pr 4 Complex numbers That wonder of analysis, that portent of the ideal world, that amphibian between being and not being, which we call the imaginary root of unity GOTTERIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ In all our previous mathematics work, we have assumed that it is not possible to have a square root of a negative number. For example, on page 26 of Introducing Pure Mathematics where we considered the solution of quadratic equations. ax“ + bx + ¢ = 0, we noted that when ? — dac is less than zero, the equation is said to have no real roots. In fact, such an equation has two complex roots. Take, for example, the solution of x* + 2x +3 =0. Using the quadratic formula, we obtain =-14v2v-1 ‘There is no real number which is VT, as the square of any real number is always positive Therefore, we say that ¥—T is an imaginary number. We denote v—I byi. So, using i, we can express the roots of the equation above in the form -1+ V2i or = -1- Vi and Note j is also used to represent V1. - vii What is a complex number? A complex number is a number of the form atib where @ and are real numbers and i For example, 3 + 5i is a complex number. If a=, the number is said to be wholly imaginary. If } = 0, the number is real. If a complex number is 0, both a and b are 0. i Bieona e ie CHAPTER 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS own complex number, and 2 to a complex number, 2+ 61, We usually use x + iy to represent an unk Ee represent x + iy, So, when the unknown in an Reh ear, wwe denote it by =: for example, =* ~ 40=+ 40 = 0. lex number, In a similar way, we use w to represent a second unknown comp! nai yy. We where w = u + iv ‘The complex conjugate The complex number x ~ iy is called the complex conjugate (or often just the conjugate) of x + iy. and is denoted by z* 0} For example, 2 — 3i is the complex conjugate of 2+ 3i, and the complex conjugate of -8 ~ 91 is -8 + 94 Calculating with complex numbers When we work with complex numbers, we use ordinary algebraic methods, Thal means that we cannot combine a real number with an term, For example. 2 + 3i cannot be simplified. ‘This is a necessary condition for the equality of two complex numbers, Hence, if a+ ib c+ id, then a =e and b =a. For example, if2 + 3i = x+ iy, then x =2.and p Addition and subtraction When adding two complex numbers, we add tl ae ere he real terms and separately add B+D+4-6)= G44 445 STi Generally, for addition we have [ OFD)4 +i) = tu +ig 45 and for subtraction [ &+)~W+in=( ~W+iQy— 5) Seamele Subtract 84 fom 7 4.7 ‘SOLUTIONCALCULATING WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS Example 2 Find x and y if x +2i + 2(3 — siy} = 13. sowuTiOn : Equating real terms, we get : x+6=8 : ae + Equating imaginary terms, we get : 2 10y = -13 : => 15=10y : = y= Multiplication We apply the general algebraic method for multiplication. For example, 2 + 3iN(4 — Si) = 2(4 — Si) + 31(4 — Si) 8 —10i+ 121-15 Since i? = —1, this simplifies to 8— 101 + 121-15 x -1 =8 101+ 121+ 15 = 23421 Generally, we have [ (a+ ib\(e + id) = ac — bd+i(ad+ be) since? = -1 Note It is simpler to multiply out the numbers every time than to memorise this formula jon To be able to divide by a complex number, we have to change it to a real number. Take, for example. the fraction 243i 445i In the simplification of surds on page 408 of Introducing Pure Mathematics. we noted that could be simplified by multiplying the numerator and the + denominator of this fraction by 1 — v3. Similarly, to simplify 22! we multiply its numerator and its denominator by 445i 4~ Si, which is the complex conjugate of the denominator. Thus, we have 243i _ (2 +3i)(4 - Si) 445 4 +54 —5i) _ 8+ 125 - 101 = 1517 ~~ a = (Si)?a CHAPTER 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS 223 2: 25) = +25] {Note: ~(5 16 +25 sowTION Multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the complex Conjugate of 7 — 3i, which is 7 + 3i, we obtain : _ 8g 1 : “35 ty! oF 55048) + Example 4 simplify S300 +i) : =i = sounow = First, we simplify the numerator : GMO +i) _ 354 Sian y2 : 2-5 Sosa : 35~ 16143 2=i G8~ 624i) _ “@=Ie+) > weEXERCISE 1A Exercise 1A 4 Simplify each of the following. ai b) i? oi a? 2. Express each of the following complex numbers in the form a + ib. b) 6—3V-T 44. V-5 e) V—100 — y—64 3. Write down the complex conjugate of z when z is: a) 3+2 d) re a) 344i b) 2-61 4-31) -8 +5 4 Solve each of the following equations. a2t2+4=0 by 2-3r46=0 G22 tzt1=0 © d)4z-3-227=0 5 Simplify each of the following a) (8 + 4i) + (2 — 61) b) (-7 +31) + (8-4) c) 2—41 + 3(-1 +21) d) 4(—2 + Si) + 5(2 + 7) e) (8 + 3i)—(7 +21) (7+ 61) — (4 — 2i) 9) (9 — 3i) - 42 - 61) hy 3(8 +i) — 23 ~5i) 6 Evaluate each of these expressions. a) (3 +i)(2 +3) by (4-215 +31) o) (8-i)9 +21) a) (9 = 3i)(5 - i) e) (2-3 +4) #) (3 — 27 ~ 5i) 7 Express each of these fractions in the form a+ ib, where a, b € R. 243i 443i 8 2+5i 9A Wei 9 a Saya 8 Solve each of the following equations in x and y- 4-21 b) xtiy +321 = 4-24 5i) (2 +i) —2i) d) x+iy = (3-54 +i) Iti x+iy=Q-3iP 1 +i, find the value of 2 ae 10 Find the solution of each of the following equations. a) P+ 4x4+7 by P+ 2x46 ) 22 +6x+9=0 d) x7—Sx+25=0 ieRite CHAPTER 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS Argand diagram The French mathematician Jean Robert Argand (1768 saa is soles baieeag invention and development of the graphical representation of complex nur and the operations upon them, although others had anticipated hi: » this graphical representation has become known as the Argand diagram. In the Argand diagram, the complex number a+ ib is Imaginary represented by the point (a,5), as shown on the right. Real numbers are represented on the «axis and imaginary numbers on the y-axis, Thus, the general complex number (x+y) is represented by the point (x9). $ Example 5 Represent the complex number 2+ 3i on = an Argand diagram. Show its complex conjugate. : : ‘soLUTION 3. XP23) 3 The number 2 + 3i is represented by the point 5 PQ.3) {The complex conjugate is 2 ~3i, which is represented by the point P((2, -3). Note The position of the complex conjugate :* can alwa i reflecting the position of = in the real axis. uae Modulus~argument or polar form of complex numbers The position of point P{x,9) on the Ar, given in terms of OP, the distance of P the angle in the anticlockwise sense whi positive real axis The length OP is the modulus of =, Jength |=] is always taken to be positive The angle (normally in radians) is the a The principal value of is taken ote mews td a zand diagram can be ‘rom the origin, and 0, ch OP makes with the noted by |2), and thisARGAND DIAGRAM Connection between the x + iy form and the modulus-argument form From the diagram on the right, we have a r=(=/e 4+" x=reosO and y=rsin0 which give reos0 +irsin® r(cos 0 +isin@) To find 8, we use tang =~ x but we need to take care when either x or y is negative. (See part b in Example 6.) Example 6 Find the modulus and argument of each of these complex numbers. a)2+2V3i 9b) -1-i souurion a) im ‘The modulus of 2+ 2V3i is given by 3 Its argument, 0, is given by tan“'V3 wl ‘The modulus of —1 — iis given by viF+T = v2 Angle @ nf Therefore, the argument (the angle from the positive real axis) is x m__3n 24 4 Note If the angle in Example 6 is measured anticlockwise from the positive real axis, its value is 5%, but this is not between m and —n. Thus, we take the 4 clockwise angle, which is — 2%, The minus sign denotes that the angle is ‘Measured in the clockwise sense.Were epee eee [ CHAPTER 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS ir ument form Multiplication of two complex numbers in modulus-arg : b Consider the complex numbers =, and =) given by (cos, + isin#,) and (cos 0; + isin 6) Multiplying =; by 2122 = r(cos6 + isin) ro(cos . + isin O2) we get = ryra{(cos 9, cos 4» ~ sin 0; sin 92) + i(sin 6, cos O> + cos O, sin 82) = nyrs[eos (8, + 6s) + isin (6; + 8)] We can state this result as follows: To find the product of two complex numbers, multiply their moduli and add their arguments Din Dividing , by =>, we get jon of two complex numbers in modulus-argument form ) _ ri c050 +isind, )~ 13 0080, +isinB, Multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the complex conjugate of £0502 + isin@>, we have 1 (6080, + isin; (cos, ~ isin) {COST + 1sin 0:)(cos Op — isin 8.) 1 (6080; + isin 0; cos 0, —isin Os) = 11 $080,608 05 + sin6) sin ly + i(sind, cos 6, = cos 6, sin @,) nh OOP ten (cos*#, + sin@,) a0 7, 9801 ~ 6) + isin(O, —63)) since cos*6, + sin’, ‘We can state this result as follows: To find the quotient of t hivic m . ther argues of ¥0 Complex numbers, de thelr moduli and subtract ©) zw s0.uTIOn @) From the diagram, we have Modulus of z= 3 Argument of == b) Modulus of w Argument of w= — ak 3TS EXERCISE 18 ¢) Modulus of Argument of 2 wis arg= @) Using 2 = Modulus of = Argument of 2? is arg: + ary ©) Modulus of %. = ll Argument of “ is —2m_n_Sn argw—argz = 2% _% eine shea cdnertnait | Exercise 1B | 1 Represent each of the following on an Argand diagram. | a) 242i b) -3+3i 0) -2 + 2V3i | 4 -1-i ©) 4i 9 5+ 12i 9) -4 hy) 6+ V13i 2 Find the modulus and argument of each of the complex numbers in Question 1 3 Given that ) calculate ») find in) [23] ©) evaluate iil) arg? 4 Express the complex number z in its a + ib form when: e b) [2] =4 and arg: = 5 © |e|=1 and arg: = —% Sn Tn 4 and argz = 2 and angs= 9 1=6 and args = 7 ®) Simplify 1=+ 3-1 ») Find the modulus and argument of the complex number ~5+ 12i (WJEC) 8 Given that 2 = 344 find the modulus and argument of z. (WJEC) iAS CHAPTER 1 COMPLEX NUMBE! 7 Given that 2 + find 2) = in the form a+ ib paeeecet i the modulus and argument of z. — ( tiand 2) =-24+3i, 8 Given that a) show that we Fatt ETorm a-+ib where a,b , he square roos of 16 — 304 DEX ‘alculate, , 9 Given that tana +i, where ; and z, on an Arga 3 b) Find the modulus of = : eee ) Find the complex number =! in the form a+ ib, where a and 6 are rational numbers. q) Het giving your answer in radians to three significant figures. @) Determine the values of the real constants p and q such that and 2; on the same Argand diagram. “giving your answer in radians to one decimal place. Given that 2) + (p + ig)z2 = 0, where p,q € R, ¢) obtain the value of p and the value of ¢- (EDEXCEL) 47 The complex number z is given by z= -2-+24 a) Find the modulus and argument of z- 1 b) Write down the modulus and argument of points A, B and C representing the complex numbers =, ¢) Show on an Argand diagram the and s ++ respectively. @) State the value of ACB. (EDEXCEL) 18 —30 + 151 10 two decimal places. a) Find argz1, giving your answer in radians t 3x piand z= 4+ 3i, where p and q are and z; are given by The complex numbers =2 real constants and p > ¢ of p and the value of ¢. find the value : he points corresponding 10 plot t zyand =; on an Argand b) Given that z. ) Using your values of p and 4 diagram. ; 6 Verify that 22p +25 — 21 i8 real and find its value. (EDEXCEL) 48s CHAPTER 1 COMPLEX NUMBER 2i in the form a+ bi, 49 1) Evaluate the square roots of the complex number 5 + 121 i Where aan e real ain the value of cos.49 ae , fraction. (NICCEA) fe 20 a) The complex numbers = and w are such that = = (4+ 2)(3 —i) and w= each of and win the form a+ ib, where a and b are real, ») 1) Write down the modulus and argument of each of the complex numbers 4 +25 ang: Give each modulus in an exact surd form and each argument in radians Detvicen sap x 1) The points O, P and Q inthe complex plane represent the complex numbers 0+04, 4+ 2i and 3 ~i respectively. Find the exact length of PQ and hence, that triangle OPQ is right-angled. (AEB 97) SSS Ee Express OF otherwise, shoy Loci in the complex plane Fe =\]is the mod length of the line Thus, |: ~ », ulus oF length of joining ; jab ThA is, the ‘able point » 12———— ee LOCI IN THE COMPLEX PLANE Example 8 State and sketch the locus of |z — 3 so.uTiOn This locus is |> ~ (2 + 3i)| = 3, which is a circle, centre (2,3) and radius 3 : | : i : | Note When sketching this locus, show clearly that the circle touches the x-axis and cuts the y-axis twice. © arg(s—21)=0 im : The point = satisfies this locus when the line joining z; to z has argument @. a This is the half-line, starting at 2), inclined at 0 to the real Oe axis, (Itis called a half-line because we want only that part of the line which starts at =.) Re Example 9 State and sketch the locus of arg (z ~ 2) = 3. ‘SOLUTION Im This locus is the half-line starting at (2,0), inclined at an angle off to the real axis. 3 o ao Re lez) ‘The line joining z to = is equal in length to the line joining = to =. Therefore, the locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining 2, to 23. Example 10 State the locus of |z ~ 3] = | ~2i|- sori This locus is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining +3 to +2i.5 at the length of the line The locus of P(=) is drawn so that the lengtt joining P to =; isk times the length ofthe fine joining P tozy and Therefore, |= | can be expressed as vi ye Squaring both sides, we get (=a +0-nP = Flo on] SB Pde tt = typ = Be - Ween +d + ey? — ep, + 53 = (LH )x? + (1 Ys? ~ x2) ~ 209) = yy) — 24293) + ad +97? In this equation, the coefficients of x and y are the same, and there is no term in xy, Therefore, the locus of = is a circle. By symmetry, « diameter of this cirele lies on the line joining =; to =» Note We recall from earlier work Introducing Pure Mathematics, page 220) that the equation of a circle, centre (a,b) and radius r, is (vay +b) ‘This equation may also be written as VHP tert Broad To find the centre and the radius ofa circle when its equation is written in this form, we use the method of completing the square: PEP tert Brto=0 O+s) +040 =P 4h Therefore, the centre of the circle is (~g, —/), and its radius is Vg? + 72g, Example 11 Find the locus of 2) = 3-49) souuron Let A be (~2,0) and B be (2,0) The locus required isthe locus of P when BP — To find this circle, we determi at which it intersects the line The point (1,0) satisfies 3AP, ine the two points Joining A to B. this condition, 14LOCI IN THE COMPLEX PLANE ‘The other point on the line AB which satisfies this condition is never between A and B, but on the line AB produced. The point (—4.0) is the other point which satisfies the locus The points (~1,0) and (—4, 0) identify the diameter of the locus’s circle. ‘Therefore, the circle has centre (24,0) and radius 14. Its equation is |= + Example 12 Find the locus of |2 ~ 18| = 2|z + 18il. SOLUTION which it intersects the To find the circle, we determine the two points line joining =; to 22. where z; = 18 and 22 = —1 ying the locus are 6 — 12i and ~18 ~ 361. “These two points identify the diameter of the locus’s circle. ‘Therefore, the circle has its centre at 6 — 24i and has a radius of 12 Hence, its equation is |z + 6 + 24i] = 12v2. The two points sa Re 15s CHAPTER COMPLEX NUMBER. To find this locus, we use the relationship arg“ = argu ~argy v Putting w= = ce eee Angles in the same segment are equal. Therefore, the Jocus of = is part of the circle through = (shown dashed). Example 13 Show the locus of : when aid =4 by arg. Find the point which satisfies both loci so.urion The two loci required are shown in the di The point which satisfies both loc is (4 4) oF (444i), really be seen tobe on both ot Tae leulate Sth 12, complicated algebra, mee iagram on the right, WO separate loci by » the point (4, 4) can 9 point may involveLOCI IN THE COMPLEX PLANE Example 14 Find the locus off ke +2-Qv3i <2 Describe in geometrical terms, with the aid ofa sketch, the corresponding region in an ATE diagram, Find i) the least possible value of [2] I) the greatest possible value of argz. (OCR) 12 The region R in an Argand diagram is defined by the inequalities fa}<4 and |-}>|2-2) Draw a clearly labelled diagram to illustrate R. (OCR) 19 The region R ofan Argand diagram is defined by the inequalities O 2.5. (AEB 98) 1 + ai and 2; =a +i, for some integer 47 The complex numbers z; and 2) are such that 2 a>0. t a) Given that w of w Hence find, in terms of a, the Value of the complex number Ww, by In the case when u = 2, the complex numbers 2 and 22 are represented in the complex plane by the points P; and P, respectively, Determine a cartesian equation of the locus of number =, given that |2 ~ 21/ ©) In the case when @ = 0, the complex numbers 21 and by the points Q, and Q, respectively. Describe fully, and sketch, the locus of the po! -y, Show that |i] = (1+ a)¥Zand write down arg(w), the argument the point P, which represents the complex are represented in the complex plane nt Q, which represents the complex number =, given that arg a4— es Inswers ‘arise 1A SABLA A |r 2HIGB EH G44 g -DeAW GW Fa 3-4i W246i 3, 8, AGN Qs g 142i ) Levi By Sa) 0-% by t- i y Leavy) oie ai a) 4265 SOS DNS IH gh HTH WRI Ga) I4UK HHA | MET MIO LOFIT SH Ta HSE LATED GQ 1-2 G KG- 19) Sa) emdy=—Z dy x= y= ® SB @ ea iy sotT axa Biya} Qx=nSy=-12 9334091 109) by 14 v5 a “yt evi) Serge 18 tan i 4 (12) (vi SMa wae gaa avis a aca pun(2) ade si re'(%) 91525) ay —vnT gael wy SM IS MY 125 @ HHT MASE MH 27EI9 4 9) E+ VSB) 2VE-+2VH 95g ataa gy vie vs 8 Bay fa) ett) ort9ese 6 4.2009 ‘. 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