5.

1 The Language of Mathematics

Focus on…
After this lesson, you
will be able to…
• use mathematical
terminology to
describe polynomials
• create a model for a
given polynomial
expression

The Great Wall is the world’s largest human-made structure. It stretches

over 6700 km across China. The wall was created by joining several
regional walls.
Similarly, mathematics is a developing science made up of several branches,
algebra including arithmetic, geometry, and algebra . It is a science that studies
• a branch of mathematics quantity, shape, and arrangement. As with any science, mathematics comes
that uses symbols to with its own unique language. The language of mathematics is universal. It
represent unknown can be understood anywhere in the world.
numbers or quantities
Look at the following paragraph. How much of it can you read? What
languages do you think the paragraph contains?

Would the algebraic equations be any different if the paragraph was

written in any other modern language?

174 MHR • Chapter 5

Explore the Language of Algebra
1. a) For the algebraic expression 5a + 4b, what terminology can you
use to describe the numbers 4 and 5, and the letters a and b?
b) What terminology can you use to describe the expression -7x2 and
its parts?

2. Make up a real-life situation and write an algebraic expression for it.

What do the parts of your expression represent?

3. Algebraic expressions can have different numbers of terms . term

• an expression formed
Number of Terms Examples
from the product of
5 numbers and/or
7x variables
1 • 9x is a term
-3ab
representing the
y
__ product of 9
2 (coefficient) and x
5+x (variable)
2 3x2 - 2 • a constant value, such
7xy + z2 as 5, is also a term

1-x+y
3 2x2 - 3x + 5
a+b+c

Write other examples of expressions with one term, two terms, and
three terms.

4. A study of algebra includes working with polynomials . They are polynomial

named by their number of terms. How do the names monomial, • an algebraic expression
binomial, and trinomial relate to the number of terms in an expression? made up of terms
connected by the
operations of addition
What common words do you
or subtraction
know that have prefixes of
• 3x2 - 4 has two terms.
mono, bi, and tri?
3x2 and 4 are connected
by the operation of
subtraction.
Reflect and Check
5. Look at the algebraic equations in the paragraph written in Chinese on
the previous page. Use as much algebraic terminology as you can to
describe them.

Language Link
Web Link
The word algebra comes from Arabic. The word originated in Iraq. Around A.D. 830,
Mohammad al-Khwarizmi of Baghdad wrote a book called Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabalah. This For more information
book summarized Hindu understandings of equations and how to solve them. The whole about the history of
title was too hard for some Europeans so they kept only the word al-jabr. We get the term algebra, go to www.
algebra from that Arabic word. mathlinks9.ca and
follow the links.

5.1 The Language of Mathematics • MHR 175

 Literacy Link Link the Ideas
Types of Polynomials
Some polynomials Example 1: Name Polynomials by the Number of Terms
have specific names.
Monomial: one term For each expression, identify the number of terms and whether
Binomial: two terms it is a monomial, binomial, trinomial, or polynomial.
Trinomial: three terms
a) 4xy + 3 b) 7a2 - 2ab + b 2
All expressions with
one or more terms are c) 5x2 + y 2 + z2 - x - 6 d) 13
called polynomials.
Polynomial means Solution
many terms.
Expression Number of Terms Name
a) 4xy + 3 2 binomial What are the
two terms in
b) 7a2 - 2ab + b 2 3 trinomial 4xy + 3?
2 2 2
c) 5x + y + z - x - 6 5 polynomial
d) 13 1 monomial

Show You Know

For each expression, identify the number of terms and whether the
expression is a monomial, binomial, trinomial, or polynomial.
a) 5j 2 b) 3 - m2
c) ab2 - ab + 1 d) -4x2 + xy - y 2 + 10

degree of a term Example 2: Identify the Number of Terms and Degree of

• the sum of the a Polynomial
exponents on the
variables in a single What is the number of terms and the degree of each polynomial?
term (monomial)
• 3xz, or 3x1z1, has degree a) 4x2 + 3 b) 7a2 - 2ab + b 2
2, since 1 + 1 = 2 c) 5x + z - 6 d) 7
• 5x2y and -2b3 are terms
of degree 3 Solution
a) The polynomial 4x2 + 3 has two terms. What degree
degree of a polynomial
The term with the highest degree is 4x2. does the constant
• the degree of the term 3 have?
highest-degree term in
Its degree is 2.
a polynomial The degree of the polynomial is 2.
• In 7a2 - 3a, the degree
of the first term is 2, b) The polynomial 7a2 - 2ab + b 2 has three terms. When a variable has no
and the degree of the Each of the three terms has a degree of 2. exponent, the value of
second term is 1. The
highest degree is 2, so
The degree of the polynomial is 2. the exponent is 1. How
do you know 2ab has a
the degree of the
degree of 2?
polynomial is 2.

176 MHR • Chapter 5

c) The polynomial 5x + z - 6 has three terms.
Both of the terms 5x and z have a degree of 1.
The degree of the polynomial is 1.

d) The number 7 is one term that is constant.

A constant term has a degree of 0.
The degree of the polynomial is 0.

Show You Know Literacy Link

When a term has more
What is the number of terms and the degree of each polynomial? than one variable, the
Explain each answer. variables are usually
a) 1 - 3x b) 4x - 3xy + 7 written in alphabetical
order.
2
c) -27b d) 99
Examples: 5ab, -12x2y2

Example 3: Model Polynomials

Model each polynomial.
a) 3x + 2 b) -x2 - 2 c) 2x2 + 3 - x

positive 1-tile negative 1-tile

Solution A 1-tile has dimensions 1 unit by 1 unit.
You can model each polynomial using algebra tiles.
a) 3x + 2
positive x-tile negative x-tile
An x-tile is 1 unit by x units.
b) -x2 - 2

c) 2x2 + 3 - x positive x2-tile negative x2-tile

Tiles can be 2
An x -tile is x units by x units.
either
horizontal
or vertical.

Show You Know

a) Model -x2 + 4x - 3.
b) What expression is shown by the algebra tile model?
Web Link
For practise using virtual
algebra tiles, go to
www.mathlinks9.ca
and follow the links.

5.1 The Language of Mathematics • MHR 177

 Key Ideas
• Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses symbols to represent
unknown numbers or quantities. The symbols are often letters and
are called variables.
• Polynomials are made up of terms. Terms are connected by addition
or subtraction.
3x2 + 2x - 7 has three terms.
• Polynomials can have one or more terms. Some polynomials have
specific names.
Name Number of Terms Example
monomial 1 6x2
binomial 2 3a2 - 5
trinomial 3 -w 2 + 5w + 1
polynomial more than 3 2s2 - t 2 + st + 7t - 4
• Each algebraic term has a degree. You can find the degree of a term
by adding the exponents of the variable(s) in the term.
3x has degree 1. -5x2y has degree 3.
• A polynomial has the same degree as its highest-degree term.
x2 + 5x - 7 has degree 2.
12 has degree 0.
• You can use models, such as algebra tiles and diagrams, to represent
some polynomials.
2x2 - 4x + 3

Check Your Understanding

Communicate the Ideas
1. Identify at least three mathematical words or phrases you could
use to refer to the polynomial -5 + x2.

2. Sonja and Myron are discussing the algebra tile model shown below.

Sonja says, “The model represents the expression 3x2 + x + 2.” Myron
claims, “It represents 3x2 - x - 2.” Who is correct? How do you know?

178 MHR • Chapter 5

 3. Give two examples of a polynomial that satisfies all statements.
• consists of two terms
• contains two variables
• has degree 2
• one term is of degree 1 and has a coefficient of 1

4. When is it acceptable not to write the 1 in an algebraic expression?

When must you write the 1? Give examples.

Practise
For help with #5 to #7, refer to Example 1 on page 176. 10. Refer to the polynomials below to answer
5. For each expression, identify the number each question.
of terms and whether the expression is a 3b 2 2+p
monomial, binomial, trinomial, or
4st + t - 1 2x2 - y 2
polynomial.
a) Which ones are binomials?
a) 3x2 - 5x - 7 b) -11a
2 2 b) Which ones have degree 2?
c) c + cf + df - f d) 8
c) What is the variable in the monomial?
6. What is the number of terms and what is a d) Which polynomials have a constant term?
name for each expression?
a) n b) 6 + 4x - x2 For help with #11 to #14, refer to Example 3 on
page 177.
c) 0 d) p2 + 3pq
11. What expression is represented by each set
7. Refer to the polynomials below to answer of algebra tiles?
each question. a)

6x -15
b)
3x - y 4c2 - cd
7+a+b 3m2 - 4mn - 9n2 + 1
a) Which ones are monomials? c)
b) Which ones are trinomials?
c) Which ones have two terms?

For help with #8 to #10, refer to Example 2 on 12. Write the expression represented by each set
pages 176–177. of algebra tiles.
8. For each polynomial, what is the degree and a)
number of terms?
a) 4 - b b) fg + 2g
c) 8x2 - xy - y 2 b)

9. State the degree and number of terms for

each polynomial.
a) 3xy + 1 b) 11k2 + 7k - 5 c)

c) 6

5.1 The Language of Mathematics • MHR 179

13. Model each polynomial. 18. Make a model of an algebraic expression
2
a) x + x - 1 that includes at least one x2-tile, at least two
x-tiles, and two 1-tiles. Use materials or a
b) 3x + 2
diagram. Then, use symbols to show your
c) -2x expression. What type of polynomial is it?

14. Use a model to represent each polynomial. 19. For the polynomial 6x2 - 5, state the
2
a) -x + 3 following.
2
b) 2x - 3x a) number of terms
c) 8 b) coefficient of the first term
c) number of variables
Apply d) degree of polynomial
15. Represent each of the following with a e) constant term
diagram and an expression.
a) binomial
b) monomial of degree 1 20. Let represent x2, represent x,
c) monomial of degree 2 with a
coefficient of 9 and represent 1. The same diagrams in
d) polynomial with four terms that
yellow represent negative quantities.
is of degree 2 a) What is an expression for the polynomial
shown?
16. Use your knowledge of algebra tiles to
answer the following questions.
a) How are the dimensions of a 1-tile and
an x-tile related? b) Make up a trinomial. Draw diagrams to
b) The rectangle shown was formed using represent your trinomial.
an x2-tile and three x-tiles. What is an
expression for the length of the rectangle? 21. Write each statement as an algebraic
expression. Include what your variables
represent.
a) Eight and a number are added together.
b) Omar has some money in his wallet.
How much money does he have after a
17. Write an algebraic expression for each of friend gives him $5?
the following. c) A page is 4 cm longer than its width.
a) the product of 6 and x
d) The product of a number and 5 is
b) the sum of 2x and 3 increased by 2.
c) the length of the rectangle below, which e) The result of 3 times the number of
is made from algebra tiles people decreased by 21.

22. Describe a situation that could be modelled

by each given polynomial.
a) 3x + 5 b) 10 - x

180 MHR • Chapter 5

23. Marion gives French lessons in the evening. 26. A banquet hall can be rented for parties. An
She charges $20 for adults and $15 for expression for the rental cost is 5n + 75,
children. The expression 20a + 15c where n is the number of people.
represents her earnings. a) What type of polynomial is 5n + 75,
a) What do the variables a and c represent? and what is its degree?
b) How much does Marion make if she b) What could the numbers 5 and 75
gives lessons to four adults and nine represent?
children? Show your work. c) How much does it cost to rent the
c) Write a new expression for Marion’s banquet hall for 150 people?
earnings if she charges $3 more for adults
and $2 more for children. Extend
27. On a true/false test, there is a penalty for
24. Tickets for a school concert are $10 for adults
and $5 for students. Write an expression that incorrect answers. Miranda’s teacher advises
shows the total income for the school concert. the students not to guess at any of the
Tell what your variables represent. 25 questions. The teacher awards 2 points
for a correct answer, -1 point for a wrong
answer, and 0 points if the question is not
25. A hockey league awards teams two points
answered.
for a win, one point for a shoot-out loss,
and no points for a loss in regulation time. a) Write a polynomial to represent a
student’s score on this test.
b) What are the maximum and minimum
scores possible on this test? Explain.
c) What are all of the possible scores if
Miranda got 20 questions correct?
Explain.

28. What is the degree of

xy - abx + cdy - qr - prqz
if x, y, and z are variables and a, b, c, d, p,
q, and r are coefficients?
a) Write an algebraic expression to represent
the total points for a hockey team. 29. Ricardo draws the 2x
b) What variable(s) did you use? Indicate following rectangle
what each variable represents. with dimensions
x+3
c) In the first 20 games of the season, Team in metres.
A had 12 wins and 4 shoot-out losses. a) What is an expression
How many losses in regulation time did for the perimeter of the rectangle?
the team have? b) Write an equation showing how the
d) What were the total points for Team A? length and width of the diagram would
e) Team A was tied with Team B after be related if the dimensions given were
20 games. However, Team B had a for a square.
different record than Team A. Show two c) Solve your equation in part b) to find the
possible records for Team B. Use your value of x. Show your work.
expression to show that the two hockey
teams had the same number of total points.

5.1 The Language of Mathematics • MHR 181

30. Create a polynomial satisfying the following c) Write a trinomial to model Deidra’s total
conditions: time for a triathlon.
• contains three variables d) A triathlon includes a 1.5-km swim, a
• has three terms 40-km cycle, and a 10-km run. How
• is of degree 2 long will it take Deidra to complete this
• has a constant term, 3 triathlon? What assumptions are you
making?
31. Deidra is training for a triathlon. From her
e) If Deidra could maintain the same speeds,
training, she knows that she can swim at how long would it take her to complete
1.3 km/h, cycle at 28 km/h, and run at a triathlon that is a 3.8-km
12 km/h. swim, 180-km cycle, and
a) Write the formula 42.2-km run?
distance (d ) = speed × time
using variables of your choice for
speed and time. Tell what each variable Web Link
represents. The Ironman Canada Triathlon
in Penticton, B.C., involves a
The distance for each leg of the
3.8-km swim, 180-km cycle,
competition is different. In the table, this
and 42.2-km run. The times of
difference is shown using subscripts.
recent winners are impressive.
Top men’s times are around 8 h,
b) Use your formula to complete the table.
while women’s times are around
Part of Distance Speed Time 9 h. For information about the
Race (km) (km/h) (h) Ironman Canada Triathlon and
about the history of the Ironman
d
___
1
swim d1 1.3 competition, go to www.
1.3 mathlinks9.ca and follow the links.
cycle d2 28.0
run d3 12.0

You want to be a contestant on a game show. In order

to get on the show, you must show how to spend
exactly $100 by choosing from the items shown.
You may purchase some or all of the six items, and as
many of a single item as necessary.
a) Find at least six answers that would get you on the
game show.
b) Write an algebraic expression for one of your
combinations in part a). What is an equation for
this same combination?
c) Is it possible to spend $100 choosing all different
items? Explain.

182 MHR • Chapter 5

 5.2 Equivalent Expressions
Today’s space program requires extensiveve
use of algebra. Computer programs
Focus on… he
control shuttle flights and manipulate the
Canadarm. They also control conditionss
After this lesson, you
will be able to…
inside the International Space Station.
• use algebra tiles and These programs use algebraic models,
diagrams to show expressions, and equations. Where else
whether expressions in the real world is algebra used?
are equivalent
• identify equivalent
expressions that are Explore Combining Like Terms
polynomials
The astronauts on the space shuttle
• combine like terms
have a limited amount of living space.
in algebraic
expressions
They eat, sleep, and relax in a
rectangular space with a width of
only about 3.2 m and a length that
is 0.8 m greater than the width.
Materials 1. What is the length of the living
• concrete materials, such
as algebra tiles
space? How do you know?

2. Draw and label a diagram of the rectangular living space. Find the
perimeter of the rectangle. How did you find the perimeter?

3. Draw another rectangle. The length is still 0.8 m greater than the width
but you have no known value for the width. What could you use to
represent the width of the rectangle? What would be an expression for
the length of this rectangle?

4. Write an expression for the perimeter of the second rectangle.

5. How many terms are in your expression for the perimeter?

6. Use materials or a diagram to model your expression for the perimeter.

7. Rearrange your model so similar objects, shapes, or variables are all

together. Combine the similar objects, shapes, or variables. What is an
equivalent expression for the perimeter?

Reflect and Check

8. What do you think like terms means? Give examples to support
your ideas.

9. How do you combine like terms in polynomials? Explain with examples.

5.2 Equivalent Expressions • MHR 183

 Link the Ideas
Example 1: Identify Coefficients, Variables, and Exponents
For each expression, identify the coefficient, the variable(s), and the
exponent of each variable.
a) 3w b) a2 c) -4xy d) -g

Solution
Exponents of the
Expression Coefficient Variable(s)
Variable(s)
a) 3w 3 w 1
2
b) a 1 a 2
c) -4xy -4 x and y 1 and 1
Literacy Link d) -g -1 g 1
Even if a term has two
variables, it always has
only one coefficient. Show You Know
Example: A term Give the coefficient, the variable(s), and the exponent of each variable.
would be written as
-6xy, not as -2x3y. a) 3c2 b) -x c) b d) 7st 2

Example 2: Identify Like Terms

like terms Identify the like terms in each group.
• terms that differ only by
their numerical a) 5b 2 3cb -2b 7c 6b
coefficients b) 3x 2
4xy -2x2 7x2 1y
__
• examples of like 2
terms are c) 3pq 11 -4q2 -3 pq
• 3x and -2x
• 6y2 and -4y2 Solution
• -5xy and yx
a) -2b and 6b are like terms. Both have a variable b with an exponent
• 17 and -8
of 1. All the other terms are unlike.

b) 3x2, -2x2, and 7x2 are like terms. Each of them has a variable x with
an exponent of 2. The other terms are unlike.

c) 3pq and pq are like terms. Both have variables p and q, each with an
exponent of 1. The terms 11 and -3 are also like terms.

Show You Know

a) Give an example of three like terms.
b) Identify the like terms in the following group: 6t 3s 6t2 6st -8s

184 MHR • Chapter 5

Example 3: Combine Like Terms
Combine like terms in each expression.
a) 4x - 2x + 3 - 6
b) 2x2 + 3x - 1 + x2 - 4x - 2
c) 4 - x2 + 2x - 5 + 3x2 - 2x

Solution
Method 1: Use a Model
a) 4x - 2x + 3 - 6 Strategies
You can use algebra tiles to represent each term. Model It

and have a combined value of zero

Group the tiles to form zero pairs and remove the pairs. +1 -1
and are called a zero pair.
The same is true for

and

+x2 -x2
Write an expression for the remaining tiles.
2x - 3
and
Like terms can
be combined
+x -x
to simplify
expressions.
So, 4x - 2x + 3 - 6 = 2x - 3.

b) 2x2 + 3x - 1 + x2 - 4x - 2
Literacy Link
Any term with a
variable having a
coefficient of 1 can be
written without its
Group like terms and remove the zero pairs. numerical coefficient.
However, the sign
must remain. Example:
-1x = -x
+1x = x
-1x2 = -x2
2x2 + 3x - 1 + x2 - 4x - 2 +1x2 = x2
= 3x2 - 1x - 3 Coefficients without a
= 3x2 - x - 3 sign are positive.

5.2 Equivalent Expressions • MHR 185

 c) 4 - x2 + 2x - 5 + 3x2 - 2x

Group like terms and remove the zero pairs.

4 - x2 + 2x - 5 + 3x2 - 2x = 2x2 - 1

Method 2: Use Symbols

Literacy Link a) Add or subtract the coefficients of like terms.
In algebra, terms 4x - 2x + 3 - 6 = 2x - 3
are often arranged in
descending order by
b) A polynomial with more than one term can be written in
degree. For example,
-3y + 4y2 - 1 different orders. Rearrange by grouping like terms.
is written as 2x2 + 3x - 1 + x2 - 4x - 2
+4y2 - 3y - 1 = 2x2 + x2 + 3x - 4x - 1 - 2
or 4y2 - 3y - 1. = 3x2 - x - 3
This makes it easier to
compare expressions.
Answers are usually c) 4 - x2 + 2x - 5 + 3x2 - 2x
written this way. = -x2 + 3x2 + 2x - 2x + 4 - 5
= 2x2 - 1
Web Link
To learn more about the Show You Know
parts of a polynomial
Combine like terms.
and combining like
terms, go to www. a) 5x - 3x2 + 2x - x2 b) 2x - 6 - 2x + 1
mathlinks9.ca and c) k - 2k2 + 3 + 5k2 - 3k - 4
follow the links.

Key Ideas
• An algebraic expression is made up of Term Coefficient Variable(s) Variable’s Exponent
terms. Each term can have any number 6p 2
6 p 2
of variables. Each variable has an
-x2y -1 x, y 2 for x, 1 for y
exponent. A constant term, such as 9,
has no variable.
• Like terms differ only by their numerical coefficients.
Like terms can be combined. Unlike terms cannot be combined.
Like terms: Unlike terms:
 - 7x and 3x  6x and 3x2


w 2, 3w 2, and 0.5w 2 
m2n and 4mn2
 6 and 15  7 and 7d

186 MHR • Chapter 5

Check Your Understanding
Communicate the Ideas
1. Using models, show how you know that s - 5s combines to give -4s.

2. Jean claimed that 3m2 + 4m could be combined to give 7m3. Do you

agree? Explain with diagrams.

3. Most people would agree that 2 cats + 5 cats = 7 cats and

7 cats - 2 cats = 5 cats. Use this information to support an argument
for combining like terms and for being unable to combine unlike terms
in algebra. Use examples with two different animals and two different
variables.

4. Does a number in front of a variable affect whether or not you have like
terms? Explain using examples.

Practise
For help with #5 to #7, refer to Example 1 on page 184. 9. Which terms are like terms in each group?
5. What is the value of the coefficient and a) -2k 9 104k 104f -f 2
the number of variables for each term? 1
b) __ ab 0.5a -4b ab 2 ab
a) -3z2 b) k c) 43 2
c) -5 13d 2 5 -10d d2
6. Determine the value of the coefficient and
the number of variables for each term. For help with #10 to #12, refer to Example 3 on
a) 4d b) -prt c) -8fg 2 page 185.
10. Collect like terms.
7. Use the following monomial expressions a) 3x - 2x2 + x - 2x2
to answer the questions below: b) -4 - 2n2 - 3n + 3 + 2n2
3x 4t x 2
c) 2q - 4q2 - 2 + 3q2 + 2 - 3q
2
-ts xt 2t d) -4c + 3 + 5c - 7
a) Which have a coefficient of 1? e) h2 - 3h + 4h2 + 2h
b) Which have two variables? f) 3j - 5 + 2j 2 -1 + 2j - 3j 2
c) Which have only one variable with an
exponent of 1? 11. Simplify by collecting like terms.
d) Which have a coefficient of -1? a) 2d - 3d 2 + d 2 - 5d
b) y 2 + 2y - 2y 2 + y
For help with #8 and #9, refer to Example 2 on page 184. c) -p + 4p2 + 3 - 3p2 - 5 + 2p
8. Identify the like terms in each group. d) m - 4 + 6 + 3m
a) 2a 5 -7.1a 9b -c e) q2 - 3q + 2q2 - q
b) 3m
4m
__ m2
-2ab -2ad f) 5w - 3 + w 2 - 2w - 4w 2 - 1
3
c) -1.9 6p2 5 -2p p2

5.2 Equivalent Expressions • MHR 187

12. Which expressions are equivalent to the 17. a) Draw a figure with a perimeter that is
simplified expression -3x2 + x - 4? represented by (5s) + (3s - 2) + (s + 6),
A -4 + 3x2 + x where each value in parentheses
represents the length of one side.
B x - 4 -3x2
b) Simplify the expression for the perimeter.
C x2 + 2 - 4x2 + 3x - 6 - 2x
D -3 - 5x2 + x + 1 + 2x2
18. A student council decides to raise money by
E 2x - 2 + x2 - x - 4x2 - 2 organizing a dance. The cost of a band is
F -4 - 3x - 3x2 - 0 + 5x2 + 4x - 6x2 $700. The student council decides to sell
tickets at $5 each.
Apply a) Write an expression for the profit that the
student council would make. What does
13. Jessica and Taz are working on a measurement
your variable represent?
problem. Their calculations involve combining
Jessica’s measurement of 2 m and 32 cm with b) If 250 students pay to attend the dance,
Taz’s measurement of 1 m and 63 cm. Jessica what is the profit?
claims you find the answer just like in algebra. c) Estimate, then calculate, the minimum
Do you agree? Explain. number of students who will need to buy
tickets for the student council to make
14. Describe a real-life situation that could be a profit.
represented by each expression.
a) m - 3 b) 2p + 5 19. A heating company charges $60 per hour
plus $54 for a service call. Let n be the
15. For each of the following polynomials, write
number of hours the technician works at
an equivalent expression with six terms. your house.
a) What expression represents the total cost
a) 2p2 - 3p + 2 b) -3x2 + 5x - 4
of the job?
c) 4r 2 - 2q2 - 3qr
b) What is the cost for a job requiring 2 h?

16. Write an expression for the perimeter of c) The company charges half as much for a
each figure. Then, combine like terms if second technician. Write an expression
possible. showing the total cost if two technicians
install a new furnace. Simplify your
d+7 expression by combining like terms.

d 20. A publisher makes books for a number of

4d − 5
a) distributors. For one book, the charge to the
d distributor is represented by a fixed cost of
$3000 plus $16 per book.
3d + 1 a) Write an expression for the cost that a
distributor is charged for b copies of this
book.
b) How much do 600 books cost?
b) w
c) What is the cost per book if 600 are
ordered?
w+9
d) What is the cost per book if 1000 are
ordered?

188 MHR • Chapter 5

21. Raj was told to write an expression 24. A department store marks up wholesale
equivalent to 3x - 8 - 5x + 9. prices 40% to get its retail or selling price.
3x - 8 - 5x + 9 a) Complete the following table. The first
= 3x - 5x - 8 + 9 row has been done for you.
= 2x - 1 Wholesale Expression For Retail
a) What errors did he make? Price ($) Retail Price Price ($)
b) Show the correct response. 8.00 8 + (0.4)(8) 11.20
12.00
22. The diagram represents a piece of string. 30.00
x 3x + 7 2x - 5 x
b) How could you find the retail price if the
a) What is an expression for the total length
wholesale price is x + 10 dollars? Show
of the string? two ways to find the answer.
b) Combine like terms to get the simplest
25. Zip Publishers will print posters for
expression possible for the length of the
fundraising events for an initial cost of $100
string.
plus $2 per poster. Henry’s Printers charges
$150 plus $1 per poster.
Extend
a) Write an expression for each company,
23. When would the expressions x + y + 3 and showing the total cost for any number
x + w + 3 be equal? How do you know? of posters.
b) What is the cost of 125 posters from
each company?
c) What is the total cost if you print
200 posters at each company? Show
two different ways to find the answer.

Refer to the Math Link for section 5.1 on page 182. Represent
each item with a variable:
a = blender b = watch c = book
d = soccer ball e = drum f = coffeemaker
a) Rewrite all your combinations that add to $100, using the letters
a to f. Arrange each combination in alphabetical order. For
example, a + e + d + 3c would be written as a + 3c + d + e.
b) The example in part a) can be used to find other combinations. Notice that
e has a value of $40. What other items from the list have a value of $40?
By substituting into e the letter or letters that combine to a total value
of $40, you arrive at another answer. Do not forget to combine like terms and
arrange each expression in alphabetical order. What other combinations
can you find using substitution?
c) If you were asked to find combinations of the items that add to $101, how
could you use algebra to help you? Give two ways that algebra could help you.

5.2 Equivalent Expressions • MHR 189

 5.3 Adding and Subtracting
Polynomials
Focus on… A music store rents out a drum
After this lesson, you kit for $55 per month, plus
will be able to… a deposit of $30. Is there a
• add polynomial pattern? How could you use
expressions
a polynomial expression to
• subtract polynomial represent this pattern?
expressions
• solve problems using
the addition and
subtraction of
Explore Adding or
polynomials Subtracting Polynomial
Expressions
1. In first semester, Kira decidess to play drums for music
class. To rent a drum kit, it costs $55 per month, plus a $30 deposit.
a) What is the total cost of renting the drum kit for three months,
including the deposit?
b) Write an expression to show the total cost for any number of
months, including the deposit. Tell what your variable represents.

2. In second semester, Kira decides to play electric guitar. To rent an

electric guitar, it costs $22 per month, plus a $20 deposit.
a) What is the total cost of renting an electric guitar for three months,
including the deposit?
b) Write an expression to show the total cost for any number of
Use the same variable
that you used in #1. months, including the deposit.
Why might you be
able to use the 3. Mark wants to learn to play both drums and electric guitar. What is an
same variable? expression for the total cost of renting a drum kit and a guitar for any
number of months, including deposits? Then, show how to find a
simpler expression.

4. What is an expression for the difference between the cost of renting a

drum kit and the cost of renting a guitar for any number of months,
including deposits? Then, show how to find a simpler expression.

Reflect and Check

5. a) Describe how to add or subtract polynomial expressions.
b) Why was it necessary to use the same variable for each expression?

6. Make up your own situation that involves the rental of two items.
Write an expression for the total cost and for the difference in cost.
190 MHR • Chapter 5
Link the Ideas
Example 1: Add Polynomials
Add 3x - 4 and 2x + 5. Simplify your answer by combining like terms.

Solution
Method 1: Use a Model What is another Strategies
You can use algebra tiles to model each polynomial. way to model the Model It
polynomials?

Arrange the model so that like objects are together.

Remove zero pairs if necessary.

Rewrite the model in simplest form.

(3x - 4) + (2x + 5) = 5x + 1
Method 2: Use Symbols
You can combine like terms.
(3x - 4) + (2x + 5)
= 3x + 2x - 4 + 5
= 5x + 1

Show You Know

Use two methods to show each addition of polynomials. Give your
answers in simplest form.
a) (2a - 1) + (6 - 4a)
b) (3t 2 - 5t) + (t 2 + 2t + 1)

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials • MHR 191

 Example 2: Determine Opposite Expressions
What is the opposite for each of the following?
a) 3x b) -2
c) 4x - 1 d) a2 - 3a + 2

Solution
How might you use a
a) You can use algebra tiles to represent 3x. diagram to model 3x?

Strategies
Model It
Add three negative x-tiles to give zero.

The opposite of 3x is -3x.

You can also use inspection.
3x is positive. The opposite of positive is negative.
The opposite of 3x is -3x.

b) You can use algebra tiles to represent -2.

Add two positive 1-tiles to give zero.

The opposite of -2 is +2 or 2.
You can also use inspection.
-2 is negative. The opposite of negative is positive.
The opposite of -2 is +2 or 2.

Art Link
Opposites can be used to create interesting
optical illusions.
Look at the dot in the center of the rings. Lean
forward and backward. The rings appear to
rotate in opposite directions.

192 MHR • Chapter 5

c) You can use algebra tiles to represent 4x - 1.

Add four negative x-tiles and one positive 1-tile to give zero.

The opposite of 4x - 1 is -4x + 1.

You can also use inspection.

4x is positive. The opposite of positive is negative.
The opposite of 4x is -4x.
1 is being subtracted. The opposite of subtracting 1 is adding 1.
The opposite of 4x - 1 is -4x + 1.

d) You can use algebra tiles to represent a2 - 3a + 2.

Add a negative a2-tile, three positive a-tiles, and two negative 1-tiles.

The opposite of a2 - 3a + 2 is -a2 + 3a - 2.

You can also use inspection.

a2 is positive. The opposite of positive is negative.
The opposite of a2 is -a2.
3a is being subtracted. The opposite of subtracting 3a is adding 3a.
2 is being added. The opposite of adding 2 is subtracting 2.
The opposite of a2 - 3a + 2 is -a2 + 3a - 2.

Show You Know

What is the opposite of each expression? Justify your answer.
a) x
b) 5 - 3x
c) 7x2 + 5x - 1

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials • MHR 193

 Example 3: Subtract Polynomials
Subtract 2x + 3 from 3x - 4. Simplify your answer by combining like terms.

Solution
(3x - 4) - (2x + 3)

Strategies Method 1: Use a Model

Model It You can use algebra tiles to model each polynomial.

What other way could

From remove . you model
(3x - 4) - (2x + 3)?

When you remove , you are left with or .

You cannot yet remove since there are no positive 1-tiles.

Add three zero pairs.

Now, you can remove .

Recall that when
you subtract
integers, you can
You are left with or x - 7.
add the opposite.
(-2) - (+3)
(3x - 4) - (2x + 3) = x - 7 = (-2) + (-3)
= -5
Method 2: Add the Opposite
One way to subtract a polynomial is to add the opposite terms.
(3x - 4) - (2x + 3)
= (3x - 4) + (-2x - 3) How do you know the
= 3x - 4 - 2x - 3 opposite of 2x + 3 is
= 3x - 2x - 4 - 3 -2x - 3?
= 1x - 7 or x - 7

Web Link
Show You Know
To learn more about
adding and subtracting a) Simplify the following expression. Model your solution.
polynomials, go to (2x - 3) - (-x + 2)
www.mathlinks9.ca
b) Subtract and combine like terms.
and follow the links.
(5x2 - x + 4) - (2x2 - 3x - 1)

194 MHR • Chapter 5

 Key Ideas
• You can add or subtract polynomials. You can use models to help
simplify the expression.
(2x2 - 3x) + (x2 + x + 4)

Group like terms. Remove any zero pairs.

(2x2 - 3x) + (x2 + x + 4) = 3x2 - 2x + 4

• The opposite of a polynomial is found by taking the opposite of each
of its terms.
The opposite of -3x2 + x + 1 is 3x2 - x - 1.
• To subtract a polynomial, you can add the opposite terms.
(6x2 - 3x + 4) - (x2 - 3x + 2)
= (6x2 - 3x + 4) + (-x2 + 3x - 2) -3x + 3x = 0x or 0, so it
= 6x2 - x2 - 3x + 3x + 4 - 2 does not need to be
= 5x2 + 0x + 2 included in the answer.
= 5x2 + 2

Check Your Understanding

Communicate the Ideas
1. Jeanette and Tim find the answer to (3x2 - 5x) - (4 - 2x). Jeanette
claims the simplified answer has three terms. Tim says it has only two
terms. Who is correct? How do you know?

2. What is the opposite of -x2 + 2x - 3? Use diagrams and then use

symbols to determine the answer. Which method do you prefer? Why?

3. Identify any errors in Mei’s work and correct them.

(-2x2 + 7) - (3x2 + x - 5)
= (-2x2 + 7) + (-3x2 - x + 5)
= -2x2 - 3x2 - x + 7 + 5
= 5x2 - x + 12

4. Create a situation in which the polynomials 3x + 2 and 5x - 1 are

involved. In your situation, what does (3x + 2) + (5x - 1) represent?

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials • MHR 195

Practise
For help with #5 to #7, refer to Example 1 on page 191.
5. Which addition statement does the diagram 9. Let represent x2, represent x,
model?
and represent 1. The same diagrams
in yellow represent negative quantities
Determine the opposite of the expression
represented by each diagram. Use both
diagrams and symbols to express
your answer.
a)
2 2
A (2x - 3x) + (3x - x)
B (-2x2 + 3x) + (3x2 + x)
C (-2x2 + 3x) + (3x2 - x)
b)

6. Add the polynomials.

a) (3x - 4) + (2x - 3)
b) (-a2 - 3a + 2) + (-4a2 + 2a)
10. What is the opposite of each expression?
c) (5p + 5) + (5p - 5)
a) -9x
d) (2y 2 - 15) + (6y + 9)
b) 5d + 6
7. Perform the indicated operation and simplify c) -2x2 + 3x - 5
by combining like terms.
11. What is the opposite of each expression?
a) (-3x + 4) + (6x)
a) 3x - 7
b) (3n - 4) + (7 - 4n)
b) 4g2 - 4g + 2.5
c) (2b 2 - 3) + (-b 2 + 2)
c) v 2 + 8v - 1
d) (5a2 - 3a + 2) + (-4a2 + 2a - 3)

12. Which of the following represents the

For help with #8 to #12, refer to Example 2 on
pages 192–193. opposite of 2x2 - x?
A -2x2 - x
8. What is the opposite of the expression
represented by each diagram? Express your B
answer using both diagrams and symbols.
a)
C

b)
D 2x2 + x

196 MHR • Chapter 5

For help with #13 to #15, refer to Example 3 on 18. In Langley, British Columbia, you can rent
page 194. a backhoe for $399 per day and a bulldozer
13. Draw a diagram to model the subtraction for $550 per day. It costs $160, round trip
statement (-3x2 + 4x) - (-2x2 - x). to move each piece of equipment back and
forth to the job site.
14. Simplify by combining like terms. a) Write an expression for the total cost of
a) (2x - 3) - (5x - 1) renting the backhoe, before tax. Include
transportation to and from the job site.
b) (-3b 2 - 5b) - (2b 2 + 4b)
What does your variable represent?
c) (5 - 6w) - (-2 - 3w)
b) What is an expression for the total cost
d) (m + 7) - (m2 + 7) of renting and moving the bulldozer?
Use the same variable as in part a).
15. Subtract.
c) What is an expression for the cost of
a) (8c - 3) - (-5c) renting both a backhoe and a bulldozer?
b) (-3r 2 - 5r - 2) - (r 2 - 2r + 4) Give your answer in its simplest form.
c) (y 2 - 5y) - (2y - y 2) d) What is an expression for the difference
d) (6j 2 - 4j + 3) - (-2j 2 - 5) in cost between renting the backhoe
and the bulldozer? Give your answer
Apply in simplest form.

16. A triangle has the dimensions shown.

3x - 2
x-3

2x + 5

a) What does (x - 3) + (3x - 2) + (2x + 5)

represent?
b) Simplify the expression in part a).
c) If x has a value of 5, what is the
perimeter of the triangle? Did you use the
expression in part a) or part b) to find
this answer? Why?

17. Complete the addition pyramid. Find the

value in any box by adding the expressions
in the two boxes immediately below it. 19. Consider the addition pyramid shown below.

-x + 5 3x + 1

A 4x - 3 B

2x - 1 x+3 3x - 2 x+2 a) Write an expression for box C. Do

not simplify.
b) Show how you can find the value for
boxes A and B. Simplify your answers.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials • MHR 197

20. The cost to print n copies of a book is 24. The perimeter of the triangle shown is
15n + 2000 dollars. The cost to ship 12x2 + 6x, in metres. Find a polynomial
n copies of the book is 2n + 150 dollars. representing the missing side length.
a) What is an expression for the total cost
5x2 - 3x 
to print and ship n copies of the book?
b) What is the actual cost to print and ship
3x2 + 7x
600 copies of the book?
c) What does (15n + 2000) - (2n + 150)
25. Your student council
represent? Find a simpler expression for With Appreciation To
plans to thank
this subtraction statement. Mark and Lise
25 students and staff
For All Your Help
who have made special
21. Describe any errors in Jorge’s work and how
contributions to the
you would correct each one. school. Wooden plaques cost $17.95. It
(4p2 - p + 3) - (p2 + 3p - 2) costs $0.12 per letter to engrave a message
= 4p2 - p + 3 - p2 - 3p - 2 on the plaque. All costs are before tax.
= (4p2 - p2) + (-p - 3p) + (3 - 2) a) Write an expression for the cost of
= 3p2 - 3p + 1 engraving 25 plaques with the following
message and the name of your school.
22. Simplify by combining like terms. Thank you for your generous support.
a) (6x - 7) + (3x - 1) + (x - 4) b) Write an expression for the cost of buying
b) (3a2 - 4a) + (3a - 5) - (a2 - 1) and engraving the plaques.
c) (4t 2 - t + 6) - (t 2 + 2t - 4) + c) Write an expression for the cost of
(2t 2 - 3t - 1) buying and engraving 25 plaques with an
d) (2x - 1.8) - (3.4x - 2.1) - (0.9x - 0.1) unknown number of letters.
d) Show how to use the addition of
23. Replace each question mark with algebra polynomials to find the cost of 50 plaques
tiles to make a true statement. if each plaque has the same number of
letters and numbers.
a) +?
Extend
26. Kiesha’s dad is a Haisla artist. He makes his
= own prints and sells them on the Internet.
He will ship the prints to purchasers
anywhere in Canada. For large prints, he
b) -? charges $30 to ship one print plus $7 for
each additional print. For small prints, he
charges $20 for one print plus $5 for each
additional print.
= a) How much does her dad charge to ship
two large prints?
b) How much does he charge to ship four
small prints?
c) Write an expression to show how much
he charges to ship an unknown number
of large and small prints.

198 MHR • Chapter 5

27. The length of the picture shown is 15 cm 30. Mary is sewing two wall hangings. The
more than its width. The picture frame has a length of one wall hanging is 56 cm greater
width of 4 cm. What is the minimum length than its width. The length of the other wall
of material needed to make the frame for hanging is 15 cm greater than its width.
this picture? Give your answer as a Each of them has the same width. She is
simplified expression. going to add a trim strip around each wall
hanging. What is the total minimum length
of trim she will need for both wall hangings?

"Camp, With Animals Nearby" by Annie Taipanak (1931- )

of Baker Lake and Rankin Inlet, Nunavut.
28. A small manufacturer makes air quality
monitoring kits for home use. The revenue, in
dollars, from the sale of n kits can be shown
by -n2 + 3600n. The cost, in dollars, to
make n kits is represented by -3n2 + 8600.
The manufacturer makes a profit if the cost
subtracted from the revenue is positive.
a) Write an expression to find the profit.
Simplify your answer.
b) Estimate and then calculate if the
manufacturer will make a profit or suffer
a loss after selling 20 test kits. Explain.

“Hunting Caribou by Kayak” by Tobi Kreelak (1977- ) of

29. Simplify (2x + 4x + 6x + 8x + … + 2006x
Baker Lake, Nunavut.
+ 2008x) - (x + 3x + 5x + 7x + … +
2005x + 2007x).

Try this number trick several times. Guess a Number

a) How can you find the original number from the number in the Step 1 Pick a number.
last step? Step 2 Add 5.
b) Use algebra to show why this number trick works. Step 3 Double the sum.
Step 4 Subtract 10.
c) Find or make your own number trick. Use algebra to show why
it works.

5.3 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials • MHR 199

 Chapter 5 Review
Key Words 11. What expression is shown by each model?

For #1 to #6, choose the letter that best matches each a)

description. You may use each letter more than once or
not at all.
1. 3w is a like term A -3x + 1 b)
2. has three terms B -4d + 3
3. monomial C 1 - 3x2
4. opposite polynomial to D -w c)
3x - 1 E x - 6y + 2
5. polynomial of degree 2 F -3x - 1
6. contains the constant G 3f - 1
term 3
12. You are selling
used video games
5.1 The Language of Mathematics,
for $10 and used
pages 174–182
books for $4.
7. For each expression, identify the number of The expression
terms and whether the expression is a 10x + 4y
monomial, binomial, trinomial, or provides a
polynomial. general statement
a) 5 - p + px - p2 of the value of
b) 3f - q your sales before tax.
c) -2a a) What do the variables x and y represent?
d) 5xy - 27x2 + 2 b) How much money do you receive if you
sell 6 video games and 11 books?
8. What is the degree of each polynomial? c) Write a new expression for selling DVDs
Explain how you found your answers. at $7.25 and CDs at $5.
a) 6x2
b) ab - 7a + 3 5.2 Equivalent Expressions, pages 182–189
c) 3 - y 13. Tom claims that 4 and 4x are like terms
since they both contain 4. Do you agree?
9. Provide an example of each of the following.
Explain.
a) binomial
14. For each expression, identify the coefficient,
b) polynomial with three terms variables, and exponent for each variable.
c) polynomial of degree 2 a) 8xy 2 b) -c2 c) -4
d) monomial that is a constant term
15. Identify the like terms in each group.
10. Model each expression. a) 7r 3s -s2 7 4rs -8s
2
a) 1 - v b) 3x - 2x + 1 b) -2x 2
3xy x 2
5.3y 2 3xy

200 MHR • Chapter 5

16. Explain how you can tell like terms by looking 5.3 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials,
at them. Give four different sets of examples pages 190–199
with at least three like terms in each set. 22. a) Simplify each of the algebraic expressions.
(4x - 3) + (x - 1) (4x - 3) - (x - 1)
17. The following diagrams represent terms in
an expression. Draw a new diagram with b) How are the processes similar? How are
like terms together and write an expression they different?
for the simplified answer.
23. Is 2x2 - 3x the opposite of 3x - 2x2?
Show how you know.

24. For each of the following expressions,

what is the opposite?
18. Use materials or diagrams to model each
a) -3 b) 7 - a c) x2 - 2x + 4
expression and show how to combine like
terms. What is the simplified expression?
25. a) Show how to simplify the following
a) 3 - 2x + 1 + 5x
addition. Use two different methods.
b) 2x2 - x + 4 - x2 + 5x - 1
(3p + 4q - 9) + (2 - 5q - p)
b) Which method do you prefer? Why?
19. Combine like terms.
a) 4a + 3 + 9a + 1
26. Combine like terms.
b) 2b 2 - 5b - 4b 2 + 8b
a) (-p + 7) + (4p - 5)
c) 1 - c + 4 + 2c - 3 + 6c
b) (a2 - a - 2) - (5 - 3a2 + 6a)

20. Draw a shape with a perimeter represented

27. Complete the subtraction pyramid. Find the
by (4x) + (3x - 1) + (x + 3) + (x - 2), value in any box by subtracting the two
where each quantity in parentheses represents expressions in the boxes immediately below
the length of a side. Find a simpler expression it. Subtract in order from left to right.
for the perimeter by combining like terms.

21. Kara and Jasmine

go to Splash-o-mania t-1 2t + 3 -t + 5
water park. The entrance
fee is $20.00. Kara rents
28. An end-of-year class party has a fixed cost
a locker for $1.50 per
hour. Jasmine rents a of $140 to cover printing, decorations, and
tube for $3.00 per hour. awards. In addition, it costs $12 to feed
each person who attends.
a) What is an expression
a) What is an expression for the total cost
that represents the
cost for Kara? of the party? What does your variable
represent?
b) What is an expression
b) Create a short scenario to generate an
that represents the cost for Jasmine?
addition or subtraction question with
c) What is a simplified expression for the
polynomials. Simplify by combining
total cost for both Kara and Jasmine to like terms.
stay at the water park together for any
number of hours?

Chapter 5 Review • MHR 201

Chapter 5 Practice Test
For #1 to #6, select the best answer. 5. Which expression is a trinomial?
1. Which polynomial is of degree 1? A abc3
A 3 - 7x B xy - 1 B 3mn
2
C 5x - 3xy D x - 5x + 2 C ef + g2
D -1 - x + c
2. Which expression does not have zero as a
constant term? 6. Which expression is the opposite of
A -5x B k+8 -2k2 + 3k - 1?
C y 2 - 2y D ab + b - c A -1 - 3k + 2k2
B 1 - 3k + 2k2
3. Which of the following is not equivalent
C 1 - 3k - 2k2
to 3x - 5 + 2 - 7x?
D -1 - 3k - 2k2
A -4x - 3
B 3x - 7x - 5 + 2 Complete the statements in #7 and #8.
C 7. When you combine like terms, the
expression 2t 2 - 5 - 8t 2 - 4 becomes
.
D
8. In the monomial -q2, the value of the
coefficient is .

Short Answer
4. Which set of diagrams represents 9. Draw a diagram to represent x2 - 2x.
3x - 2x2 + 1?
A 10. Create a single polynomial with
• two terms
• two variables
B
• degree 2
• a constant term

11. What is an expression, in simplest form,

C for the perimeter of the triangle?

4x − 3
x
D
2x + 1

202 MHR • Chapter 5

12. Write an expression to represent what the 15. The cost for a birthday party at Big Fun Bowling
diagrams show. Then, simplify. is $100 for up to ten children, plus $5 per pair
of bowling shoes. To rent the party room, the
- cost is $20, plus $4 per child for pizza.
a) What is an expression for the cost of
bowling for up to ten children?
b) What is an expression for the cost of pizza
13. Simplify. Use models for at least one of the
in the party room for up to ten children?
expressions. Show your work.
c) What is a simplified expression for the
a) (2x2 - 8x + 1) + (9x2 + 4x - 1)
total cost of up to ten children going
b) (4 - 6w) - (3 - 8w) bowling and having pizza in the party
room?
Extended Response d) Estimate, then calculate, the cost of
14. The number of peanuts two squirrels bury nine children going bowling and
can be represented by 4n + 7 and 5n - 1, having pizza in the party room.
respectively.
a) Write and simplify an expression for the
number of peanuts both squirrels bury.
b) What could the expression
(5n - 1) - (4n + 7) represent?
c) What is a simpler expression for
(5n - 1) - (4n + 7) ?

You are an illusionist who is about to

amaze your audience with a number Guess a Number
trick. However, before you try the Step 1 Tell someone to write down a three-digit number with no repeating
trick, you need to know how it works. digits. During the entire trick, do not look at what the person writes.
Step 2 Have the person arrange the digits in decreasing order.
a) Try the trick, Guess a Number,
several times. What do you notice Step 3 Ask the person to arrange the same three digits in increasing
about the middle digit of the order.
number in step 4? Step 4 Tell the person to subtract the number in step 3 from the number
in step 2.
b) What do you notice about the Step 5 Ask the person to circle one number in the difference.
other two digits?
Step 6 Ask what the other two digits are. Identify the digit that was
c) How does the information from circled.
parts a) and b) help you to
understand this number trick?
d) Make up a number-guessing trick. Show how
algebra can help explain your number trick.

Chapter 5 Practice Test • MHR 203