Iceberg Concept Culture 9/10 of culture is below the surface Sect A religious group, division, “branch” or

Culture • Latin word, “cultura” or “cultus”  care or cultivation. faction

• complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals,
Missionary religions contain a doctrine that all people should
law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by
believe according to their doctrine.
man as a member of a society ( Sir Edward Taylor)
• all the things that make up a people’s entire way of life. Forms of How do people make decisions for the group/society
Government
Attitudes Ethnocentrism the tendency to assume that one’s
Toward Economic the use of limited resources; How do people get their
own culture and way of life represent
Cultural Systems food/water, clothing, and shelter
the norm or are superior to all others
Variation ex: Filipinos are world class workers, How Cultures Change/ Causes:
artists and athletes. Technology the skills and tools people use
Cultural the viewing of people’s behavior from  Stone, bone, bronze, iron
relativism the perspective of their own culture  Smoke signal, telegraph, telephone, face time
Xenocentrism the tendency to assume that Changing the way we use resources around us
other/foreign cultures represent the Environment  Native Americans use of buffalo & European/American
norm or are superior to one’s own expansion westward
culture and way of life New Ideas Ex: Environmental awareness & recycling
ex: French perfumes are first-rate.
Russian Vodka is the best in the world
Diffusion the movement of customs or ideas from one place to
2 kinds Material Material objects that distinguish a group of
another
Culture people such as their art, building, weapon – Ideas
Tangible things, naked to the eye and distinct – People
to every society/culture – Music, Art, & Athletics
Non A group ways of thinking and doing
Material Gestures Ways in which people use Understanding Change
Culture their bodies to communicate Ethnocentrism to judge other cultures by the standards of your own
with one another culture
Language System of symbols that can Racism the belief that one racial group is naturally superior to
be combined in an infinite # another
of ways and can represent
object but also abstract Ancient Filipino Communities
thought Malay Mainly agricultural and fishing people
Values Standard by which people Polynesian Barangay: 30 to 100 families
define what is desirable or Descent Culture: May be associated with manufactured materials, for
undesirable these are products of human behavior
Beliefs Ideas people have about Language: Malay – principal language of Southeast Asian
universe commerce ex: talaro (scales), upa (payment)
Norms Expectation/rules of behavior Indian Trading colony and state marriage brought Indian culture.
that develop out of values culture (Sulu)
Religious Beliefs and Language: Bathala – chief god came from
7 elements of culture Bhattara, “Great Lord”
Social Framework of society Beliefs: Good and bad spirits
Organization 1. Families: The building blocks of society. Literature: Monkey and the turtle, Deer and snail, etc.
2 types of fam: Early They already developed a system of syllabic writing.
Nuclear the immediate family Filipinos Baybayin – Tagalog script, erroneously called “alibata” (17
Contains only parents and children letters: 3 vowels and 14 consonants); horizontal from left to
Extended The nuclear family and other relatives right; sipol-sharp pointed iron which is a writing instrument
living under the same roof or in close Both oral and written literature had already flourished in the
proximity. country prior to the coming of the Spaniards
E.g. Bugtong – riddles Awit – songs
Patriarchal Family dominated by the eldest Salawikain – proverbs Legends – myths Poems
male.:
Hindu Customs and Traditions:
Matriarchal Family dominated by female Influences Placing of a fresh flower garland around the neck of a visitor
Monogamy Only one spouse The giving of bigaykaya (dowry) and rendering of personal
Polygamy More than one spouse services in the house of the bride’s parents by the groom
before the wedding
Many cultures have arranged marriages. The offering of buyo (mixture of betel nut, ikmo leaf, and
2. Social Classes: Some people have greater status than lime) to a guest
others. Superstitions
Customs and Custom How are people expected to behave in Mode of dressing:
Traditions social situations? Resemblance of Indian putees and sari in:
Language Language How do people communicate with each Putong (turban)
other Sarong (lower garment)
Dialect a variety of a language Industries: Boat building, weaving of cotton clothes
Decorative arts: designs of gold necklaces
Arts & Arts How do people order things? (Space, ideas,
Musical instruments: kudyapi (guitar)
Literatur sounds, materials, etc.)
Flowers: sampaguita and champaka
e Ex: Dance, theater, literature, music, ceramics, Fruits: Mango and nangka
sculpture, architecture, painting, drawing Vegetables: ampalaya, patola and malunggay
Aesthetics study of beauty Ancient Filipino writing: 340 Sanskrit words: ama (father),
Religion 3 questions of religion Nanay (mother), Asawa (spouse)
1. Where did we come from? Chinese/ Several traders from Ma-yi (believed to include Mindoro,
2. How should we live our lives? SINO- Batangas, Manila and Pampanga) arrived in Canton board on
3. Where do we go when we die? PHILIPPINE an Arab ship and sold their valuable merchandise.
Cosmology The study and explanation of the RELATIONS Honesty of the early Filipinos in their business transactions
universe with the Chinese traders.
Theology A system of religious beliefs Manufacture of gunpowder
Doctrine Ideas taught as truth Art of metallurgy
Monotheism Belief in one god Use of porcelain, gongs, lead, silver and tin
Polytheism Belief in many gods Occupations like blacksmithing and goldsmithing
Duck culture
Animism The belief that spirits inhabit nature
Kite-flying and other games including forms of gambling
Proselytize to try to convert somebody to a religious
(jueteng)
faith
Culinary arts:
Missionary Someone who proselytizes
Roasting of pigs, Brewing of tea
Proselyte Someone who converted
Cooking of dishes (pancit, lumpia, chosuey, okoy)
Use of seasonings (Toyo-soy sauce)
 Vegetables (bataw, petsay, upo) b. Work – male: hunting, fishing, timber cutting, boat
Filipino manner of dressing: making, mining and agriculture; female: household
Sleeved jackets (kangan), Loose trousers, Use of slippers tasks like cooking, gardening, sewing
Wooden shoes (bakya), Fans, Umbrellas School Ancient Panay:
Social customs: Bothoan – a barangay school; old man (teacher)
Arrangement of marriage by the parents of the boy and girl Subjects: reading, writing, arithmetic, the handling of
Hiring of a go-between in marital negotiations weapons, acquiring of amulets or kinaadman
Honoring of departed ancestors Music:  Instruments like guitar, flute, gong, xylophone, drum,
Employment of professional mourners during the funeral Songs and cymbal and horn
Blasting of fire-crackers on New Year’s Eve Dances  Themes of ancient songs: thanksgiving, birth, death, love,
Beating of gongs to celebrate a feast war, labor, religion and victory
Collection of tong (percentage fee) by the owner of a  Ethnic dances: connected with ancient people’s beliefs
gambling joint spirits, in thanksgiving and healing, in courtship
Linguistic influence: Theater  Dance-dramas: by ritual practitioners to appease
Chinese loan words (pertain to kinship and family relations, and Sports supernatural powers that were believed to control natural
clothes, ornaments, food and drinks, agriculture and forces, to ensure good harvest and success in hunting and
commerce, tools and occupations, and abstract ideas) battles
E.g. ate (older sister), sanse (third older sister), gunting  Arnis: self-defense with instruments made of rattan canes
(scissors), hiya (shame) or betel nut trunks (parrying, offense, defense)
Japanese Industries: Manufacturing of arms and tools and the tanning of Commerce Early Filipinos has their own:
Contributio deerskins a. weights and measures e.g. talaro (balancing scales),
ns Trading post in Aparri, Northern Luzon salop (one ganta)
Muslim Traders From Malaysia Contribution: Islam, “will of God” b. medium of exchange e.g. coinage (gold), shells, bronze
gongs
Traditional Filipino Communities c. Barter – offering of their own products in exchange of
Barangay unit of social organization with broader political, economic, and other goods
religious features than the family Math Counting (100,000,000 – Bahala)
Datu head of the barangay; native chieftain; also called as “rajah” With methods: adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing
Sandugu blood compact With terms for numerals e.g. isa (one)
*Consolidation of barangays was formed through marriages and Calculating time and reading signs of nature to identify
blood compact seasons
With a calendar
Social Stratification System - Ranks (based on wealth, political influence,
social privileges) Others Medicine (folk healers use of plants for healing)
datu class or Barangay – came from the word balangay, which means Clothes and other garments (men: collarless, short-sleeved
ruling class boat coat, bahag-strip of cloth, putong; women: baro, saya, tapis-
Datu - ruled the barangay with administrative powers: strip of cloth, jewelries)
a) legislative powers (calling his people all together and Houses (bahay kubo-nipa hut)
securing their consent); b) judicial powers (could render Taming of pets (cats, dogs, monkeys)
judgment in any dispute)
maharlika or believed to be the descendants of mixed marriages
aristocracy between a ruling dynasty and the one out of power
may be the family, relatives, and elders of the datu
timagua or Enjoyed their rights to a portion of the barangay land
common class Agricultural labor was their normal obligation (other
obligations: to catch fish, to accompany expeditions, to
paddle boats; to serve during feasts and to build
houses)
alipin or A man indebted to another (obligatory)
dependent class Usual creditors: datu, maharlika, timawa, or another
alipin
Gintubo – a person born as an alipin (through the debts
of his
Aliping with land rights (householder); only
namamahay came for his master’s call to work
on the fields and do other services
Aliping members of the master’s
sagigilid household (gilid-part of the house
where the stove is) and ate from
their master’s pot; may be
transferred to another creditor at
any moment and may be rewarded
at their master’s pleasure

Laws Oral laws customs (ugali), which had been handed

down from generation to generation
Written promulgated by datus with the help of the
laws council elders (may be changed by
consensus; were announced to the people by
the umalohokan, barangay crier
Beliefs 1. Life after death (reward & punishment)
2. Ancestor worship (religion) and other gods (minor &major
gods) and idols
Rituals 1. Religious celebrations
2. Feasts
Food Meat – provided during rituals and feats
Everyday meal: rootcrops, fruits and fish
Staple food: rice
Wines: tuba, basi, pangasi, lambanog
- cooked in earthen pots or in bamboo tubes
- Used bare hands, banana leaves (plates) and coconut
shells (cups)
Family Life Lessons taught by parents to children:
a. Enduring life’s challenges