CHAPTER 32
Improper Integrals
32.1 Determine whether the area in the first quadrant under the curve y = l/x, for *£!, is finite.
This is equivalent to determining whether the improper integral J* (1 Ix) dx is convergent. J* (1 Ix) dx =
Thus, the integral diverges and the area is infinite.
32.2 Determine whether J" (1 Ix2) dx converges.
Thus, the integral converges.
32.3 For what values of p is J" (1 /x)p dx convergent?
By Problem 32.1, we know that the integral is divergent when p = 1.
The last limit is l/(p-l) if p>l, and+=° if p<l.Thus, the integral converges if and only if p > 1.
32.4 For p>l, is dx convergent?
p
First we evaluate J [(In x)/xp] dx by integration by parts. Let u = lnx, dv = (l/* ) dx, du = (\lx)dx.
Thus, Hence,
I In the last step, we used L'Hopital's rule to evaluate
Thus, the integral converges for all p > 1.
32.5 For is convergent?
for Hence, by Problem 32.3. Hence, is
divergent for p :£ 1.
32.6 Evaluate £ xe~'dx.
By integration by parts, we find J xe * dx = -e *(x + 1) Hence, J
[In the last step, we used L'Hopital's rule to evaluate
260
IMPROPER INTEGRALS 261
32.7 For positive p, show that converges.
By Problem 32.6, For Hence,
converges. Now let us consider By the reduction formula of Problem 28.42,
Hence,
(Note that we used L'Hopital's rule to show
Hence, the question eventually reduces to the case of P<1. Thus, we have
convergence for all positive p.
32.8 Is convergent when p a 1?
By successive applications of L'Hopital's rule, we see that Km (In x)p/x = 0. Hence, (In x)"lx < 1 for
p p
sufficiently large x. Thus, for some x0, if x ^ xa, (In x) < x, 1 /(In x) > 1 Ix. So,
Hence, the integral must be divergent for arbitrary P<1.
32.9 If f(x) dx = +<*> and gW s/(*) for all A: >; x0. show that g(x) dx is divergent.
g(x)dx = g(x) dx + g(x) dx > g(x) dx + f(x)dx->+*.
32.10 Show that is divergent for p < 1.
For x > e, (In x)p < In x, and, therefore, l/(ln xY s 1/ln x. Now apply Problems 32.8 and 32.9.
32.11 Evaluate
But, Hence,
32.12 Evaluate
Let Then Hence,
32.13 Evaluate cos x dx.
By Problem 28.9, e~" cos AC dx = \e "'(sin x — cos x). Hence, e * cos x dx = lim [ | e *(sin A: —
cos x) = lim |[e "(cosy-sine;)-(-!)]= i, since and
32.14 Evaluate J0" e~x dx.
32.15 Evaluate
Hence,
262 CHAPTER 32
32.16 Evaluate
32.17 Evaluate
Let 2u du = dx. Then
32.18 Evaluate
Let Then [by Problem 32.6].
32.19 Evaluate
Let x = f2. Then [by Problem 32.6].
32.20 Evaluate xV* dx.
By Problem 28.1,
2)-2]} = 2. [Here, we used L'Hopital's rule to see that
32.21 Find xVx dx.
By the reduction formula of Problem 28.42 and the result of Problem 32.20, xV* dx = -xV* +
3 J x V* dx. So, x3e~* dx = lira+ <x (-*V*) ]"„" + lim+ oo 3 x2e~'dx = 0 + 3-2 = 3!.
U-» u-»
32.22 Show that 0°°x"e * dx = n\ for all natural numbers n.
By Problem 32.14, we know that the formula holds for « = 0. Assume now, for the sake of induction, that
the formula holds for n — 1. By the reduction formula of Problem 28.42,
n x"~le~* dx = n • (n — 1)! = nl. [The gamma function T(u) is defined as This
problem shows that F(n + !) = «!.]
32.23 Investigate
Thus, the integral diverges.
32.24 Investigate
32.25 Investigate
Thus, the integral diverges.
32.26 For what values of k, with k ¥^ 1 and k > 0, does dx converge?
If k>\, this limit is +°°,
whereas, if k<\, the limit is l / ( l - f c )
32.27 Evaluate where a>0.
In In Thus,
In In
In In In
Thus, the integral diverges.
32.28 Evaluate for a > 0.
33.29 Evaluate
There is a discontinuity at x = 2. So,
Neither limit exists. Therefore, the integral diverges.
32.30 Evaluate
There is a discontinuity at x = 2. Thus,
32.31 Evaluate sec x dx.
In Thus, the
integral diverges.
32.32 Evaluate
32.33 Find the area under the curve for
264 CHAPTER 32
32.34 Find the area under y = 1 /(x2 — a2) for x a a + 1.
From Problem 32.27,
In
In In in
32.35 Evaluate
There is a discontinuity at x = 0. So, For the first integral,
Also,
Thus, the value is
32.36 Evaluate In x dx.
By integration by parts, J \nxdx = x(\n x - 1). Thus, lnxdx= lim *(ln x — 1) ]' = lim [-1-
t;(lni>-l)] = - l - 0 = - l . [The limit lim u ( l n y - l ) = 0 is obtained by L'Hopital's rule.]
32.37 Evaluate x In x dx.
By integration by parts, x\nxdx = \x\2\nx-l) (Take u = In x, v = x dx.) Then .v In x dx =
32.38 Find thefirst-quadrantarea under y - e ''.
32.39 Find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the region of Problem 32.38 about the jc-axis.
By the disk formula,
32.40 Let S? be the region in the first quadrant under xy = 9 and to the right of j c = l . Find the volume generated
by revolving 91 about the *-axis.
By the disk formula,
32.41 Find the surface area of the volume in Problem 32.40.
Note that y = 9/x, y' = ~9/x1,
But
so by Problem 32.9, the integral diverges.
IMPROPER INTEGRALS 265
32.42 Investigate
For 0<*<1, l-x4 = (l-x)(l + x)(l+x2)<4(l-x). Hence,
But, Thus,
32.43 Determine whether converges.
For and (Problem 32.24) converges. Hence
converges.
32.44 Determine whether cos x dx converges.
Since the latter limit does not exist,
cos x dx is not convergent.
32.45 Evaluate
32.46 Evaluate
Hence, the improper integral has the value 2.
32.47 Show that the region in the first quadrant under the curve y = 1 /(x + I) 2 has a finite area but does not have a
centroid.
However,
Hence, the ^-coordinate of the centroid is infinite.
32.48 For what positive values of p is convergent?
Let u = l-x, du=-dx. Then By Problem 32.26, the latter converges when
and only when p < 1.
32.49 Evaluate
Let u = x2, du = 2xdx. Then
| • (ir/2) = ?r/4.
266 CHAPTER 32
32.50 Evaluate
32.51 Evaluate
(The same result is obtained from Problem 29.45.)
32.52 Evaluate
There is a discontinuity at x = 1. Then
32.53 Evaluate cot x dx.
32.54 Evaluate tan -1 x dx.
l
tan x>ir/4 for *>!. Hence by Problem 32.9, tan ' x dx = +«.
32.55 Find the area between the curves y = l/x and y = l / ( x + l) to the right of the line .v'= 1.
The area
32.56 Find the area in the first quadrant under the curve y - 1 /(x2 + 6x + 10).
Problems 32.57-32.60 refer to the Laplace transform L { f } = ^ e's'f(t) dt of a function/(/), where s>0.
(L{f} may not be defined at some or all s >0.) It is assumed that lim e~"f(t) = 0.
32.57 Calculate L(t}.
s<
(Here, the integration was performed by parts: u = t, dv = e dt.) Thus, L{t} = \ls2.
IMPROPER INTEGRALS 267
32.58 Calculate L{e'}.
The last limit is valid when s > 1. Thus, L{e'} = l / ( s - 1) (denned for s > 1).
32.59 Calculate L {cos t}.
By integration by parts (see Problem 28.9), we obtain
Thus, L{cost} =s/(s2 + 1).
32.60 If L{f} and L { f ' } are defined, show that L { f ' } = -/(O) + s L { f } .
For L{f'}, we use integration by parts with u = e sl, dv=f'{t)dt. Th
[Here, we have
used the basic hypothesis that
