DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Series Reactor
ElmSind
 DIgSILENT GmbH

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72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 0

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Version: 2016
Edition: 1

Copyright © 2016, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
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Series Reactor (ElmSind) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 4

1.1 Input Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.1 Input mode of the rating parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.2 Short-circuit voltage uk <=> Impedance Zrea relation . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.1.3 Copper Losses PCU <=> Short-circuit voltage ukr, real part relation . . . 6

1.1.4 Reactance Xrea <=> Inductance Lrea relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1.5 Resistance Rrea <=> Copper Losses PCU , Short-circuit voltage ukr, real
part relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1.6 Reactance Xrea <=> short-circuit voltage, uk and ukr, Impedance Zrea . 7

1.2 Load flow model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2.1 AC-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.2.2 DC-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3 Short-circuit model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.4 RMS Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.4.1 AC-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.4.2 DC-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.5 EMT Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.5.1 AC-Model without Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.5.2 AC-Model with Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.5.3 DC-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.6 Harmonics/Power Quality Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2 Dynamic Simulation 15

2.1 RMS and EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.1.1 AC-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.1.2 DC-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

A Parameter Definitions 16

B Signal Definitions 16

List of Figures 17

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 2

Contents

List of Tables 18

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 3

1 General Description

1 General Description

Terminal i Terminal j
Terminal i Terminal j
Rrea Xrea
A Rrea Xrea
A A
A

Rrea Xrea
Rrea Xrea
B B
B B

Rrea Xrea
Rrea Xrea
C C
C C

Figure 1.1: Three Phase Model

Terminal i Terminal j
Terminal i Terminal j
I:bus1 Rrea Xrea I:bus2
I:bus1 Rrea Xrea I:bus2

U:bus2 U:bus2
U:bus2 U:bus2

Figure 1.2: Single Phase Model

The series reactor can be used to limit the short-circuit current.

A three phase and single phase model is available.

1.1 Input Parameter

The resistance and the reactance of the reactor can be entered at different input options:

• Short-circuit voltage uk in % and copper losses in kW or real part of the short-circuit

voltage in %
• Impedance (magnitude) in Ohm and copper losses in kW or real part of the short-circuit
voltage in %
• Reactance X and Resistance R in Ohm
• Inductance L in mH and Resistance in Ohm

1.1.1 Input mode of the rating parameter

For the definition of the rating parameter they are two different input modes available:

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 4

1 General Description

a) Rated Voltage in kV and Rated Power in MVA

b) Rated Voltage in kV and Rated Current in kA

For a three phase reactor is the rated current calculated as:

Sn
In = √ in kA
3 · Un

for a single phase reactor:

√
3 · Sn
In = in kA
Un

and for a DC single phase reactor:

Sn
In = in kA
Un

where,

• In : Rated Current in kA
• Un : Rated Voltage (Line-Line) of the reactor in kV
• Sn : Rated Power of the reactor in MVA

1.1.2 Short-circuit voltage uk <=> Impedance Zrea relation

For a three phase reactor:

uk U2
Zrea = · n in Ohm
100% Sn

For a single phase reactor:

uk Un2
Zrea = · in Ohm
100% 3 · Sn

• Zrea : Impedance magnitude of the reactor in Ohm

• uk : Short-circuit voltage in %
• Un : Rated Voltage (Line-Line) of the reactor in kV
• Sn : Rated Power of the reactor in MVA

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 5

1 General Description

1.1.3 Copper Losses PCU <=> Short-circuit voltage ukr, real part relation

PCU
ukr = · 100 in %
Sn · 1000

• ukr : Short-circuit voltage, real part in %

• PCU : Copper Losses in kW

• Sn : Rated Power of the reactor in MVA

1.1.4 Reactance Xrea <=> Inductance Lrea relation

Xrea
Lrea = · 1000 in mH
2 · π · fnom

• Lrea : Inductance of the reactor in mH

• Xrea : Reactance of the reactor in Ohm
• fnom : Nominal frequency of the grid in Hz

1.1.5 Resistance Rrea <=> Copper Losses PCU , Short-circuit voltage ukr, real part
relation

For a three phase reactor:

2 2
ukr Unom PCU Unom
Rrea = · = · 2 in Ohm
100% Snom 1000 Snom

For a single phase reactor:

2 2
ukr Unom PCU Unom
Rrea = · = · 2
in Ohm
100% 3 · Snom 1000 3 · Snom

• Rrea : Resistance of the reactor in Ohm

• PCU : Copper Losses in kW

• Unom : Rated Voltage (Line-Line) of the reactor in kV

• Snom : Rated Power of the reactor in MVA
• ukr : Short-circuit voltage, real part in %

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 6

1 General Description

1.1.6 Reactance Xrea <=> short-circuit voltage, uk and ukr, Impedance Zrea

For a three phase reactor:

√ 2
uk 2 − ukr2 Unom p
2 − R2
Xrea = · = Zrea rea in Ohm
100% Snom

For a single phase reactor:

√ 2
uk 2 − ukr2 Unom p
2 − R2
Xrea = · = Zrea rea in Ohm
100% 3 · Snom

• Xrea : Reactance of the reactor in Ohm

• Unom : Rated Voltage (Line-Line) of the reactor in kV
• Snom : Rated Power of the reactor in MVA
• uk : Short-circuit voltage, magnitude in %
• ukr : Short-circuit voltage, real part in %
• Zrea : Impedance magnitude of the reactor in Ohm

1.2 Load flow model

The series reactor is completely considered in the Load Flow calculation. A warning message
will be printed on the output window if the rated voltage differs more than 10% as the nominal
voltage of the bus bars. An error message will be printed on the output window if the rated
voltages differs more than 50%.

1.2.1 AC-Model

For the Load Flow calculation is the reactor modelled by it’s nominal frequency behaviour:

Ubus1 − Ubus2 = Ibus1 · (Rrea + jω · Lrea)

Ibus1 + Ibus2 = 0

The loading of the reactor is calculated as follow:

max(Ibus1 , Ibus2 )
loading = · 100 in %
In

• loading : Loading in %
• In : Rated current of the reactor in kA

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 7

1 General Description

• Ibus1 : Magnitude of the current at terminal i

• Ibus2 : Magnitude of the current at terminal j

For an unbalanced load flow calculation is the highest current of all phases used.

1.2.2 DC-Model

Under DC-conditions, a reactor is a closed circuit, hence only the resistance is considered:

Ubus1 − Ubus2 = Ibus1 · Rrea

Ibus1 + Ibus1 = 0

1.3 Short-circuit model

For the Short-Circuit calculation is the reactor modelled by it’s nominal frequency behaviour:

Ubus1 − Ubus2 = Ibus1 · (Rrea + jω · Lrea)

Ibus1 + Ibus2 = 0

1.4 RMS Model

1.4.1 AC-Model

The RMS-simulation model of the series capacitance is fully compatible to the load flow model.

1.4.2 DC-Model

In DC circuits, network transients are considered as well. The series reactor is hence modelled
by the differential equation of a resistance in series with a inductance:

d(Ibus1 (t))
Ubus1 (t) − Ubus2 (t) = Rrea · Ibus1 (t) + Lrea ·
dt
Ibus1 + Ibus2 = 0

1.5 EMT Model

1.5.1 AC-Model without Saturation

The series reactor is modelled by the differential equation of a resistance in series with an
inductance:

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 8

1 General Description

d(Ibus1:A (t))
Ubus1:A (t) − Ubus2:A (t) = Rrea:r · Ibus1:A (t) + Lrea:r ·
dt
d(Ibus1:B (t))
Ubus1:B (t) − Ubus2:B (t) = Rrea:s · Ibus1:B (t) + Lrea:s ·
dt
d(Ibus1:C (t))
Ubus1:C (t) − Ubus2:C (t) = Rrea:t · Ibus1:C (t) + Lrea:t ·
dt
Ibus1:A (t) + Ibus2:A (t) = 0
Ibus1:B (t) + Ibus2:B (t) = 0
Ibus1:C (t) + Ibus2:C (t) = 0

1.5.2 AC-Model with Saturation

The saturation of the reactance can be simulated in the EMT model.

The model supports the following options:

• Linear: no saturation considered

• Two slope: the saturation curve is approximated by a two linear slopes

• Polynomial: the saturation curve is approximated by a polynom of user-defined order. The
polynom fits asymptotically into the piecewise linear definition.
• Current/Flux values: the user inputs current-flux values as a sequence of points and se-
lects among a piecewise-linear or spline interpolation.

Linear
The input parameters are listed in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Basic data of the linear characteristic

Parameter Description Unit Symbol

xreapu Magnetizing reactance for unsaturated p.u. lunsat
conditions.
In p.u. values, the linear reactance is
equal to the reciprocal of the
magnetizing current (reactive part of
the exciting current).

No saturation is considered. In this case, the current is proportional to the flux:

ψM
iM =
lunsat

Where:

• iM is the magnetizing current in p.u.

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 9

1 General Description

• ψM is the magnetizing flux in p.u.

The p.u. values used for the definition of the saturation characteristic of the positive sequence
model are referred to the same base quantities mentioned in 1.5.2.

Two slope
Figure 1.3 shows the magnetizing current-flux curves for the two slope and polynomial char-
acteristics. The input parameters of the two slope saturation characteristic are listed in Table
1.2.

Figure 1.3: Two slope and polynomial saturation curves

Table 1.2: Basic data of the two-slope saturation characteristic

Parameter Description Unit Symbol

psi0 Knee-point Flux of asymptotic p.u. ψknee
piece-wise linear characteristic.
Typical value around 1.1 to 1.2 times
the rated flux.
xreapu Magnetizing reactance for unsaturated p.u. lunsat
conditions.
In p.u. values, the linear reactance is
equal to the reciprocal of the
magnetizing current (reactive part of
the exciting current).
xmair Magnetizing reactance for saturated p.u. lsat
conditions.

In the case of the two slope curve, the series reactor saturation is approximated by two linear
slopes, which are separated by the value of the knee flux. The first slope is given by the linear
reactance, while the second is given by the saturated reactance. The saturated reactance value
is fairly low compared with the unsaturated reactance.

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 10

1 General Description

ψM
iM = for ψM ≤ ψknee
lunsat
1
iM = (ψM − ψknee ) + iknee for ψM > ψknee
lsat
ψknee
iknee =
lunsat

Where

• iM is the magnetizing current in p.u.

• ψM is the magnetizing flux in p.u.

The p.u. values used for the definition of the saturation characteristic of the positive sequence
model are referred to the same base quantities mentioned in 1.5.2.

Polynomial
Figure 1.3 shows the magnetizing current-flux curves for the polynomial characteristic. The
input parameters are listed in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: Basic data of the polynomial saturation characteristic

Parameter Description Unit Symbol

psi0 Knee-point Flux of asymptotic p.u. ψknee
piece-wise linear characteristic.
Typical value around 1.1 to 1.2 times
the rated flux.
xreapu Magnetizing reactance for unsaturated p.u. lunsat
conditions.
In p.u. values, the linear reactance is
equal to the reciprocal of the
magnetizing current (reactive part of
the exciting current).
xmair Magnetizing reactance for saturated p.u. lsat
conditions.
ksat Saturation exponent of polynomial - ksat
representation. Typical values are
9,13,15. The higher the exponent the
sharper the saturation curve.

In the polynomial type, the saturation is also represented by two linear slopes, but smoothed by
a polynomial function, in which the higher the exponent is, the sharper the saturation becomes.

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 11

1 General Description

(  ksat )
ψM ψM
iM = · 1+ for ψM ≤ ψsat
lunsat ψ0
1
iM = (ψM − ψsat ) + iknee for ψM > ψsat
lsat
ksat + 1
ψsat = · ψknee
ksat
ψknee
iknee =
lunsat

Where

• iM is the magnetizing current in p.u.

• ψM is the magnetizing flux in p.u.
• ψ0 is a parameter automatically calculated, so that the polynomial characteristic fits the
saturated reactance in full saturation and transits steadily into the piece-wise linear char-
acteristic at the knee flux point, in p.u.

This polynomial characteristic is always inside the corresponding linear representation. In full
saturation the polynomial characteristic is extended linearly. Compared to the two-slope curve,
it does not contain a singular point at the knee flux and therefore its derivative (magnetizing
voltage) is continuously defined.

The p.u. values used for the definition of the saturation characteristic of the positive sequence
model are referred to the same base quantities mentioned in 1.5.2.

Current/Flux values
The user can also define the saturation curve in terms of measured current-flux values and
select between a piecewise linear or spline interpolation.

The current-flux values in the table are peak values in p.u.

The p.u. values used for the definition of the saturation characteristic of the positive sequence
model are referred to the same base quantities mentioned in 1.5.2.

Base Quantities
The p.u. values used for the definition of the saturation characteristic of the positive sequence
model are referred to the following bases quantities:

• Ubase is the Rated Voltage of the series reactor (ucn) in kV

• Sbase is the Rated Power of the series reactor (Sn) in M V A
√ Sbase [M V A]
• Ibase [A] = 2· √ · 1000
3 · Ubase [kV ]
√
√ Ubase [kV ]/ 3
• Ψbase [V · s] = 2 · · 1000
2πf [Hz]
2
 
Ubase [kV ] 1
• Lbase [H] = ·
Sbase [M V A] 2πf [Hz]

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 12

1 General Description

Ignoring the Saturation

The saturation is ignored when any of the following conditions are met:

• The reactance xrea is zero

• It is a DC reactor
• The input signal Xin is connected

Considerations for 3-Limb Core

The ABC per unit flux values are calculated from the dq flux components (ψ0 is ignored in the
transformation):

 
  1 √0 1  
ψM :A 
1 3
 ψd
− 1 × 
 
ψM :B  = 
  
 2 2
√   ψq 
 1 3
ψM :C 0

− − 1
2 2

The zero-sequence current in p.u. is given by:

ψ0
i0 =
2πf · lunsat:r

Considerations for 5-Limb Core

The ABC per unit flux values are calculated from the dq0 flux components:

 
  1 √0 1  
ψM :A 
1 3  ψd 

− 1 × ψq 

ψM :B  = 
 
 2 2
√ 
 1 3
ψM :C ψ0

− − 1
2 2

The zero-sequence current in p.u. is given by:

i0 = 0

Equations
The magnetizing currents in p.u. are calculated according to the type of saturation selected:

iM :A (t) = f (ψM :A )
iM :B (t) = f (ψM :B )
iM :C (t) = f (ψM :C )

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 13

1 General Description

The equations for voltage and current per phase in actual values are given by:

Ibus1:A (t) = (iM :A + i0 ) · Ibase

Ibus1:B (t) = (iM :B + i0 ) · Ibase
Ibus1:C (t) = (iM :C + i0 ) · Ibase
1 d(Ψbus1:A (t))
Ubus1:A (t) − Ubus2:A (t) = Rrea:r · Ibus1:A (t) + ·
2πf dt
1 d(Ψbus1:B (t))
Ubus1:B (t) − Ubus2:B (t) = Rrea:s · Ibus1:B (t) + ·
2πf dt
1 d(Ψbus1:C (t))
Ubus1:C (t) − Ubus2:C (t) = Rrea:t · Ibus1:C (t) + ·
2πf dt
Ibus1:A (t) + Ibus2:A (t) = 0
Ibus1:B (t) + Ibus2:B (t) = 0
Ibus1:C (t) + Ibus2:C (t) = 0

1.5.3 DC-Model

The series reactor is modelled by the differential equation of a resistance in series with an
inductance:

d(Ibus1 (t))
Ubus1 (t) − Ubus2 (t) = Rrea · Ibus1 (t) + Lrea ·
dt
Ibus1 (t) + Ibus2 (t) = 0

1.6 Harmonics/Power Quality Model

Frequency-dependent characteristics may be defined for the following parameters (parameter

names follow in parentheses): R (rrea) and L (lrea).

Note: For absolute characteristics, the values defined in the element (not in the characteristic)
will be used at the fundamental frequency.

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 14

2 Dynamic Simulation

2 Dynamic Simulation

2.1 RMS and EMT Simulation

2.1.1 AC-Model

Rin
Xin AC Model

Figure 2.1: Input/OutputRin

Definition of AC Series Reactor Model (RMS-Simulation)
Rin AC Model
Xin
Lin DC Model
2.1.2 DC-Model

Rin
Lin DC Model

Figure 2.2: Input/Output Definition of DC Series Reactor Model (RMS-Simulation)

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 15

B Signal Definitions

A Parameter Definitions

Table A.1: Series Reactor Parameters

Parameter Description Unit

loc name Name
outserv Out of Service
ucn Rated voltage kV
Sn Rated power MVA
Curn Rated current kA
pRating Thermal rating
systp System type
nphases Phases
uk Short-circuit voltage %
Zd Absolute impedance Ohm
lrea Inductance mH
xrea Reactance Ohm
Pcu Copper losses kW
ukr Short-circuit voltage %
rrea Resistance Ohm
maxLoad Thermal load limit %
iAstabint A-stable integration algorithm
psi0 Knee flux p.u.
xmair Saturated reactance p.u.
ksat Saturation exponent
satcur Current (peak) p.u.
satflux Flux (peak) p.u.
iInterPol Interpolation
smoothfac Smoothing factor %
Inom Rated current kA
xreapu Linear reactance p.u.

B Signal Definitions

Table B.1: Input/Output signals

Name Description Unit Type Model

Rin Resistance Input Ohm IN AC, DC (RMS, EMT)
Xin Reactance Input Ohm IN AC (RMS, EMT)
Lin Inductance Input Ohm IN DC (RMS, EMT)

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 16

List of Figures

List of Figures

1.1 Three Phase Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2 Single Phase Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3 Two slope and polynomial saturation curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1 Input/Output Definition of AC Series Reactor Model (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . 15

2.2 Input/Output Definition of DC Series Reactor Model (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . 15

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 17

List of Tables

List of Tables

1.1 Basic data of the linear characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.2 Basic data of the two-slope saturation characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3 Basic data of the polynomial saturation characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

A.1 Series Reactor Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

B.1 Input/Output signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Series Reactor (ElmSind) 18