarter-wave matching transformer
f0 1 m2 Z L Z 0 with various load mismatches.
mismatches
31
Thee Theory
eo y of
o Small
S a Reflections
e ect o s
• Single-Section Transformer 1 T12T213e 2 j T12T2132 2 e 4 j
1 T12T213e 2 j
e
n 0
n n 2 jn
2 3
1
n 0
x n
1 x
, for x 1
T12T213e 2 j
1
1 2 3e 2 j
1 3e 2 j
1 13e 2 j
1 3e 2 j
Figure 5.13 (p. 244) Partial reflections and transmissions
on a single
single-section
section matching transformer.
transformer
32
Thee Theory
eo y of
o Small
S a Reflections
e ect o s
• Multisection Transformer
Figure 5.14 (p 245) Partial
5 14 (p.
reflection coefficients for a
multisection matching transformer.
Z Z0 0 1e 2 j 2e 4 j N e 2 jN
0 1
Z1 Z 0 Transformer can be made symmetrical :
n
Z n 1 Z n
e jN 0 e jN e jN 1 e j N 2 e j N 2
Z n 1 Z n 2e jjN 0 cos N 1 cosN 2 n cos N 2n
N
ZL ZN 1 2 N / 2 , for N even
ZL ZN
2e jN 0 cos N 1 cosN 2 n cos N 2n
Z n : vary monotonically
( N 1) / 2 cos , for N odd
Given
Gi , design
d i Z1 , Z 2 , Z N
33
Thee Bode-Fano
ode a o Criterion
C te o
Circuit Bode - Fano limit
Figure 5.22 (p. 262) The Bode-Fano limits for RC and RL loads matched with passive and
lossless networks (ω0 is the center frequency of the matching bandwidth). (a) Parallel RC.
(b) S
Series
i RC.
RC
34
Thee Bode-Fano
ode a o Criterion
C te o
Circuit Bode - Fano limit
Figure 5.22 (p. 262) The Bode-Fano limits for RC and RL loads matched with passive and
lossless networks (ω0 is the center frequency of the matching bandwidth). (c) Parallel RL.
(d) S
Series
i RL.
RL
35
Thee Bode-Fano
ode a o Criterion
C te o
Figure 5.23 (p. 263)
Illustrating the Bode-Fano criterion.
(a) A possible reflection coefficient
response.
(b) Nonrealizable and realizable
reflection coefficient responses
responses.
1. Given RC :
m
2. m 0, unless 0
m 0 only
l at a finite
fi i
number of frequencies
3. R or C
or m
high Q load is harder to match
36
