SIGNALS CLASSIFICATION
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/signals_classification.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com
Signals are classified into the following categories:
Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
Even and Odd Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Energy and Power Signals
Real and Imaginary Signals
Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.
A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time/
Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any instant
of time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical formula are known as
deterministic signals.
A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its value at some
instant of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence they are called random
signals. Random signals cannot be described by a mathematical equation. They are modelled in
probabilistic terms.
Even and Odd Signals
A signal is said to be even when it satisfies the condition xt = x−t
Example 1: t2, t4… cost etc.
Let xt = t2
x−t = −t 2 = t2 = xt
∴, t2 is even function
Example 2: As shown in the following diagram, rectangle function xt = x−t so it is also even
function.
A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition xt = -x−t
Example: t, t3 ... And sin t
Let xt = sin t
x−t = sin−t = -sin t = -xt
∴, sin t is odd function.
Any function ƒt can be expressed as the sum of its even function ƒet and odd function ƒot .
ƒ(t ) = ƒe(t ) + ƒ0 (t )
where
ƒe(t ) = ½[ƒ(t ) +ƒ(-t )]
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition xt = xt + T or xn = xn + N.
Where
T = fundamental time period,
1/T = f = fundamental frequency.
The above signal will repeat for every time interval T 0 hence it is periodic with period T 0 .
Energy and Power Signals
A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.
∞
Energy E = ∫ x2 (t)dt
−∞
A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.
1 T
Power P = lim ∫ x2 (t)dt
T →∞ 2T −T
NOTE:A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously. Also, a signal may be neither
energy nor power signal.
Power of energy signal = 0
Energy of power signal = ∞
Real and Imaginary Signals
A signal is said to be real when it satisfies the condition xt = x*t
A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition xt = -x*t
Example:
If xt = 3 then x*t =3*=3 here xt is a real signal.
If xt = 3j then x*t =3j* = -3j = -xt hence xt is a odd signal.
Note: For a real signal, imaginary part should be zero. Similarly for an imaginary signal, real part
should be zero.
