ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753

ISSN (Print) : 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015

Performance Test on a Four Stroke Single

Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel with
Cooled EGR Method
Banku Venkataramana1, [Link] 2, M.Venkateswarlu3, [Link] Kumar4
P.G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SSCET, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India1
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, [Link], Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, [Link], Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India3
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, [Link], Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India 4

ABSTRACT: Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum based fuel derived from vegetables oils, animal fats and used
waste cooking oil. Transesterification process is the most common method for producing biodiesel and used as a fuel.
In India the two primary biodiesels are jatropha and pongamia. In the present work jatropha and pongamia biodiesel
blend B20 is used in a single cylinder with cooled EGR and the performance and emission characteristics of blend are
studied. The results show that brake thermal efficiency of engine is increasing with increasing the percentage of EGR
and then it is decreasing by increasing EGR percentage. The brake specific energy consumption is increasing with
increase in percentage of EGR The BTE of PB20 is higher (2.75%) than the JB20.

KEYWORDS: pongamia biodiesel, jatropha biodiesel, cooledEGR

I. INTRODUCTION

Better fuel economy and higher efficiency with lower maintenance cost has increased the popularity of diesel engine
vehicles. Diesel engines are used for bulk movement of goods, powering equipment, and to generate electricity more
economically than any other device in this size range. Diesel fuel is moderately cheaper than gasoline and has a higher
energy density, i.e. more energy can be extracted from diesel as compared with the same volume of gasoline. Therefore,
diesel engine in automobiles provides higher mileage, making it an obvious choice for heavy-duty transportation and
equipment. Diesel is heavier and oilier compared with gasoline, and has a boiling point higher than that of water. Even
though the diesel fuel give more benefits, but in today's world, where fuel prices are increasing as a consequence of
spiralling demand and diminishing supply, so we need to choose a cost effective fuel to meet our needs. Bio-diesel is
one of the alternative fuels, which can be effectively used in diesel vehicles.

Bio-diesel refers to a vegetable oil or animal fat based diesel fuel consisting of long
chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl or propyl) esters. Bio-diesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids with
an alcohol producing fatty acid [Link] International (originally known as the American Society for Testing and
Materials) defines bio-diesel as a mixture of long-chain mono alkylic esters from fatty acids obtained from renewable
resources, to be used in diesel engines.

Bio-diesel is a clean, domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines. It is made from agricultural co-products and by
products such as soybean oil, jatropha oil, other natural oils, and greases. Bio-diesel, blend with petroleum diesel fuel
and are free from sulphur. It is nontoxic and biodegradable. Bio-diesel has a higher oxygen content, which allows it to
burn more completely, causing lower emissions . It is safer than petroleum diesel because it is less combustible. The
flashpoint for Bio-diesel is higher than 130°C, compared with about 71.5°C for petroleum diesel Bio-diesel has
excellent properties as a lubricant also.

Copyright to IJIRSET DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0408092 7623

 ISSN(Online) : 2319-8753
ISSN (Print) : 2347-6710

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

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Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015

In the present energy scenario lot of efforts are being focused on improving the thermal efficiency of IC engines with
reduction in emissions. Apart from the studies on the suitability and efficiency of these alternate fuels, the main
concern is the amount of modifications required in the existing engines. Though bio-diesels can be directly used in
diesel engines, there are many issues related to optimum performance and emission, which need to be addressed. As far
as the internal combustion engines are concerned the thermal efficiency and emission are the important parameters for
which the other design and operating parameters have to be optimized.

Pongamia Pinnata found as one of the most suitable non edible oil plant species in India. It can be grown in water
logged, saline, alkaline soil and waste land and can withstand harsh agro climates. It is a medium sized evergreen tree
with spreading crown and a short bole. The tree is planted in for shade and grown as ornamental tree. The seed contain
30% - 40% oil.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The materials used to conduct the performance test on 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine using bio-diesel is
tabulated below
Table 1: Materials and their blends
MATERIAL BLENDS
pongamia biodiesel PB20
jatropha biodiesel JB20

Method of cooled EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) is used to conduct the experiment. Without EGR,5% EGR,10%
EGR,15% EGR with PB20 and JB20 is used to conduct the experiment. Experiment was carried out at three injection
timings 25.5, 27.5, 29.5 degree bTDC with three fuels diesel, B20 blend of jatropha and pongamia biodiesel. Then
experiment carried with the 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% percentage of EGR at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load.

III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The components of the experiment set up of the present work are detailed below.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of experimental setup

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The experiments will be conducted on a single cylinder four stroke naturally aspirated direct injection water cooled
diesel engine test rig. The engine is directly coupled to an eddy current dynamometer. The engine and the dynamometer
are interfaced to a control panel.
The time taken for 10ml of fuel consumption is noted. By using density of fuel, calorific value of fuel and time for
10ml consumption the engine parameters Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific energy consumption are calculated.
The engine specifications are given below.

Table 2: Specifications of the Diesel engine test rig

Engine 4 stroke single cylinder CI engine

Make Kirloskar
Power 5.0 kW @ 1500 RPM
Bore X Stroke 87.5 X 110 mm
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Connecting rod length 234mm
Dynamometer type Eddy current with load cell
Load measurement Strain Gauge load cell
Fuel and air flow measurement Differential pressure unit
Speed measurement Rotary encoder

Exhaust gas recirculation circuit:

The exhaust gas from the engine is at high temperature. The exhaust gas is allowed through the heat exchanger. The
exhaust gas is cooled to require temperature by controlling the cooling water flow rate.

Figure 2: EGR circuit diagram

The EGR value is given by
𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑡 ℎ 𝐸𝐺𝑅
𝐸𝐺𝑅 = 1 −
𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝐺𝑅
𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑡 ℎ 𝐸𝐺𝑅 = mass flow rate with EGR, 𝑚𝑤𝑖𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐸𝐺𝑅 = mass flow rate without EGR

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Measurement System:
Airflow measurement was done in by the conventional method U-tube manometer as well as by air intake DP unit in
the control panel. Engine speed measurement was sensed and indicted by inductive pickup sensor in conjunction with
digital RPM indicator. To measure the load on the engine, a eddy current dynamometer is attached to the crankshaft of
the engine. A strain gauge type load cell mounted beneath the dynamometer arm measures the load and signals are
interfaced with ADC card to give load in kg. The dynamometer was loaded by dynamometer loading unit situated in
the control panel.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The entire experimental investigation has the scheme as shown in figure below.

Figure3: Scheme of experimentation

Experimental Procedure:
1. Fill the fuel tank and start the engine.
2. After that engine is allowed to run at rated speed of 1500rpm at least 10 minutes for stabilization.
3. Apply the required load on the engine by adjusting knob and maintain the speed 1500rpm.
4. Note the time consumption for 10 ml of fuel, emission, smoke readings.
5. The performance and emissions are noted for all loads (no load, 25%, 50%, 75% and full load).
6. The above experimental procedure is repeated for the blends PB20, JB20.
7. The experiment is carried at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% percentage of EGR with the blends.
8. The above procedure is repeated for 25.5, 27.5 and 29.5 injection timings.

Observations:
Fuel properties determined:

Table 3: Properties of fuel

Properties of fuel Diesel PB20 JB20

o
Flash point ( C) 48 69 57
o
Fire point ( C) 52 74 61
Density (kg/m3) 821 837 825
Kinematic viscosity @ 40oC (centi stokes) 2.44 3.25 3.54

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

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Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015

Sample calculations:
The sample calculations are show for the observations shown in table 3.3for 75% load with diesel fuel at 180 bar
injection pressure.

Table 4: Time of fuel consumption of fuel at different loads

Load in Watts Time for 10ml fuel consumption (sec)

0 63
1250 47
2500 41
3750 26
5000 21

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Experiment was carried out at three injection timings 25.5, 27.5, 29.5 degree bTDC with three fuels diesel, B20 blend
of jatropha and pongamia biodiesel. Then experiment carried with the 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% percentage of EGR at
25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load. Variations of engine Brake Thermal Efficiency against load were interpreted in graphs.
They are shown below.

At 25.5 deg BTDC P B20

31
29
27 Diesel
25 Without EGR
BTE

23 5% EGR
21 10% EGR
19 15% EGR

17 20% EGR

15
25 50 75 100

% OF LOAD

Graph1

Graph1: Variation of BTE at 25.5 degree IT for PB20 fuel with load and through different EGR rate. It is observed
that the BTE of PB20 at 15% EGR is higher (2.46% at 50%load, 1.03% at 75%load) than PB20 without EGR. At 20%
EGR the BTE of PB20 is lower (2.2%) than the 15% EGR.

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Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015

At 27.5deg BTDC P B20

33
31
29
Diesel
27
Without EGR
BTE

25
5% EGR
23
10% EGR
21
15% EGR
19
20% EGR
17
25 50 75 100

% OF LOAD

Graph 2
Graph2:Variation of BTE at 27.5 degree IT for PB20 fuel with load and through different EGR rate. It is observed that
the BTE of PB20 at 5% EGR is higher (1.143% at 75% load and .914% at 50% load) than without EGR. After that with
increase in percentage of EGR the BTE of PB20 is decreasing

At 29.5deg BTDC PB20

35
33
31
29 Diesel
27 Without EGR
BTE

25 5% EGR
23
10% EGR
21
19 15% EGR
17 20% EGR
25 50 75 100

% OF LOAD

Graph 3

Graph3: Variation of BTE at 29.5 degree IT for PB20 fuel with load and through different EGR rate. It is observed
that the BTE of PB20 at 5% EGR is higher (1.12% at 75% load and 3.2% at full load) than diesel fuel. After that with
increase in % of EGR the BTE of PB20 is decreasing. This is due to the negative effect of decrease in oxygen
concentration in the inlet gas of an engine

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

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Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015

35
33
31
29
27 25.5 deg bTDC 15% EGR
BTE

25
23 27.5 deg bTDC 5% EGR
21
19 29.5 deg bTDC 5% EGR
17
15
25 50 75 100
% OF LOAD

Graph 4
Graph4: The variation of BTE with load through different IT and EGR for [Link] results shows that the BTE of
PB20 at 29.5 degree IT with 5% of EGR is better than other. This due to increase in IT. The increase in IT minimize
the effect of high viscosity PB20 than diesel and results in complete combustion.

At 25.5deg BTDC JB20

31
29
27 Diesel
25 Without EGR
BTE

23
5% EGR
21
19 10% EGR
17 15% EGR
15
20% EGR
25 50 75 100

% OF LOAD

Graph 5

Graph5:Variation of BTE at 25.5 degree IT for JB20 fuel with load and through different EGR rate. From the test
result it is observed that by increasing load the brake thermal efficiency of the diesel and the blend are increasing. The
brake thermal efficiency of the blend is lower than that with diesel fuel throughout the entire range. It is also observed
that brake thermal efficiency of the blend is increasing with decreasing the percentage of EGR. JB20 without EGR
hasBTEnear to the BTE of diesel fuel.

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

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Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2015

At 27.5deg BTDC JB20

32
30
28
Diesel
26
Without EGR
BTE

24
22 5% EGR

20 10% EGR

18 15% EGR

16 20% EGR
25 50 75 100

% OF LOAD

Graph 6
Graph 1: Variation of BTE at 27.5 degree IT for JB20 fuel with load and through different EGR rate. It is also
observed that brake thermal efficiency of the blend is increasing with increasing the percentage of EGR up to 5% EGR.
The BTE increased 1.69%, 2.94% and 2.336% than JB20 without EGR. After the 5% EGR the BTE is decreasing with
increasing EGR.

At 29.5deg bTDC JB20

33
31 Diesel

29
Without EGR
27
25
BTE

5% EGR
23
21
10% EGR
19
17
15% EGR
15
25 50 75 100
20% EGR
% of load
Graph 7
Graph 2: Variation of BTE at 29.5 degree IT for JB20 fuel with load and through different EGR rate. It is observed
that at 10% EGR JB20 has Better BTE (3.99% at 50%load, 3.625% at 75% load and 2.77% at 100% load) compared to
other EGR percentage. After the 10% EGR the BTE is decreasing with increasing EGR.

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25.5 deg
33 bTDC
Without
31 EGR
29
27.5deg
27 bTDC 5%
EGR
25
BTE

23
29.5 deg
21 bTDC 10%
19 EGR

17
15
25 50 75 100
% of load
Graph 8
Graph8: The variation of BTE with load through different IT and EGR for JB20. The results shows that the BTE of
JB20 at 29.5 degree IT with 10% of EGR is better than other. This due to increase in IT. The increase in IT minimize
the effect of high viscosity JB20 fuel and result complete combustion
35
33
31
29
27
BTE

25 JB20 29.5 deg

23 bTDC 10% EGR
21
19 PB20 29.5 deg
17 bTDC 5% EGR
15
25 50 75 100
% OF LOAD

Graph 9
Graph9: Variation of BTE with load for PB20 and JB20. The BTE of PB20 is higher than JB20

[Link]

Based on the observation, the brake thermal efficiency of engine is increasing with increasing the percentage of EGR
and then it is decreasing by increasing EGR percentage. The brake thermal efficiency of the PB20 at 29.5 degree bTDC
and with 5% EGR is higher (2.85%) than the brake thermal efficiency of JB20 at 29.5 degree bTDC with 10%
[Link] the above it is concluded that the PB20 fuel is having better performance than the JB20 fuel.

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REFERENCES

[1] Ajav E. A., Bachchan singh and Bhattacharya T. K. (2000) “Thermal balance of a single cylinder diesel engine operating on alternative fuels”
Energy Conversion and Mangement 41, 1533-1541.
[2] Amar Pandhare and Atul Padalkar (2013) “Investigations on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Biodiesel
(Jatropha Oil) and Its Blends”, Renewable Energy, 1-11
[3] Baiju B., Naik M. K. and Das L. M. (2009) “A comparative evaluation of compression ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl
esters of karanja oil” Renewable energy 34, 1616-1621.
[4] Bhupendra singh Chauhan, Naveen Kumar and Haeng Muk Cho (2012) “A study on the performance and emission of a diesel engine fueled
with jatropha biodiesel oil and its blends” Energy 37, 616-622.
[5] Forson, F.K., Oduro E. K. and Hammond-Dunkoh E (2004) “Performance of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine”, Renewable Energy, 1135–
1145.
[6] Ganapathy T., Murugesan K. and Gakhar R. P. (2009) “Performance optimization of Jatropha biodiesel engine model using Taguchi approach”
Applied Energy, 2476–2486
[7] Gaurav Dwivedi and sharma M. P. (2014) “Prospects of biodiesel from pongamia in India” Renewable and sustainable energy 32, 114-122.
[8] Haiyong Peng, Yicui, Lei shi and kang yao deng (2008) “Effects of exhaust gas recirculation on combustion and emissions during cold start of
direct injection diesel engine” Energy 33, 471-479
[9] Huntalas D. T., Mavropoulos G. C. and Binder K. B. (2008) “Effect of EGR temperature for various EGR rates on heavy duty DI diesel engine
performance and emissions” Energy 33, 272-283.
[10] Jaffar Hussain, Palaniradja K., Alagumurthi N. and Manimaran R. (2012) “Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on Performance and
Emission characteristics of a Three Cylinder Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine”Alexandria Engineering Journal (2012) 51, 241–
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(IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-4, Issue-1, March 2014

BIOGRAPHY

[Link], graduated ( Mechanical Engineering) from JNTU Anantapuramu in 2012 and is pursuing
M. Tech ( Thermal Engineering) at Stanley Stephen College Of Engineering and Technology, Kurnool under
JNTU Anantapuramu. His areas of interest are Internal Combustion Engines, Heat transfer and Thermal
Engineering-II.

[Link], graduated (Mechanical Engineering) from GPREC Kurnool, SK University,[Link] (Advanced

Manufacturing System)From SVITS ,JNTU Hyderabad and His areas of interest are composite materials,
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.

[Link], graduated (Mechanical Engineering) from GPREC Kurnool, SK University, [Link]

(Production Engineering)From SVUCE Tirupathi and His areas of interest are thermal engineering,
Production, Robotics.

Dr. [Link] Kumar, working as a professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering in one of the
reputed colleges in the Kurnool Dist. His area of research is Polymer Nanocomposites/Hybrid
Nanocomposites and Characterization. He published more than 50 National and International Journals so
far. He attended more than 10 international conferences and workshops. He graduated from JNTUCEA,
Anantapuramu with distinction. Upon his [Link] (Mechanical), he did his [Link] (Machine
Design)inGovt. College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu. Then he has done his Ph.D in
Mechanical Engineering at JNTUA Anantapuramu.

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