(Aeved(-tg SHA design manual LOAD ESTIMATIN¢SYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL, SUMMARY OF PART ONE This part of the System Design Manual presents data and examples to guide the engineer when preparing practical cooling and heating load estimotes. After the load has been determined, the “Applied Psychrometries” chapter will bridge the gap between the load estimate and ‘equipment sel The text of this manual is offered os o ‘general guide for the use of industry and of consulting engineers in designing systems. Judgment is required for application to spe- cific installations, and Carrier is not respon sible for any of the uses made of this text. © carrie Corporation 1960 Eighth Printing 1968 Ninth Printing 1972 (510304) PART LOAD ESTIMATING oy CONTENTS survey and load estima! design conditions storage solar heat gain-glass heat and moisture flow Infiltration and ventilation internal and system heat gain applied psychrometrics‘The primary function of air conditioning is to maintain conditions that are (1) conducive to human comfort, of (2) required by a product, or process within # space. To perform this function, equipment of the proper capacity must be installed and controlled throughout the year. The equipment wacity is determined by the actual instantaneous peak load requirements; type of control is deter mined by the conditions to be maintained during peak and partial load, Generally, it is impossible to measure either the actual peak or che partial load in any given space; these loads must be estimated. It is for this purpose that the data contained in Part Thas been compiled, Before the load can be estimated, it is impera: survey be made to assure tive that @ comprehens ecurate evaluation of the load components. I the ntancous load, building facilities and che actual ins within 2 given mass of the building are carefully studied, an economical equipment selection and sys tem design can result, and smooth, trouble free per formance is then possible. ‘The heat gain or loss is the amount of heat in- stantaneously coming into or going out of the space. The actual load is defined as that amount of heat which is instantaneously added or removed by the iment. The instantaneous heat gain and the actual load on the equipment will rarely be equal, because of the thermal inertia or storage effect of the building structures surrounding a conditioned space Chapters 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 contain the data from which the instantaneous heat gain or loss is esti: mated. Chapter 3 provides the data and procedure lor applying storage actors to the appropriate heat gains to result in the actual load, Chapter 8 provides the bridge between the load estimate and the equip: ment selection, It furnishes the procedure for estab- ishing the eriteria to fulfill the conditions required by a given project. The basis of the data and its use, with examples, are included in each chapter with the tables and charts; also an explanation of how each of the heat gains and the loads manifest themselves. CHAPTER 1. BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD ESTIMATE BUILDING SURVEY SPACE CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAT LOAD SOURCES An accurate survey of the load components of the space to be air conditioned! is a basic requirement lor a realistic estimate of cuoling and heating loads. ‘of Ug survey is the The completeness an acrwva' ery foundation of the e:tinate, aud its importance can not be overemphasized. Mechanical and archi: tectural drawings, complete field sketches and, in some cases, photographs ol important aspects are part ol a good survey, The following physical aspects must be considered Location of the ct 0: 1. Orientation of building space to be air conditioned with 1 a) Compass points sun and wind effects, bb) Nearby permanent structures ~ shading clfects ©) Reflective surfaces — water, sand, parking lots, ete 2. Use of space(s) — Ollie, hospital, department store, specialty shop, machine shop, factory, assembly plant, ete. 8. Physical dimensions of space(s) — Length, width, and height 4. Ceiling heigit — Floor to floor height, floor to ceiling, clearance between suspended ceiling and beams, Columns and beams — Size, depth, also knee braces 6. Construction materials ~ Materials and thick: ness of walls, roo’, ceiling, floors and parti sive position in the struc tions, and their 7. Susvounding conditions — Exterior color of root, shaded by adjacent building or sunlit, Attic spaces — unvented or vented, ty or forced ventilation. Surrounding spaces conditioned 01 unconditioned — tem. perature of non-conditioned adjacent spaces, such as furnace or boiler room, and kitchens. ace, basement. walls and 104 Floor on ground, crawl 8. Windows — Size and location, wood or metalsash, single or double hung. Type of glass — single or multipane. Type of shading device. Dimensions of reveals and overhangs. |. Doors — Location, type, size, and frequency of Stairways, elevators, and escalators — Location, temperature of space if open to uncondi- tioned area. Horsepower of machinery, ven- tilated or not. People — Number, duration of occupancy, nature of activity, any special concentration. [At times, it is requived to estimate the number of people on the basis of square feet per per son, or on average traffic Lighting — Wattage at peak. Type ~ incan- descent, fluorescent, recessed, exposed. If the lights are recessed, the type of air flow over the lights, exhaust, return or supply, should bbe anticipated. Ar times, itis required to esti: mate the wattage on a basis of watts per sq fe due to Jack of exact information, |. Motors — Location, nameplate and brake horsepower, and usage, ‘The latter is of great significance and should be carefully evalu ated. The power input to electric motors is not necessarily equal to the rated! horsepower di vided by the motor efficiency. Frequently these motors may be operating under a continuous overload, ar may be operating at less than rated capacity. It is always advisable to meas ure the power input wherever possible. This is especially important in estimates for indus- tia] installations where the motor machine load is normally a major portion of the cool ing load, Appliances, business machines, electronic equipment — Location, rated wattage, steam or gas consumption, hooded or unhooded, ex haust air quantity installed or required, and usage. Greater accuracy may be obtained by measur- ing the power or gas input during times of peak loading. The regular service meters may often be used for this purpose, provided power or gas consumption not contributing to the room heat gain can be segregated. Avoid pyramiding the heat gains from various appliances and business machines. For exam. ple, a toaster or a watfle iron may not be used uring the evening, or the fry kettle may not be used during morning, or not alt business ET CET PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING machines in a given space may be used at the same time. Electronic equipment often requires individ. ual air conditioning. The manufacturer's recommendation for temperature and humid- ity variation must be followed, and these re- quirements are often quite stringent, 15, Ventilation — Clim per person, cfm per sq ft, scheduled ventilation (agreement with pur chaser), see Chapter 6. Excessive smoking or odors, code requirements. Exhaust fans—type, size, speed, chin delivery. 16. Thermal storage — Includes system operating schedule (12, 16 or 24 hours per day) speci cally during peak outdoor conditions, permis sible temperature swing in space during a design day, rugs on floor, nature of surface materials enclosing the space (see Chapter 3). 17, Continuous or intermittent operation — Whether system be required to operate every business day during cooling season, or only ‘occasionally, such as churches and ballrooms. IE intermictent operation, decermine duration of time available for precooling or pulldown. LOCATION OF EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES ‘The building survey should also include informa- tion which enables the engineer to select equipment location, and plan the air and water distribution systems. The following is a guide to obtaining this information| 1, Available spaces ~ Location of all stairwells, elevator shafts, abandoned smokestacks, pipe shafts, dumbwaiter shafts, etc., ancl spaces for air handling apparatus, refrigeration ma. chines, cooling towe's, pumps, and services {also see Item 5), Possible obstructions — Locations of all elec: tical conduits, piping lines, and other ob- structions or interferences that may be in the way of the duct system, 3. Location of all fire walls and partitions ~ Requiring fire dampers (also see Item 16). 4. Location of outdoay air intakes —In reference to strect, other buildings, wind direction, dire, and shorceircuiting of unwanted contami: nants. 5. Power service — Location, capacity, current limitations, voltage, phases and cycle, 3 or 4 wire; how additional power (if required) may be brought in and where. 6. Water service — Location, size of lines, caCHAPTER 1. BUILDING SURVEY AND LOAD ESTIMATE pacity, presure, maximum temperature Steam service — Location, size, capacity, tem- perature, pressure, type of return system. 8. Refrigeration, brine or chilled water (if fur- nished by customer)—Type of system, capacity, temperature, gpm, pressure 9, Architectural characteristics of space ~ For Selection of outlets that will blend into the space design 10, Existing air conveying equipment and ducts — For possible reuse 11. Drains — Location and capacity, sewage dis posal 12, Control facilities ~ Compressed ait source and pressure, electrical. 18, Foundation and support — Requirements and facilities, strength of building. 14, Sound and vibration control requirements — Relation of refrigeration and air handling apparatus location to critical areas 15, Accessibility for mouing equipment to the final location — Elevators, stairways, doors, accessibility from street. 16. Codes, local and national — Governing wi drainage, water supply, venting of refrigera- tion, construction of refrigeration and air handling apparatus rooms, ductwork, fire dampers, and ventilation of buildings in gen- val and apparatus rooms in particular. AIR CONDITIONING LOAD ESTIMATE ‘The air conditioning load is estimated to provide the basis for selecting the conditioning equipment. It must take into account the heat coming into the space from outdoors on a design day, as well as the heat being generated within the space. A design day is defined as: 1. Aday on which the dry- and wetbulb tempera tures are peaking simultaneously (Chapter 2, ‘Design Conditions”. 2, A day when there is little or no haze in the air to reduce the solar heat (Chapter 4, "Solar Heat Gain Thru Glass"). 8. All of the internal loads are normal (Chapter 7, “Internal and System Heat Gain”) ‘The time of peak load can usually be established hy inspection, although, in some cases, estimates must be made for several different times of the day. ‘Actually, the situation of having all of the loads peaking at the same time will very rarely occur. To be realistic, various diversity factors must be applied ED 11 conattioniog Company to some of the load components: refer to Chapter 3, “Heat Storage, Diversity, and Stratification.” ‘The infiltration and ventilation air quantities are estimated as described in Chapter 6. Fig. 1 illustrates an air conditioning load estimate form and is designed to permit systematic load eval uation. This form contains the referenecs identified to the particular chaptersof data and tables required to estimate the various lozd components. ‘OUTDOOR LOADS ‘The loads from outdoo's consist of: 1. The sun rays entering windows — Table 15, pages 44-49, and Table 16, page 52, provide data from which the solar heat gain through glass is estinnated. The solar heat gain is usually reduced by means of shading devices on the inside or out- side of the windows; factors are contained in Table 16. In addition to this reduction, all or part of the window may be shaded by reveals, overhangs, and by adjacent buildings. Chart 1, page 57, and Table 18, page 58, provide an easy means of determining how much the window is shaded at a given time, A large portion of the solar heat gain is radiant and will be partially stored as described in Chapter 3. Tables 7 thru 11, pages 30-34, pro- vide the storage factors to be applied to solar heat gains in order to arrive at the actual cooling load imposed on the air conditioning equipment. These s:orage factors are applied to peak solar heat gains obtained from Table 6, page 29, with overall factors from Table 16, page 52. 2 The sun rays striking the walls and roof — These, in conjunction with the high outdoor air temperature, cause heat to flow into the space. Tables 19 and 20, pages 62 and 63, pro- vide equivalent temperature differences for sunlit and shaded walls and roofs, Tables 21, , 23, 24, 25, 27, and 28, pages 66-72, provide the transmission coefficients or rates of heat flow for avariety of roof and wall constructions. 3. The aiv temperature outside the conditioned space — A higher ambient temperature causes hheat to flow thru tae windows, partitions, and. floors. Tables 25 and 26, pages 69 and 70, and Tables 29 and 30, pages 73 and 74, provide the transmission coefficients, The temperature differences used to estimate the heat flow thru these structures are contained in the notes after each table.a PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING. mel REFERENCES i i au TABLE REFEREN: TABLE FEFEREN SaUanTeais=auesr | iss Secure 3 | couse” won Saree pagent x Tas 1007 | coworrions | ea a | Dosa sromer “sorrx HESS SS nessa | 2 4 veneer nm Tai 1 com puree tnx tee exe Og SOLAR © TRANS. GAli Yen] —— wo aon s | mens ea Ata omer TRANS GAIN-—EXCEFT WALLS © ROOF 4 . WEINAE WEA —
ESAS x ae neg tt (Table 26, page 70) = 152109 f floor area Foe 28 og (Fatie29, page 3 = 29.5 Ih'sq ft floor area pace) soxa0 Celing + 22 cosa (Table 29, page 73) 296 Ih sqft oor area pes NOTE: One-half of the paxtition, floor and ceiling thick hess is used. ssuming that the spaces above and below are consitioned snd are utilizing the other { balves for stone of heat, ‘Total sceight per sq f¢ 0 for area 52+ 1524205 429.5 = 97-4 Taig fe TThe overall factor for the window with the white venetian bind i 0.56 (Tabfe 16, pge 52) and the correction for sel ssh =1).85 A, Storage fart, 4 pam = 046 (Table 7) ‘The peak solar heat gain for a west exposure in July at 40" North latitude = 164 Beu he}sq fe), (Table 6) Actual cooling toad - i Acasa cooling load = (tno fy) a0 0 Bh Table 12 is used wo determine the actual cooling Toad from the heat gain from lights, These data may also be used to deterriine the actual cooling load from: 1. People — except in densely populated arcas such as auditoriums, theaters, ex. The radiane hheat exchange from the body is reduced in situations like this Because there is relatively less surface available forthe body to radiate to. Some appliances and machines that operate peviodially, with hot exterior surfaces sich ‘ 5 ovens, dryers hot tanks, et NOTE: For Items 1 and 2 above, use values listed for fhuorescent exposed lights.CHAPTER 8, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND SI Example 2 — Actual Cooling Load, Lights and People Tine same roo as in Bsampte J with a light heat Swati per a ft of floor area not including ballast, exposed in of RATIFICATION 1.28 Solution “The time elapsed after the lights are (am. to pm) orned on is 8 hours Storage load factor = 87 (Teble 12), fiuoreacent fights and 4 people, The room temperature to he faineained at 18 F aly with 26-hour operation ducing the peak load periods Find The actual cooling load at 4 pam. jive at 8 a.m}, Sensiile heat gain from peosle =215 Bahr (Table 48, page 100) Actual cooling toad (8X4 18520 20) + (A HC215) ] 87 = 5190 Bru hr with the lights eomed on asthe peopl TABLE 6—PEAK SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS* Bru/(hrifsq ft) EXPOSURE NORTH LATITUDE ; eae reine SBE : im : tar | Monti wepNe]® | | s [sw Nw [Were Monta tar ' °° Btaten | to | te | ter | rte | te Mie | Ho | sgefebtorn ee Reale a) 3 | ls rales eee Ly % ne arn a pee 163, dune ¥ ie 3 | i 3 seit | 20) | ‘ete 90 | 39 | 250 Dee = June | 162 Dee | 40° | aunties” Wi tiie] seater | 40 28 SET ee aT | + Saboroved trom Table 15, page 48 se lin Sous latitudes cons prety of alts rein whith eer {Soler hast gan on North expovre (it Nort tudes ron South expor rarege forthe 12h period (8 am to 6 pin). The erage ay fete toughest te day The stor heot goin values for tht expanse ore the0 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING 13 TABLE 7—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS Wii WeTERWAL SHADE 24 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet wocwm | att oa ara Ti] prose mom tay | stteoove! FT Tel olelnpalapalelels[ellepsperefeiayapeye] Sones nwareor | vee |%al0 ae 90,230 onlay] ac as cool an cfs] somauw pea aa (2m alam al ale ee 6 | 39/36 a ann Fianna saxon “ fal 30/909 at), i ae(ea[orloor ol ololece le] To acm fea] a0 aa las 14a aoa aon a5 seuthon ee 00/28 aan a7 as ar 3/5) 1244 an |08 97406 0s oe c/93] —Nonbaee we __|o sols7/ 95) 0¢ 0 [av 26 [05/4 a3/sa|ar/e [ole joe [a Taam [ow a an 1 ola aaa ar ast ato es PB faeS oe tl Seale Se Seon an anon aan ae | 08/08 | 0% .10).3 [83 63 66] 60 47) 29/9/18 16) 14 13) 08 |07] seumwe a on oan 35 6| 30) uso] 26|30|.ar 199k a6 08 | $a eles or fo ln a ole 1 a] or 0 va [3643838281976] afm [a a wa | oiniale maclaasaisil iene eaely, | ooloelae a 30 [a2] 35a |as|n aap aoa an as ah .08 |.09 10) 10 10 .16).33 |49 61 |.60/.a9|.17/.15/.19 12/10/08 |.08 08 07 06) sce Paraeded te uae aaa a alg al oy ae aPae ae ee sooo ic3 a3 or ce 10 [390,028 1012 on Ls 8 [an ot ioe lag fo asa a|oe at aalaglageig aes aa faae ag] Sh mn joane os 96 ou 98990 a6 a2 08 [08 04 [os 02 on oh ats Eauotion Costing Load, Bt = [Paok sla heot pain, Bu/tl lag Hi, (Toble 6) he Weight per 4g of fo x [Window ares, v0 8) % [Shade factor, Maze factor, te, (Choplr % [Storage Fodor, (above Table at dese time!) ld on the imide of the glass nal shading deve is ony type of shod le factors opply when meintining @ CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the spose during the eperotng period, Where the temperature it sllowed to swing, edditonalstorege will result during peak lood parieds Reler to Table 13 for aoslcate wocces hoon 1 Wolls,1b) + 4 (Weight of Partitions lor ond ior Area in Room, 49 Room on Bid Exterior {One or more oui wal) = 2H Weigh of Fortion, Floor ond Celing, fb) (Weight of Ounide Walls, 1b) + (Weight of Fler, Floo: Area in Boom, sq #1 Room in Bldg Interior No tide wall) = semen Reon (flor on grovnd) = \ = (slab of Oude Wall Potions, Flos Favre Beltdng or Tone = ‘Air Conditioned Foo Ares, s@ #1 ‘With cg on floor—Wight of loo ould be mulipied by 0.50 10 compensate for inating effet of rs Wigs per 1g fof common types of construction ae contained in Taler 2) thr 33, page 66 tre Yo ing) A (Wig of Parton: ond Ceing, Ib)131 CHAPTER §, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND STRATIFICATION TABLE 8—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH BARE GLASS OR WITH EXTERNAL SHADE? 24 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperaturet ret oe aes = mt soot 22] 20 [10 i aiehe = 19 | a7 33 37.15} .04].13].12) ~ Taso 8 ever [11.10 10.20 |. a9 |.36 [143 |47 | 46 |40 34 Jae |e) .14).r3[.02 woven | ae Th Rialelals als See eT] sommes ae |e ou fi ae as [a [70 an | 25 aetna Tie waver fon nn ar fie too 0)9 ae Lay |ae| a ee 3 | [aaa oe ee ee we : Se [08 5 850s [or ar ae na |p [a ar | 70 59 2slde [tal ae as [a0 a ever [10 [10 a0 10/10 \10 j20/ 10.12 [17 [25].94/.9 [34] 26 26 |as|.a0|ae 16|.24 13.12/10. onmowest ios" Yon ayn Lan ov lan on| an La [19 |30|40 a a0 2 jae ante ta a0] 10)68] Sean ‘er (at [oe er (an [oe (001013 27 | | 459 10] or os | 09/02/01 Neat aoe over fie jas oy ar a [se 7 fan fon jon 727 sp Lat [as a [a7 Lae ay [a7 2829.21 | “ see Lar Lap cat star (an au [70 [70 [vu [rm a0 aot Lat [ara ajar [202 ne ts auoton: Cooling Load, Btu/hr = [Pak solar heat gon Bu/br (9 fl, Teble 6 x [Window area, sq) 2 [Shade festor, Haxe factor, et (Chapter 4] % [Storage fastor, above Toble st dented tne] cor shaded by externa projections ore store gle — Any window wit ne inside shading device. Windows with shading devices onthe ou tenidered bare gloss thew factor apply when msintaining © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE ia the spoce during the operating period Where the tempercture i Thawed te near additonal storage will rvlt during peak load pends. Refer to Teble 13 for epaiable factors {Weight per eat eho ide Wels a oon, ea en tg eno nee Foe arms wa = he af Yo sta 7 1 (Wein of Por oom in Bldg Interior (Na outide wal) = a ee Weight f Ove Wat (Wag of borane Ron fer on rena ~ (SANS Ould Mat Wei (Weight of Outside Wel, Parton, Foot, Celings, tol crate ng or ee ihr Candioneg Floor Aree, 5a ft With rg on floor Weight of flor sculd be multiplied by 0.50 fo compenssie for imutng effet ofr Weighs periq ff eommon typeof contrcion ore contained in Tables 21 tw 93, pages 66 thre 76 { i132 PART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 9—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH INTERNAL SHADING DEVICE 16 Hour Operation, Constant Space Temperature cxrosum | anieertele am oe pear Pe Sanat exrosune ‘Merm tery | ettiecreres) TST Ta [el] w][ujwiilala[*l#l|+[7jeje| Semin ceed reese cle ae a ala | 26/20 [0 lar as |] ao | ov oe ww | Ma) sls ARE S| we ula |as ss || j2 2 tals aonb. z i i | Wa | a9 | ae ot fe oa — [ie Al fe S| tonne 7 ae i ae nse 75 Te a ( Equation: Coating Loos Btv/ir = [Pek solar heat gain, x [Window area, qf] % |Shoue fect Haze factor, ete, (Chapter 4) % [Storage foe, (above Toble ot deaed tne!) “tieral shading device i any 1yB# of shade looted onthe inde ofthe glor ‘Thee foctorsopely hon molntining © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the space during the operating pered. Where the temperature is ‘during peak lood perinde. Reler to Toble 13 for splices soroge focor. lowed to suing, odaitonal storage mill Weight per zg ft of 1 (Weight of Ounide Well, el Ls (Ws Fleer Aree in Room, 3c f (Weight of Portions, Hoar ond Cen, Ib Room in Bly ntvor (No outside wale) = Fas ana see ons Flor ond Ceting, ib] foam on Bg Exterior (One or more ouside wal (Weight of Oude Wath, 1) (Wag of Fr bl = Ye (Wai of Pr Bosenem Room [Hooton ground) = 0M st Cute. Is) (ign For ” Weight of Ouside Wall Portions, Floors, Clings, Stuctral Members and Sippets Ib ee eral ‘ir Condhioned Foor Ares, qf Wins ug on floor—Weight of floor sould be mulied by 0.80 to compensate fr inloing eff of \Weigits per sg fof common types of contution are contained in Toler 2) Th 28, pager 6 try 76a CHAPTER 3, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND STRATIFICATION 1.33 ) TABLE 10—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH BARE GLASS OR WITH EXTEINAL SHADE 16 Hour Operation, Content Space Temperoturet inert te ether area) TS Te Te lw[ nial: [2[>[e[s[e[r7[elo (Goeth tes) ao ) = lala or = [Pook olor boot gain Sth) (og fl Tobe 6 2% [Window oreo, sq) % [Shade factor, Haze fete, et (Chapter 4] % [Storage fosor, (above Table ot desied tne) Fauotion, Cooling Load, tore glo — Any window with no inde shading device. Windows with shading devices on the outside or shaded by exterel proietons ore ‘comideres bore gst. ‘Thome factors epply when meintaning © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE in the spoce during the operating period. Wh the temperatre i Cnt ee eee Soh dong pet ood peads eere Toh 13 er apple veces fo veg per se tor sigh of Oude Waly 1] +3 (Wegh eect, Fer ond Clin, roam on dg Enter (One mor nie wot) ~ sitll Ou n+ fg Pron, Foro ag BY | Ineror (No ouside wats) = 2S ght ef Paritions, lose ond Celng Ib) Floor Ares in Room, og ft fe Wott, tb) + (Wight of Foor, b) + % (Weight of Paritions ond Ceing Ib) Foor Area In Boom, sf 1s ond Suppers bl sig ot Joment Room [Fearon ground) = (Welatt of Oude W. Fetiion, Hoo, Cains, Sracarl Me ae “hi Condiioned Fsor Aree, 23 ft ‘Wit rg on floor Weight of floor sould be mulipied by 0.40 to compensate fr ilting ater! of rs. Weighs per sa fof common of consrution ere conined ia Tables 21 thre 83, poges 66 hry 76nai Lot PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE TI=STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS ( 12 Hour Operation, Constant Spoce Temperaturet rE HABE [aan oat Om BevmAT BHATT weonTh SUN TIME exrowure | thpersae exrorune (eon ah | ot ere ra - mm (eon te ray ; wimp [2] 2[* nfeli] a] ay eys oe $y e/a ea a a Sf aaa te $3 ay 7a [a [aoa] aoa] at 33)e{39| (| a8[2¢] cow $374 42 |a0 [5 |49 | 25) at 54.99/28] 23) 18) 18/12 i at 907422 aa s [areal a] 130] aa Scone 9 35, 67096 2 69 a7 a South 26 22 3831 |e4 73 51 ].31 44) 37 |.3 43 North y 2 ana a0 3e 36 30/28 38 ane ‘fap ar ae ts [lara n “ere ha a8 39 [07 a 8 2 (a0 a7 as 29a a0 aa 8 echt ah ar ae [a at a 8 3s ah| [as 38] seamen le (ant ao fe 1a 8 ae aul a7 oa, 17/ 30 a0 ae ve 8 |e nee [98 oe 8690 96. se|.06 [25 175/79 9 ae asap a1 2 9990] down ( 98 36 98/98 [38] sa] 96 90 9681/4, 86 a9 91 93 9304 94) 95, 9898 = a es oe 7 shee [Peck olor heot goin, Bt /lh) (eq, (Tale) 2 [Window area, 1a % [Shade fstor, Hose fotr, et (Chapter 4] % [Storage fosor, (obave Teble ot desired tine) Equation: Cooling Loc ‘inert shading device i ony type of shade le {boce glass Any window with no inde sheding davie, Windows with shoding devices on the ouide or sheded by external projections ore ‘camidered bore glass ‘Thats fetes epely when maintining o CONSTANT TEMPERATURE In the seco during the operating period. Whare the temperature Is ‘lowed fo sing, Sddltionel soroge wil result during peck lood periede. Reler fo Table 13 for epplicoble storage Focor Salah per sgt of tof Oude Wal 8 + 1 (aight of Prion Het ord Cetin, ) {oom on Bde Exterior (One or mee eid wa) = ht 2 il of 14 Ig of Pantin, Fe and Csig fom in dg ror Oe cuide wo] = SS ee Weight of Oude Wolk, B= (Weight f For, i + % Wei of Partin: nd Cia, Sorement Room (Fear on eran = © ca ae eo (Weight of Outde Wall Partition, Foot, Catngs, Stctral Membart and Support, ‘ir Conditioned Poot Area, 9 ‘With rg on floor—Weight of Foor shold be mulinied by 0.50 Ye compensate for insulting effet of ra Weighs por sq fof common types of eoncucton are contsined in Taber 21 thw 33, poger 86 the 76 EnireSuiling or Zone —CHAPTER 3, HEAT STORAGE, DIVERSITY, AND STRATIFICATION 1.35 TABLE 12—STORAGE LOAD FACTORS, HEAT GAIN—LIGHTS* Lights On 10 Hourst with Equipment Operating 12, 16 and 24 Hours, Constant Space Temperature raul Sree: | | wetours NUMBER OF HOURS AFTER LOHTS ARE TURNED ON Anion | pera | ANON | Wesson [o]a 2] 24 [2] e] 7] ]» [eo] nv [ra| [sve [or [ia] vo [20 [ay [na [a | al Teo @ over [ar] ar|zv] | 70) 79| 80] 03] aa 96] 7]29] 26 [20] 20].19|07|.05] 24) 02] 1 [10 [08 oe i | 24 too [31 a7 |72| 74] 791-81 [89] 95 97) 80) 90 30 | 26 (2219 16].15 13] 12) 10) 09/08 07 [06 i 20__[25|7403|08| 91 94) 96] 96] 90] 989087 12060) 06) 09] 92 01 or] ar] 0 [eo : Toa over |.s0|02] 40] ae| ae] 2a] as] 05.2.0] v0 |22).2e [a5].20 | rr] 2 | 6 100. |-46| 79 44/86] 87/96) s6| e9| 29] 30] 90) 20| 26 |22].19\6) || | | : 30.29] 77 [as ae 9295) 9] 56 90| 90) 99| 2617 12) 08 [os | i 130 a over |.43|90) 911 93|90| 96] 95] 98] 99) 96) 0637 ] : | 12 too 1 92) 94|94| 95) 95| 96] 36] 97/36, | Vy ryt yd 30___[az_6|91,93| 95] 97_98].96) 99.99] 97/26] | ee sete ae Toa eww fat zal 63] 70170) 77] 79] ans an] ae lave |as|ae| aol vel va|as va foa $,,| 24 100 | 24/56 63 68) 72/75 78) 20|-62].84) 86 | 40].24 29/25) 20).18|.17).18].14)12).10 j09) 08 ate 30 17/65 | 77, 84] 88| 92) 94) 98|.97| 98| 96 .35]23 .06|.11 .07].05|.04) 03) 02] 01 01 |0 | 0 piigh : | Be Tse & ever |. 78 [791 0) 00|a1| #2] c0| eu] -e| 07 |a9|a5 21/20 as | gilt) 16 oo |'45) 73 \7e|-82|82 2| 89) 04/25, 07/20/40] 36 29/28 20 | ie8 30 22-49 80 88 89 92.94] 95|.97| 96) 96).38].28 06 .11 07 | ai too nover [or|te an) a0|n | 92] 93] 9s|95]s0) | i 12 too | se) sae |a8! 90) 92/90] 24|94| 94 98].a8) || | at ‘0 _[al.e1 26) 91/.93 98 97) 97/ 98] 99] 99) 38 Lit | soe 150.8 over 29) 33/.41|7/.52/ 37" 45) 69] 7a] zal se| 32] ae| 02] 37] 24|.a1| 27/25] 29|.21 [18] 04 Beh | a [seo [ran ae sore al 2 27 eo} at 792} 27/9} 2] voc] 2 Hy fe [0 ae ae, 70,8227) a0) 99] 45] 97| 9) 52|24| 24! 26,01] 07|05| 04] 02] 02] 01 [0 | 0 $325) | 150 & over |s7).e4/0 72) 73) 78|.74| 74] 75| 76) 70.09] 52 4s) a2 37 252) 16 too” [irl so ar 7274 77 76) 70 80) a1) 02/ 40] 3444 7 22 die ‘3>__[-07| 33 0| 70 aa) e6|:1| 93 95|97| 90] se] a4] 24 te] i2ty ar t 44 ie Twos ww |75)79 2524s] ae] 9/01| 9) 11] 25 j 323 12 100, 166) 77.81! 24) 86) 88| 99) .99| 92] .93] 93) 72) zs 30 34) 72.02) 8) 95) 95| 97| 98] 98) $2 L | L Trae Toson Spy wien Babating © CONSTANT TEMPERATURE In tha apace cing the operating period, Where the Temperature is allowed 12 Wit gs operating {highs On crags wil out suring pook load periods. Refer fo Teble 13 fr me nomber ot hous athe tine of equipment oper Occsinoly edusinens may be raged to take otcoun of Kits The flowing the procedure toad he lod fectors [ALWITH UGHTS IN OPERATION FOR SHORTER PERIOD THAN 10 OURS ond the equipment operating 12, 16 of 24 hous ot he Hine ing fr 24 hour 2 Uwe the storage load fairs ov ted up to he fine the lghs fore onal of bs. St me foad factor beyond the 10 how fon the right of eary ine] to the ff tothe haut the fights ore fred of This Teoves fst few hovrs of equlpment operation without osignoted load fetore . Enropolte the los few hour at the some rte of raguction Shine and hours inthe tle 2. Eavipment aneroting fr 18 hows crfollow ine procedsre in Step 1 ng the erage led fotor ‘oles in 24hour equipment opertin robe, bs. Now tonsa © new ssh of lo0g forors by adding the new Toives for the ish hour fo th denoted 0, 1718 hor Ho he Tar hour, te TABLE 15—SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Contd) 30° Btu /tn (fsa oe) 30° 3oNOR TATTUDE [AM con Time tae SOUTH caTTUDE a a A CD ert aaheresl sta] lal als Tout Nera Fae | ey Psy yey a] Shaan tor Tepe (et el eet ied il tad te Be ee eta te sine n | Soe alr el er ay a al el els vec 22 seit | ELL ET LL Al Lal ol ae i Seat Se te Ww sf] ef ala] alas) | | eaten peas [ST AL EF [aed ts | to asso 29 [a ie North Wy io) 4] 3 Tay 14 | raf ie] os ‘South ~ [Rete (ee het al a] ols] if ele Sete vor ns (Bote Lee Led ee at sd ned aed ot at het | av ar Se SS ee ea Pee Srey ey Sl ela wl] el al a] seme : [ss | EL SELL SLL AL SL Sli Lael ood | Neto vaya Pee SS eee phe nor a Nocthwost 4] efi] 3 (4) ta | te] 48, 31 | 93 | Southwest eto Lady hed [fate tt ate [att 21 | fete iat See ea ae aT a Neha | sfeotlual of ay al tel ay E elgilaesee ave | Est sacs med sshd asd i eto td oh a aes reo sta Se ees oT ey Secor a | Sen reer al el otal ale a ala) wn a sy AT SLATE RTT SLB Lido || of Lat | Neto anno [at Sh a a ee eer aera | we cers Worms [oa] sll abcd ial tah isl a] se Pee] oe] 22 | sectent eos [BLS] dh asta | tS and [a | S| ieee ar SSpep epee ay + fea Ne | sal Stal el al eles S| Se seman LB Se eke al Le 3 ee Man 2 fe — Eee ey ae ancl « [Eun 8) eyes] sal se] a] oe | ss 3) ear 1 seat SL SL ial eel aL als Lat oN at van me PSE SR a tet Www | of sl el al ali sie BT ew | Horizont of} 25] ai | 135] 179 | 202] 202 | 202 0 | Horizontal ar ape ay ae Pete |S] ata! el a] a oY Seta corn | Br Sel alas ele of es wen 70 St SSH eC op aad | sea A oY Nene 2 1 ceeee re |Bleral ay Ao ram [wet gape oe nue Wee | of 3 ay ul al a OT et Newry [BL afb Laso| aal S| seems aa ope ap iy =] Seah Rete | 8) etal 3] ula | 9] et wovar | pat of tat lusl gl el etal Ts S| es way 2 See eee ree $A . [ee SY tap ae] ef ee] ee] oe [ise] | ST Noa : ery | OL SL EL OL Lee] me iS a Lier Le Lae | 6 | Netto aan Pee CE Ea eye suey 2 [resort | ool t[e] af] 2] 2] 2] fs] te] “3] 0 | Southwest [etiam [8] sf 8] tfbe Lt] ad fst | of L$] 3] 8 | Bo The SET aT aT ar eT ee rereae (3) tt st la] al al ul | a) 3] 8] sete re 31 et hiatal SL ett ul sts] S| ol em SE See aT Faye] oT Rea vec 2 | soon oy eres ceeds] e[uste| eo] o] meme | sunens sean ST SL ap ae eS Ta [is Led 1 gL ete aaa SL epee ey ape] ed Weve 13) ot at st al ol el al al] elo] s| sete | Neteret 1 8) 8] tf ol ssl at [al se ol] 3] e| secon _| eat Se Deep aaa soir enn | SSR Hee Aitiode | ogo ah o | ann Seam a » onection | yes eri? | —1S% [Mant | 40.7% per tooors | “Fis peri0F | = 7% per tor ED + consenng compar40° PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 15—SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Contd) Bru/(hr) (ea ft sash area) 40° er NRTA ATU _[ A TON TIME aa] SOUTH LATTUDE Se ee Tors spapal bal wpa «| el 2] 2] 2 went FRR BY ss] ey ie] a) a) By ef tafe fos pa ee get ep ep ey ep ee) ee une at | Sook tT ers Mel se] ual aa] ue] os] to] te] wo] osc 22 te | LLB LBL il tal Se] i] elit bioe| ae | st st Sh aie aay ef re Poe Wee | ot 8) al ol] toe) cs] oo a3] te fed ie Notas [EL 12] 22 [ao [aid attrat dana aia |p | Se PRED aT | orzo SE eet ey ey rey] ay ed 22] seh elisa) acl sel el is] te] te] B] te] io] 7s | Seetteaw wu 2 vos |r gee ae] SL edad el | | io § | ae Jan ast eh ss ae ep ap ay toy | Neate * ser ol a) el al el al e| | 5] to] 3 | Nem ‘ spit Lael se] 42) Bt sl tol el ue] sel st | Netheen wae a1 [Wat Spock af at eh ei breed rer re] West Nov ai Sat el el tal aa] tel ts| | sole] ar ioe | Sethnase 2a AS] fabt La | an8| att Jae [zs | St ae] 3 [!9¢ | ero capa ep ep ey ey ye] 2] Seth feet eR) Py cll ef Bln] a] a | utes nue soley ele al uel tel el aL) alt eee ea 0 Sete ee ST TT eT None ‘ TPOSTETP TST aoe | a a] at] | 8) 3 | Nok ‘ af 3) eS a Su 2 Lito] se] cd al oe | ae | Nemes aon ze vie 3h BE ae iors ieey rer ee] et ocr 2 Wns Lot bl til tal isl tal te] is] te] se] e2| l02| 2 | Seuthoast Neathwast | 2] $1 sto | 28) wz ata |b) ves | 50 100] 47 | “9 | Heras Tort a aL aay ayy 2] aye) ] seat rot | OL tas) a] ol a] celal 3] | 3] ] 3] geuteaw serra | fa gy zl otal isl oll at st $18 | eae MAR 22 ee Tey eT eT eT ae a | sean 8) fe) ac PH tela] oso] vel ei] a4] 2 fo] Now & cee LO Z| a Gal el “al “ae [a] tp Luer ise] 35 | 8 | Nertteet wana Wat Sh ea RR aerate Tie} | We serra Were) ot al shal alc) ela] cal ae] a8] at) & | exthea Nomis |S at | ob [ize] oss one] os [vo] os [eee | 21 | 0] Horace fer ae a aL ayy ys] fe) seat noth Po) ag) a] | ul ol 2] a] ij to] | 2 8 | Seitheen ocr | fat BL eta] al ol lal ul el ol 2 ot be arn 0 Lp EE PP any toy et 0 Nene a | Sou OP Pisa | es tee [see] oe] oe] 21) 0 | Now 2 seat | 3) 2] Sa] '95) bol "Sl tor [Nesp ton] et st] | 0 | Netheen ream [Wet ghee seater asp] wer wus; Were To) al al ol ul il | a) ul ve] 33| 35] 2 | Souhved Neonat 2] 21 of | eS] orf sais [aor] | | “e] 0 | Hest enh eT ay ay 3] ey 8] sor Noe | ot hazy a] cl al ulin) a] [3] 8] 8 | Seutouw wov 21 | gat ol ole laoel os] sol | tol a] of 3] of of Bee way 21 tear gh eae eer ey aT 8] OY err a | eu 378) fice] fee] estat] ie] we] os so] 9] 0 | Non * cag |S] 9) 22 [| | Saeed tel eel tee oe] Of 0 | Netvae van ar Par + Sap eye et 0] | wet aur 2 Warne | ol ot a) a] st ml uf ie) a] | 2] 8] 8 | Seutheen Neate | 81 Sh 2] al oa sol ce | or) [| ie] 6] 0 | Heracot Non gee ey aye) ap 2 | Seah nowt eT ] gy 3] | al tol tol io o| 8) 2] 9) 8] Sethean i Sloot th atl ol tt vel wok at gl a} ol 0 faa Shecar Satta Te aT aay STP] Rena ore 22 | South Sy Sf Se (ze] tal ice ws fice] ve] se] st] 0] 9 | Nea JUNE 21 th | OL SL) SSL Sn) 5 tee [ter] tae ie] el OL OL Nets at ap eee oo a Were To) os) at cl a) io) iol el | | 2] | 2 | Seuttees newt 1 1 2) 2] 8] ob] rel oslo] so] oe] 6] 0] 0 Hovawnta Steel Suh a Devnet Dewpoint South sel Guin | SNCS Mow Aiade oraon are | neat Bom 67 | Stee, en. fon | ac astrin | iss tment | +07% per 000 rotor” [MEW porloe | OSH sold Fac Values — Monty Masnums Bowed Vous — Yeu mosimareCHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS ) TABLE 15—SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU ORDINARY GLASS (Conta) 50° Bru/{thr} (eq ft sosh orea) 50° SNORT LATTE [A SUN TINE maw Foe oaiTOve Northe TH1125] 94 | 50] 16] ia} 14] is] is] 3] 12] 10] 8 | Southeast SEPT 22 |_East of ior {ize |i | 93] 43} iz} ia | 2 a] 4} o MAR 22, ) erection | xc NSH 7 | —1s%y (Man) | -+0.2% ner 1o00Ft |e Teper tOF | Te per tO sia Valuos — Youty maximums Bold Face Values — Monthly Mi We EBD 1 crettenngcompeny ee heewo em See Heat Gain to Space econoeo £521) $ABR 138 Ror 61K Ly big, 15 — Ruactioy os Stan Heat (R), 528% Heat Apsonnine Gtass, 30° ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ALL GLASS TYPES — WITH AND WITHOUT SHADING DEVICES Glass, other than ordinay glass, absorbs more solar heat because it 1, May be thicker, or 2. May be spec dheat absorbit ly treated to absorb solar heat glass). ‘hese special glass types reduce the wansmitted solar heat but increase the amount of absorbed solar heat flowing into the space. Normally they rellect slightly less than ordinary glass because part of the rellection takes place on the inside surface \ portion of heat reflected from the inside surface js absorbed in passing back through the glass. The vera effcet, however, is to reduce the solar heat feain to the conditioned space as shown in Fig. 15, (Reler to Hem 8, page 51. for absorptivity, reflec tivity and transmissibility of common types of glass at 40° angle of incidence.) The solar heat gain frctor through 52%, heat absorbing glass as compared to ordinary glass is GAR/.88R = .728 or .73. This multiplier (78) is tised with Table 15 to decermine the solar heat gain thru 52%, heat absorbing gless. Multipliers for vari ‘ous types of glass are listed in Table 16. The effectiveness of a shading device depends on its ability to keep solar heat from the condi: tioned space. AMI shading devices vefleet and absorb 4 major portion of the solar gain, leaving a small portion to be transmitted, The outdoor shading devices are much mare cifective than the inside de: ices because all of the rellected solar heat is kept ‘out and the absorbed heat is dissipated to the out door air, Inside devices necessarily dissipate cheir absorbed heat within the conditioned space and ial, PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Heat Gain to Space Sedo x19 Ry + (7 FT RY + (IZ TT RY (08.51 TTR) + (40.15 X 1 TTR) = 42 Ror 49 R Fic. 16 — Reactios ox SoLak Hat (R) Yi-aNcte PLATE GLASs, WHITE VENETIAN BLIND, 30° ANGLE or INCIDENCE ust also reflect the solar heat back through the glass (Fig, 16) wheveir some of it is absorbed. (Refer to Item 8, puge 51. for absorptivity, rellectivity and transmissibility of common shading deviees ar 30° angle of incidence.) The solar heat gain thru glass with an inside shading device may be expressed as follows: = [bie + tens ta ates + Aaat] where (= solar het gain rospace. Brahe #) {Gar lone mena Ba Gin), Grom Fable 15) Ssh asorpaie car sefectity ai shating device 5 = camerson factor 0m Fig 2 R 8 Pa rc For drapes the above formula changes as follows, caused hy the hot air space between glass and drapes: R ates + aero] Q ae Dhag te (RFAna + ta The transmission factor U_for glass with 100% drape is 0.80 Beu/ (bri (sq fe) (F. The solar heat gain factor Uhr the combination Fig. 16 as compared to ordinary glass is 49R /.88R =.557 or 56. (Refer to Table 16 for Jj-inch regular plate glass with a white venetian blind.) eae:CHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS NOTE: Actually the reaction on the solar heat reflected back Inrough the glass from the blind isnot always identi fal to the Rist pass ae assumed in this example, The first pase hraugh the glass filers out most of solar 1s to be absorbed! in the glass, and the the radiation t Second pass alors somewhat les. For simp! reaction is assumed identical, since the quantities are hhormally small on the second pass Basis of Table 16 ‘Over-all Factors for Solar Heat Gain thru Glass, With and Without Shading Devices The factors in Table 16 are based on: 1. An outdoor film coefficient of 2.8 Bru/(lw) (sq ft) (deg F) at 5 mph wind velocity An inside film coefficient of 1.8 Bau /(hr)(oq £) (deg F), 100-200 fpm. This is not 1.47 as nor- mally used, since the present practice in well designed systems is to sweep the window with a stream of air 4. A 80° angle of incidence which is the angle au which most exposures peak. The 30° angle of incidence is approximately the balance point of solar heat though the atmosphere and the decreased transmissibility of glass. Above the 30: the transmissibility. of glass decreases, below the 30° angle the atmosphere absorbs fon reduction coming angle or reflects more. All shading devices fully drawn, except roller shades. Experience indicates that roller shacles are seldom fully drawn, so the factors have been slightly increased. 45° 5. Venetian blind slats horizontal at 45° and shading sercen slats horizontal at 17° Outdoor canvas awnings ventilated at sides and top. (See Table 16 Zootnote.) 7. Since Table 15 is based on the net solar heat gain thr ordinary glass, all calculated solar heat factors are divided by .88 (Fig. 12). The average absorptivity, reflectivity and trans missability for common glass and shading de vices at a 30° angle of incidence along with shading factors appear in the table below Use of Table 16 —Over-all Factors for Solar Heat Gain thru Glass, With and Without Shading Devices The factors in Table 16 are niultiplied by the values in Table 15 to determine the solar eat gain thra different combinations of glass and shading. devices, The correction factors listed under Table 15 are to be used i applicable. Transmission due to temperature difference between the inside and out rust be added to the solar heat gain to door air determine total gain thru glass Exomple 3 — Partially Drawn Shades fe it necessary £0 estimate the cooling loud in i are nat 10 be fully The Occasionally a building where the Dli procedure is ilestrated in the Following example Given West expose, 40° Nov Theemopane window wh white ven drain. a ve latitude Jan blind om inside sola beat goin, Solstion: hy inspection of Table 15, the boxed boldface values for peak solar heat gain, occurring at 4:00 pam. on July 2 = 164 eu/ihayg 6) TS OF GAS OR aay] ences | Ta Toke pees | | a Solar Factont Oana cin +e ts sare : 8 eg Late | te Neti Goor ss ed Ban Corer zn | a ra Co = Eine Cloth Big 618-9179) = sp Coun igo Gay | Firglan Gahan (38 [4 | sce, he ol ow | Fiberglass Cloth, Dark G _ oO 20 | DisrarCioh White G8 SA) 8 Pato Gh: Dah Chen, Ving Conte | tue ral sae) s | eet a a a Factors for various draperies are given for guidance only since the sciual drapery material may be different jn. color and enue; fgues in parentheses are ounces per sq yd, and yarn “arp Ailing, Consult manvfactarers for actal vales ED 1 cttenercomrny #Compared to ordinary glass. ding device in combination with ordinary glass Fora!PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING “Thermopane windows have no sash; therefore, sash area correction = 1/85 (hottom Table 15) se ihis example, 4 of the window i covered with the Soliton: Jn this example HG, not therefore, the soar heat gain My Inpction of Table 15 the hoxed boldface value for factor equals 3% of the overall factor + 14 of the glass peak solar leat gain, occaring at 4:00 p.m. on July 29 factor 4 bh) 96) Factor for yg dean = 4 X52) + (4 80) (Table 16) sic ssh window correction = 1/85 (bottom Table 15) =a Solex “R" glass absorbs 50.9%, of the solar heat (footnotes erhen gn st x2 roe 1) ehh ace ie ae ee =H Buu de) 4 1) Thum Table 16, the factor = 33. xomple 4 Peok Solar Heot Gin thr Solex"R” Gloss syarheoguin= 1%". = at mar 608) ‘West exposite, 40° North latitude Ye Soten "Re glass in steel sas, double hung window TABLE 16—OVER-ALL FACTORS FOR SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS WITH! AND WITHOUT SHADING DEVICES* Apply Factors to Table 15 Outdoor wind velocity, 5 mph — Angle of incidence, 30° — Shading devices fuly covering window TRIBE oursie ~ )oursibe oursiog cuss | VENEUN DUNGY fvenStaN'Btno] SRRING | AGUNG years (ete) caret etre ace Fae a ea Stabe iam | Medium | ook | ake Masive Dor | abt eas | Neder | @25.] ea eee) Sat | eS, SRDNARY GAS AT Ae mer Lee os ete Pe a oe [ HEAT ABSORAING GLASSTT tse wo |) 2 | ml 2] a} uw |} ae | abr eee Bl] fe foie] an | as | om Sito 70% Aboring BS] 2 | ste |e | oe | to | ie |e DOUBLE PANE i Ordinary Clas wo fa | | ol om | af ao | wf ae | oe Result ee TS [el | a] le | | ue | Soo st%e nbsthing subi else arse terra : di Glass inside. a 3 ° Zz ' 0 10 7 490509, Absting sue a | wa : Regular Plate inside, so ” o e ! ‘0 io 7 THPLE PANE Sein hiss pn lal fw] a | | ae | oa | ae | Regul Pate ey") & | oitof te | is | | iw |e TAINTED GLASS Tigh Calor 28 Nation Color * Dat Cale 20 STAINED GLASSEE Anbar ee 10 Oat tea Hy Den Bee rd Dat race 2 Groped Goes “ tight Opolscst ° Oat Oplscet 2 iii |VA 20298 S| lent TP] rrezerre aces eenecne Fic, 17 — Reaction on Sonar Heat (R), INCH PLATE GLASS, WHITE VENETIAN BLIND, 14 INCH PLATE GLass, 80° ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, APPROXIMATION OF FACTORS FOR COMBINATIONS: NOT FOUND IN TABLE 16 Occasionally combinations of shading devices and types of glass may be encountered that are not cov: ered in Table 16, These factors can be approximated (1) by using the solar heat gain flow diagrams in Fig. 15 and 16, (2) by applying the absorptivity, re flectivity and transmissibility of glass and shades listed in the table on fage 5/, or determined from manufacturer, and (3) by distributing heat absorbed within the dead air space and glass panes (Fig. 17). Example 5 — Approximation of Over-oll Factor Given A combination as in Fig. 16 backed on the inside with an: fother pane of if-inch regular plate glass, Finds ‘The over-all factor. Solution Figure 17 shows the disti)ution of solar heat. The heat a sorbed hetoreen the glass panes (dead air space) is divided 459% and 550%, respectively heeween the in and out Row. ‘The heat absorbed within the glase panes is divided 20% in and 80%, out for the outer pane, and 73% in and 25% owt for the inner pane. These divisions are based on reasoning par tially stated in the notes onder Fig. 13. which assume the ‘outdoor fm coeficient of 28 Buu (he) (qf) (deg F). the \loor fm coffcient of 18 Btu/ (hr) (sq fe) eg F), and the ‘overall thermal condvetince of the air space of 1.87 Buu fe) 64 1) (ex) Heat gain wo space Fig. 17) (F515 12 TTR) + (77 X12 TTR) 445 ((37 TOR) + (08 % 51 % TTR) (08 12 x 77R)] $20 (15R) + (15> 81 x TTR) = 2688 oF 27K Solar heat gain factor as compared to or TRV ABR = 31 rs: Solar Gain Without Shoder Solor Gain Wh shode (Soler Data fom 5} % (Glan Feet from tobe) {Soler Dote from Table 18) x (Overall Factor from table] Soler Gain With Shoder Pertialy Drown ~ (Solar Doto from Table 1S} [iPrasion Brown % Overall Fedor) + (1 ~ Fron Drown) x (Gloss Forel for Table 16: “Shoding devices fully drown except eller shades. For fully drown foller shades, mutiny bgt colors By 73, med colors by 98, ond (ork colors by 108 *ocors for solar elfivde ongles of 40° or a ‘elow 40, some did lar Foye pass th minis At solar stitodes (MULTIPLIERS FOR SOLAR ALTITUDES BELOW 40° “commercial shade, slsminum Metal slots 057 Inches wide, 17.5 per inc ‘Yat heat absorbing gloss wie in comer! sir condoning I in the OW te 55% range; induntel apotcains normaly use 56% to 704, Tho folowing tomle presente te cbsorpon auaien ofthe fret common iat ypeu— SOLAR RADIATION ARSORIED BY MEAT ABSORBING GLASS [are | oe =" | T T slots Corp. | Ya Stem fsoem|saoem. | | P| tHe ee Gionce, a, Uawses | Faden |7avam |7200m | 4g | op | 167 bey Swensford | Ye | Pole BleGreen, 4:30 pm_| 430 pm. | 4:30 pm tnburgh Plote Glow oder by 1. 1 agoinst balding on sides end 0p, VA PoleGreen 509 ses, ui he predominant cle. { i |156 nisi PART |. LOAD ESTIMATING GLASS BLOCK Glass block differs from sheet glass in that there is an apprecinble absorption of solar heat and a fairly long time lag before the heat reaches the in. side {about 3 hours). This is primarily caused by the thermal storage capacity of the glass block it sell. “Che high absorption of heat increases the inside surface temperature of the sunlit glass block which pray require room temperatures (© maintain comlort conditions as explained in Ghap- ter Shadling devices on the outdoor side of glass block almost as effective as with any other kind of iulass since they keep the heat away from the glass. Shading devices on the inside are not effective in reducing the heat gain because most of the heat rellected is absorbed in the glass block. Bosis of Table 17 — Solar Heat Gain Factors for Gloss Block, With and Without Shading Devices ‘The factors in Table 17 are the average of tests conducted by the ASHAE on several types of glass block, nce glass block windows have no sish, the [ae tors in Table 17 have been increased to include the 1/.85 multiplier in Table 15. Use of Table 17 — Solar Heat Gain Factors for Glass Block, With and Without Shading Devices ‘The factors in Table 17 are used to determi solar heat gain thru all cypes of glass block, ‘The transmission of heat caused by a difference between the inside and outdoor temperatures must Iso be figured, using the appropriate “U" value, hapter 5 e the Example 6 ~ Peak Solar Heat Gain, Gloss Block Given ‘West exposure, 40° North Tatvade Glass black window Find: Peak solar heat gain Solution: iy inspection of Table 15, te peak sol ‘on July 3. Solae heat gain O00 pan, = (39 15) # (21K 48) £78 AtH00 pam, = (80% 161) = (21% 8) = BH AeG:00 pam, = (39x 118) + (21 x 14) = 76 Peak solar heat gain occurs 3:00 p.m on July 28. heat gain overs TABLE 17—SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTORS FOR GLASS BLOCK WITH AND WITHOUT SHADING DEVICES* Apply Factors to Toble 15 THULTIPLVING FACTORS FOR GIASS BLOCK Exposure exrosure IN NORTH n'soura Tariruoes taniTupes 30 Southeast | 30 Eee 30 Northeast Summer ; 2 Summer} ‘Winter 30 Winer a5 2 35 Nonhwert a 39 | ey 30 West Ea 24 [iteees 2) Southwest Favors indde cercecon for no sash with last Block windows. Solar heat gain witht shading devices = (8 xl) + (Bo x ll 1 heat goin wth outdoor shading devices = (Bex + Bo % Ue) X25 Solar best gan with nad shading devices = BX h + Bo X te) x 90 cE {Use the summer Focors for ll lives, Nenh or South. Use the winter fier for infermediote season, 30° te $0° North er South Tonnage 8) = Istntonsoustaramisin factor from Table 17. By = Absorpon araninion factor fom Tobe 17. A = Sclorheot goin vole rom Toble 15 for the dested tine ond in value from Table 15 for 3 hours sollor than ond some wal focngCHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS 1.55 SHADING FROM REVEALS, OVERHANGS, FINS AND ADJACENT BUILDINGS All windows are shaded to a greater or lesser degree by the projections close to it and by build. ings around it, This shading reduces the solar heat gain through these windows by keeping the direct rays of the sun off part or all of the window. The shaded portion has only the diffuse com: ponent striking it, Shading of windows is signiti- cant in monumental type buildings where the reveal may be large, even at the time of peak solar heat gain. Chart 7, this chapter, is presented to simplify the determination of the shading of win- dows by these projections. Besis of Chart 1 = Shading from Reveals, Overhangs, Fins ond Adjacent Buildings ‘The location of che sun is defined by the solar arimuth angle and the solar altitude angle as shown in Fig, 18, The solar azimuth angle is the angle in a horizontal plane between North and the vertical plane passing through the sun and the point on earth, The solar altiwude angle is the angle in a vertical plane between che sun and a horirontal plane through a point on earth. The location of the sun swith respect to the particular wall facing is de- fined by the wall solar azimuth angle and the solar altitude angle, The wall solar azimuth angle is the angle in the horizontal plane between the perpen- dicular to the wall and the vertical plane passing, through the sun and the point on earth. ‘The shading of a window by a vertical projection alongside the window (see Fig. 19) is the tangent of the wall solar azimuth angle (B), times depth of the projection, The shading of a window by a hori- rontal projection above the window 1s the tangent fof angle (X), a resultant of the combined effects of the altitude angle (A) and the wall solar azimuth angle (B), times the depth of the projection, Tan A, sola altivude angle “Gos ¥, wallsolar wana angle TanX = ‘The upper part of Chart 1 determines the tan gent of the wall solar azimuth angle and the bottom pare determines tan X, Use of Chart 1 ~ Shading from Reveals, Overhangs, Fins and Adjecent Buildings ‘The procedure to determine the top and side shading from Chart 1 is, 1. Determine the solar azimuth and altitude an- gles from Table 18, ED cosine comer Fic, 18 — Sonar ANGLES: Fic, 19 — Suapinc ny WALL PROJECTIONS 2 Locate the solar azimuth angle on the scale in upper part of Chari F 8. Proceed horizontally to the exposure desired, 4, Drop vertically to "Shading from Side” scale. 5. Multiply the depth of the projection (plan view) by the "Shading from Side.” 6. Locate the solar alsitude angle on the scale in lower part of Chart 1 Move horizontally until the "Shading trom Side" value (45 deg. lines) determined in Step 4 is intersected, 8, Drop vertically 10 “Shading trom Top" from. intersection. 9. Multiply the depth of the projection (elev tion view) by the "Shading from Top.”1-56 Qk fe SN 400" pp fe Fic, 20 — SHADING OF BUILDING BY ADJACENT Bum DING Example 7 — Shoding of Building by Adjacent Building Given uliings locate as shown in Fig. 20. Find: Shading at 4 pat, July 28, of building to he airconditioned Solution: TL ig recommenda! that the building plans and elevations he sketched t0 scale with approximate location of the sun to enable the engineer to visualize the shading conditions From Tole 18, solarazimuth angle sola alttade angle = 35 From @hart J, shading from side= fet sacling from tops = 786 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Dd eevanon Fic, 21 — SHADING OF REVEAL AND OVERHANG eget of building in shade, 515 = IT ja ‘eight of building in shade, H= 100 — (75 x 3) = 475 f ‘The oir conditioned building is shaded to a height of 47.5 fe and 625 fe along the face at 4:00 pan. on fuly 23 Example 8 — Shading cf Window by Reveals Giver: A steel easement window on the west side with an Sine reveal Find ‘Shading by the reveal at 2 pam. on July 23, 40" Novth Latitude, Solution: From Table 18, solar asimuth angle = solar altitude angle From Chart 1, shading from side reveal Shading from top reveal raxe. 48%, Main Example 9 — Shading of Window by Overhang and Reveal Given: “The same window as in Example $ with a 2 f¢ overhang G inches shove the window. Find! Shading by reveal and overhang at 2 pam. on July 23, 40° North Latitude Solution: Refer to Fig, 2 Shading from side reveal (ame as Evannple 8) = 4.8 in Shading from overhang 18 x (24 +8) Since the overhang is 6 inches above the window, the portion of window shaded = 576 6.0 = 51.6 in eyii sis CHAPTER 4, SOLAR HEAT GAIN THRU GLASS SOLAR AZIMUTH ANGLE Ls7 CHART 1—SHADING FROM REVEALS, OVERHANGS, FINS AND ADJACENT BUILDINGS T 1 Ge [rw Given: 's20 “ 7 ‘West facing, stel casement window with an Bineh reveal and 821 overhang 6 Inches above window i Find. © 300 Y ¥ | ‘Shading by reveat and overhang at 2 pm, July 28, | 40" North Latin am Bs BE Solution 280 — From Table 18, { ‘nat ang Te al ‘ue ang woo, re From Char? ae i 1. Enter at solar azimuth angle (242*) to west f (i) exponrechading tom skle = 04 inch inch 12 240 2. Enter at solar altitude angle (57*) to shad ing from side (06 inch ine) Shading torn top = 18 inch int '4r00 ser 4. Shaaling hy reveal = 05 x 8 = 48 in vl i 4 Shading by overharg=18(24-+8)—6=51.6 160. 6 4 ee lf 200 ‘ : Ls ue CRS SSR TROT GF re RT wy? be wis ¢ | seoe RANE x 2h T as] x beer 8 x Ca ae 5 wan j X \ ELEVATION N s x \ | 4 20 i g S . Zoos 8 eel NI z A 5 a0 : d = as & 50 1 Boss co 6s t i \ 70 1 7 ] 1 so : Lo eee IS 0 SHADING FROM TOP (INCH/INCH)138 PART 1. 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[Mey 21 jane 21 “Ure manta iaialed top fo Navth Lalfuder: and ve monty bottom for South LattePires pes 139 CHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES This chapter presents the methods and data for determining the sensible and latent heat gain or loss thru the outdoor structures of a building or thru a structure strounding a space within the building. Ivalso presents data for determining and preventing ‘water Vapor condensation on che enclosure surfaces or within the structure materials. Heat flows from one point to another whenever a temperature difference exists between the two points; the direction of flow is always towards the loner tem- perature, Water vapor also flows from one point to another whenever a difference in vapor pressure exists between the two points; the direction of flow is towards the point of low vapor pressure. The rate at which the heat or water vapor will flow varies with the resistance to flow between the two points in the material, I the cemperature and vapor pressure of the water vapor correspond to saturation conditions at any point, condensation occurs, HEAT FLOW THRU BUILDING STRUCTURES, Heat gain thyu the exterior construction (walls and sof) is normally calculated at the time of greatest heat flow. Tt is caused by solar heat being absorbed at the exterior surface and by the tem perature difference between the outdoor and indoor air. Both heat sources are highly variable thruout any one day and, therefore, result in unsteady state hheat flow thru the exterior construction, This un steady state flow is difficult to evaluate for each in- dividual situation; however, it can be handled best by means of an equivalent temperature difference across the structure, The equivalent temperature difference is that tem: perature difference which results in the total heat flow thru the structure as caused by the variable solar radiation and outdoor temperature. The equiv alent temperature difference across the structure must take into account the different types of con: struction and exposures, time of day, location of the Duilding (latitude), and design conditions. The heat flow thru the structure may then be calculated, using. the steady state heat flow equation with the equiv- alent temperature difference, q=UASt, where = heat flow, Bu/hr U = transmission coefficient, Beu/ (hr)(sq 2) deg F temp diff) A =area of surlace, sq ft A, = equiv temp diff F Heat loss thru the exterior construction (walls and roof) is normally calculated at the time of greatest heat flow. This occurs early in the morning after 2 few hours of very low outdoor cemperatures. This approaches steady state heat flow conditions, and for all practical purposes may be assumed as such. Heat flow thru the interior construction (floors, ceilings and partitions) is caused by a difference in temperature of the air on both sides of the structure ‘This temperature difference is essentially constant thruout the day and, therefore, the heat flow can be determined from the steacy state heat flow equation, using the actual temperatures on either side. EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE — SUNLIT AND SHADED WALLS AND ROOFS “The process of transferring heat thru a wall under indicated unsteady state conditions may be visu- alized by picturing a T2-inch brick wall sliced into 12 one:inch sections, Assume that temperatures in each slice ave all equal at the beginning, and that the indoor and outdoor temperatures remain constant When the sun shines on this wall, most of thesolar heat is absorbed in the first slice, Fig. 22. This raises the temperature of the frst slice above that of the outdoor air and the secend slice, causing heat to flow to the outdoor air ard also to the second slice, Fig. 23. The amount of heat flowing in either direc tion depends on the resistance to heat flow within the wall and thru the outdoor air film. The heat flow into the second slice, in turn, raises its temperature, causing heat to flow into the third slice, Fig. 24. ‘This process of absorbing heat and passing some on to the next slice continues thru the wall to the last or 12th slice where the reraining heat is transferred to the inside by convection and radiation. For this particular wall, it takes approximately 7 hours for i RRRip r hte Fic, 25 — BrHavior oF Ansoxnep SOLAR HEAT DURING SECOND TIME INTERVAL eee Fig. 24 — Benavio oF Ansoxnen SoLar HEAT purine Tiny inte INTERVAL solar heat to pass thru the wall into the room. Because each slice must absorb some heat before passing it on, the magnitude of heat released to Inside space would be reduced to about 10% of that absorbed in the slice exposed to the sun. These diagrams do not account for possible changes in solar intensity oF outdoor temperature, LOAD ESTIMATING S|] aaa SseHaSE mr Fic, 25 — Benavior oF Ansonnep SOLAR HEAT DURING SECOND Tint INTERVAL PLUS ADDITIONAL SOLAR Herat Agsorven puRiNG THis INTERVAL A BR ERO ES Fig. 26 —Benavion oF Ansonnep Sola HEAT DURING ‘Truno Tine INTervat PLUS ADDITIONAL SOLAR Hat [AgsORRED DURING THIS INTERVAL ‘The solar heat absorbed at each time interval by the outdoor surface of the wall throughout the day goes thru this same process, Figs, 25 and 26 show the total solar heat flow during the second and third time intervals. A rise in outdoor temperature reduces the amount of absorbed heat going to the outdoors and more flows thru the wall. ‘This same process occurs with any type of wall construction to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the resistance to heat flow thru the wall and the thermal capacity of the wall. oyBi CHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 161 NOTE: The thermal capacity of a wall or roof is the density of the material in the wall or roof, times the specific heat of the material, times the volume, This progression of heat gain to the interior may occur over the full 24hour period, and may result in a heat gain to the space during the night, If the equipment is operated less than 24 hours, Le. either skipping the peak load requirement or as a routine procedure, the nighttime radiation to the sky and the lowering of the outdoor temperature may de- crease the transmission gain and often may reverse it, Therefore, the heat gain estimate (sun and trans- mission thru the roof and outdoor walls), even with equipment operating less than 24 hows, may be evaluated by the use of the equivalent temperature data presented in Tables 19 and 20. Basis of Tables 19 and 20 = Equivalent Temperature Difference for Sunlit and Shaded Walle and Roofs Tables 19 and 20 are analogue computer calcula: tions using Schmidr’s method based on the following conditions: 1. Solar heat in July at 40° North latitude, 2. Outdoor daily range of dry-bulb temperatures, 20 deg F 3, Maximum outdoor temperature of 95 F db and, 8 design indoor temperature of 80 F db, ie. a design difference of 15 deg F. 4. Dark color walls and roofs with absorptivity , of 0.90, For light color, absorptivity is 0.50; for medium color, 0.70. 5, Sun time. The specific heat of most construction materials is approximately 0.20 Beu/(Ib)(deg F); the thermal capacity of typical walls or roofs is proportional to the weight per sq ft; this permits easy interpolation, Use of Tables 19 and 20 —Equivelent Temperature Difference for Sunlit and Shaded Walls and Roofs ‘The equivalent temperature differences in Tables 19 and 20 are multiplied by the transmission coeff cients listed in Tables 21 thru 33 to determine the heat gain thru walls and roofs per sq ft of area dur ing the summer. The total weight per sq ft of walls and roofs is obtained by adding the weights per sq ft of cach component of a given structure, These weights are shown in italics and parentheses in Tables 21 thru 33. ED 0 conten compeny Example 1 — Equivalent Temperature Difference, Root Given A flat voot exposed 10 the sun, sith built-up roofing, 14 Involation, $ in, wood deck and sumpended acoustical le ceiling Room desige temperature =80 F dls Outdoor design temperature = 05 F dls Daily range = 20 deg Find: Equivalent temperature ah snce at 4 pum, July Solution: Wijsq ft 8424 12 Ihjsq fe (Table 27, page 71) Equivalent temperature difference 44 leg F (Table 20 interpolated) Example 2 — Daily Range and Design Temperature Difference Correction AL times the daily range may be more oF less han 20 seg Fr the difference between outdone and room design temperatures ‘may be more or less than 18 deg F. The corrections to be applied tothe equivalent temperature difference for combina tions of these ewo variables ate listed in the notes following Tables 19 and 20. Given: “The same toot as in Esempl> 1 Room design temperature Outeloor design temperature Daily range = 26 deg F Find Equivalent temperature diffeence winder changed conditions Solution: Design temperatore difference Daily range = 26 deg F Correction 0 6 I deg F (Table 204, intespolated) Equivalent temperatuse difference = 43 ~ 1 = 42 deg F 7 deg F alent temperature difference Exomple 3— Other Months ond Latitudes ‘Occasionally the heat gin thew wall oF roof must be known for months and Intituces other than those listed in Note 3 following Table 20. This equieslent temperature difference is Aetermisied from the equation in Note J. This equation ad. josts the equivalent temperate diference for solar radiation ‘only. Additional correction may have to be made for differ fences between outdoor and indoor design temperatures other than 15 deg F, Refer o Tables 19 and 20, pages @2 and 63, and! to the correction Table 204. Corrections for these differ: fences must be made first; then the corrected equivalent applied in cortections for latitade Given 12 in, common trick wall acing west, with no interior New Orleans, 30° North latiuude Finis, Joeated Find Equivalent temperanine difference in November at 12 noon, Solution: "The correction for design temperatu follow temperature differences for both sun and shade must be |1-62 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING Exomple 3, contd Summer design dry-bulb for New Orleans SF dbs Table 1, poge 11) Wincer design dry-bulb for New Orleans a0 F ay (Table F, page 11) Yearly vange = 75 deg F Corcction in outdoor design temperature for November amis yearly range of 75 deg F 158 (Table 3. page 19) Oundowe design dry-ull cemperature in November at 8 pa. ves OF With an 80 F dy room design, the autdaor to indoor die ‘ence ie $0-— 80 = O deg F Average daily range in New Orleans Sideg F (Table J, pre 11) ‘The design difference of} deg F and a 19 deg F daily range results in a “113 deg F aldition to the equivalent tempers tive difference, by interpolation in Table 204 Equivalent temperature sifferencen for 12 in. brick wall in New Orleas at IZ noon in November Mog for west wall in suk 25 (Table 19)~ 115 =~ 4.5 deg F TABLE 19—EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (DEG F) FOR DARK COLOREDY, SUNIIT AND SHADED WALLS" Based on Dark Colored Walls: 95 F db Outdoor Design Temp; Constont 80F db Room Temp; 120 deg F Daily Range; 24-hour Operation; July and 40° N. Lat-t == Tun HiME exrosure | OF WALL: aM Pe fen Teper el 9] ol nal Tels[etrTepspernie ms em lM i waeeye sls 4]? 2 LS hoe Wight) walatiwe 8) & Nonneet | 100 [4 3 4 44 10/16 Wi waite o 8 [ssa sls 8s TE fa 1a 10,1919 10.10 10 - zo [17 30 wa des le lajualulia io) 6 4) 2 LY A7 %S ado at iat WB ete 8) 5 ket ef $s 8 a ta 20 | Wii ai a tho 1% [at wa wo oe“ io Wi te tele ia tae ae fw) era we) a6 a7 ie wise es ) & [Yt a3 ae 1s 4 ” we ar a eae ie al 0 We [468 8) 8's 118 tes) gobi aaise a ara 2 Tas fis)apet 7) e Fe Seer fe [3 2045 south we [aja aa) a) 3/4 is te 3 om ssa aa BSS AS a | 4] we Pamatealaal o] a worn 0 ® Yate 8 ot 3235.96 35 34 1D sewer ee zg] gs AG aa 8B ze jm [eae aa? a3 hte zn [go Fa aaa 03 wefas lal @ [taro 8 2 ae) 84/0 1 we | oR ale a 8d aiuie i Me fat 9) 88 Bi : 0 ba =a/-s/—2) 0 3 ule 2 & ERcacics a a i231 30 wa b joe PAE E af a i7o tpi izo[fh ae ua Le fest ee 21518) '9 folie te is 26 | a Fa a3ie4e ja ale @ wom | fe F353 4787 fli a 2 ‘ gray | owe fT toe atte 'e 1S t iM frites nat 5 i 678% a5 67 12] aM HM | sun TIME Zqooton Hoos Goin The Wath Bu/te = (ee, 59 #0 oust emp fx ranmision coon! , Table 2 the 251 Al voles are for both inlted ond urinated wel "Penh per aq flues for common types of eentrucion ate ited in Tables 21 tho 25, ‘For mail Sonsaeion lo than 20Tb/og ue sted vals of 20 Ibait tata CHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-63 for west wall in shade WU) of wal = 120159 (Table 29 So (rable 19) 115 =~ 115 deg F i, “105 eg Fas cored (Tables 19 and 304) Se ermaon fence for he eo ays 363, ssp soo Fe on 0 counted for in Table 18, R= M6 Mu/br (Table 15, page #4) The corecton fay dierent sla intensity i RL = tov tube cra poe 4) . Ry a, 215 + U8 45 Cay ae ag EE ata ag = RE aly t= Be) s ray 48 = 115) 0 65 deg (Soren tar. 12 Noon) TABLE 20—EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (DEG F) FOR DARK COLORED}, SUNLIT AND SHADED ROOFS* Based on 95 Fdb Outdoor Design Temp; Constant 80 F db Room Temp; 20 deg F Daily Range; ‘2d-hour Operation; July and 40° N. Lat.t T Tan Te , a a onal. of Roars aM a ro) Ton ee 7 ; ; ma itp 2] 3) 4) sl) 7] @) 9] mn) af 2] a] as Te Fala ve fee sa se aa as as 8 [a Expored 2 fo 2) te (as |30/36. at as a3 ao 38 038 ‘o ®t 4/18/16 (ae) ae 38 $e) 49 ar ap 35 32 | soo @ |> oS [te (a2 [a7 31 35/38 Se. 38) 36 34 131 Sad ob at at at ta [te (ae ae as 383s 3s 3 | Tao FF si=ao] af avo fve ip a2 201 we | te fia liz] uo) @! 2 2 PR ESTE ALL OSS He es IS aa Fs ST (ESE cacag a]! 9 to ta eis sas ia ta wo a) a8 {ge aaa of a) ae lizishie i velas aaa}! @ a2) af oye Sci earrairic cana ean ne —& RRSECAE A 01a S|" to a Bite 8) 2 ns =s zie]e;a a ula aio) ef s;2 a) onils shaded Cece SSE a ile 8 a Se TICSca cs fe Fac tbat 8's Fito ele 8 6 4, ot ot T e718) ap wet al sls sie]? efepm me a aa | an PM rc | fun time Equation Hoot Gain Ta Roots, Bolin = (Ara, 2a ft) x (equivalent emp dM) % (Wansmison oetint U, Tobias 27 or 28) trp at 25% {for her condons, refer fo crraions Below and on page 64 [P'isign per ag voles for common Iypas of contution are Hine ny Tables 27 oF 28 TABLE 20A—CORRECTIONS TO EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES (DEG F) | 2 | ‘ourpoor Fon MONT . erie DAILY RANGE (deg F wns Room TEN — ‘aes alee De we) ae eee) eee ee = 30 Tap Teo sat =a [a am nas nae may mae nae He sh se mas = 2% Tio Tn Te | Tse | iS ISS <3 2 Tas ae <4 | ie |} ae | te Peper Honeycomb s | & 3} a | aS | Peper Honeycomb with Porte Fil, eee a | ison | os (Cemented tn 2 | as | ts | ta | Vermicue 7 | 3h de |e 38 | a | 2 | a as | a) ae soles aslee [asia get a | a | a wo | | ae) be Oh Bs be ole | a! s oe Equations Heat Goin, Bu/hr = (Are, oq Hl x (U vole) x loquvalent temp af, Toble 19 ect tos, Bu/hr = (Areas ag) > (U value] x feaoor temp ~ bide temp “For edalton of nation end el poces ro wall refer to Tole 31, page 75. core dens Xeore hikes peat xs Bibag te ‘otal wCHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-69 TABLE 25—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-FRAME WALLS AND FOR SUMMER AND WINTER Bru/(hr) (sq 1) (deg F tomp diff PARTITIONS* [At rumber in porenheses indicate welght per aq fl Toll welt per sq f i sum of component moles INTERIOR FINISH % al - uh | song | ue | we | ae SHEATHING era} eset) plow} Boar (2) Boars) pe, oan a 7 | 40 9 | a 20 a a [3 3 | Re ts ea | ast eae ‘a | [me & | ne 2 | a lh RRM Face Bick Nero riding Peper 7 as [as | ee Vereen on [Be""Piwood (hor 4" Gye 2} 37 | 3: 3) ete WE Fyweed [Pee Woow 8 Bide Paper ah | 2 eia| ear ease eae ee F>Imsoting Boers 2) 4% a [a om | eS o> multing Boars (3) 3 Gia | esibeeooks came eps, Basing Paper, 7 ay) aa ee Hie bywood (Vor '6" Gye (2 a8 | nj a 3 mo yr Wood & tds Paper a | aw | RB | tS m3 Wed’ | 48 mvloing Bora (2 3 | 2 ow ou Penal) |" ulting Sour (3) 2 ees oleae od erodeeeela 2 yw | as | a ae 48 mB | yO a | 2) ow ou | 2] 3 eG 2 | ize ee alee rad (ef usteeeee es) 7 2% 2 ise ras eee abe eeee 2 1958 ASHAE Oude auations: Well—Heat Gain, Bufir = (Ara 19 ft) X (U vale} X (equivalent romp aif, Tobe 191 Heat low Blafbr = [Area 29) (Uvalel x lestdoorremp—inide temp) onions, weandiioned space agiocen—Hoct Gein or Loss, Bs ns tthen ee boiler yoom adjacent—Hect Goin, Btu/tr = [Are aq] x (U vale) ‘For addton of notion nd al paces 2 partitions refer to Tobie 81, page 75, [Aree aq % (U vale % outdoor tomp-—inide temp —5 F) inside temp + 15 F025 9 ——PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 26—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-MASONRY PARTITIONS* FOR SUMMER AND WINTER Btu/ hr) (oq fi} (deg F temp dif) sf Total weight por 19 fis sm of movenry unit end firth x 1 © 2 [fnihed one or both siden [A mumbers in porenhort indicate weight | song | ure | Sona | ue | song | we ‘a WOULoW CONCRETE T T T 7 Boe son) as | we) | ow | we | ae) 3 | Be | dee | 40) se eae T ae | 3835 is @ i ‘ sun [FT ae =e 4 a7 | a7 te ca 1260 [iT a [a a | | asi aon uw Aes 802) Vw E rua ual 12 3) 30s) | ate oes) | | eso uae a a) kee 3 3 ts soa) 3 a yey ee you evrsuM yy ie 8 Fy mare mf tt _| oe 1 sae LL - |i ie = 5 ae im 8) 1958 ASHAE Guide en Hoot Gain of Les Bafhr = (Area, x [U vale] x lotdoortemp—inide temp—5 F arse, 23% (U vob) Shas emp si er outdoor tomp—inide temp +15 F 1025 Evetons: Porton, szondiiond spate Ferien, teen or baler room ediaten: Maat Goin or os, Btufhe stor edition of ruation and al paces fo periions reer to Tebe 1, page 75 oyCHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-71 TABLE 27—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-FLAT ROOFS COVERED WITH BUILT-UP ROOFING” FOR MEAT FLOW DOWN-SUMMER, FOR HEAT FLOW UP—WINTER (See Equation o! Ballom of Ps Btu/ thr) (sq f) (deg F temp diff) er sa ft Total weight per sg fs 3m of roo fish ond ination All ruber in parentheses note wah INSULATION ON TOP OF DECK, INCHES TYPE OF DECK ‘cen | Metal oon ‘None or Power (6) Siapended Per (5) Stapended hea Te (2) Preformed Slabs—Wood | 214) | None or Paste (6) Fiber and Cement Binder Stepended Power (5) Stapended Aco ie (2) Sounn, [S01 [None or Poster) Boe ne Shinended Power (5) eae Sompended Acu Tile (2) Conerate 768 | None or Poser (6) “Sand & Gravel Ago) (471,{701,| Suspended Plaster (5) (3) | Sumpended Aeou Tial2) wea TPO) | Noe or Planer (8 Gyptum | Soapended Poster (8) Stupended Aeow Te (2), 3131] Nove o Plaster [é) Stapended Per (5) Stapended Arou Tie (2) 116) | Nowe or Pieter Stopended Poser (3 Stapended Acu Tet?) 2Ui)| None or Ploer (6) Sorpended Poster (3 Sorpended Aco Tile (2) SU18)| Noe or Plster (6) Suipended Pls (8) Shmpended Aeo Tile (2) TUPI] None or lout (6) Scipended Peer (5) Sttpended Arou ie (2) Soipunded Ploser (5) | Wood T7118) | one or Plser | Sutpondad Aco Te FFT) | None o-Ps | Stapended Pla (5) | Stepended Aeou Tie (2 3 UB) | Nove or Plster (8 Seapended Pls ‘ecw (2) Sorpene 1958 ASHAE Gui inn Summer—(Hect Flow Down) Heat Gain, Bt = (Are, aq} x (U valve) x (equivelet temp dif Toble 20), Winter eo! Flow Up) Heat Los, Bi/he ~ (Aree a fil (U value x 1.1) x lxtdoortemp-—inede tmp ‘for eddton of air spose or nwlton Yo rons, refer Yo Table $1, page 78 ‘for sazended 14" iwotion board, plain (8) or with %4" sand egeregate poster (Sl.we voles of wipended czy tlePART 1. LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 28—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U— PITCHED ROOFS* rot HEAT FLOW DOWN-SUMMER, FOR KEAT FLOW UP—WINTER (Se Equation Bottom of Page) B1u/(he (sq ft projected crea) (deg F temp dif) su rombes in porenieis ndst wight por Tol weight porn fim of component mais Trento ROOFS ane oe 34° Oyprom | _lssleting | Acvael Ti mie fe weak tem | '3Senataee | 2" ee one reste | Wintead” | Piatra’ | 4 epsom vz we le |e | a T | SSimn Prnsee [ha | atin | ata | on | we |e we | we Serenion SURFACE | SHEATHING aa og | Peg (Meas Pea | Pas® | are | tat_| Bidg paper on He” T | ashen [sired 2» ole ala vie om snes) Tag paper on [Beaten ys | sm mw | Bide paper on I piyecod ta [om] fa | fas | as [tdg poper on 45° | ] weer | as | as | ae ay ae | eo | ow | Bldg paper on A? TT T 1 thread ulm) ow ja | os | ew |e Bidg paper on ae | ~ Meares | ve as) oe | Wide poeer on T Tees aie ieee : Bea pore en | | ; 1 = sweat) | pyecod ra tare mrss cue en ecumeer joa eo ee eta ow idg paper on 7 T —_t i" [easements | oe | a |e | ass | atm ws | we quotions Sunme (Hest Flow Down] Hoot Gals Bt = for odton of sir paces or Inlasion for ebove rook, refer 0 1958 ASHAE Gude (horizontal projected eree, sa) x (U value! leguivalent temp dif Tbe 20) Snide tom Meith (U vale > 11) lostdooe tex 1 How Upl Heat Low, Biv/ie = (hveonclpreected ot le 3, peTABLE 29—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—CEILING AND FLOOR, (Heat Flow Up) Bated on Still Air Both Sides [At numbers in porenthesindeate weight por sq fT Bru/(he (sq ft) (deg F temp iff) 7 TARSOHRY CHUNG - same Sepended ar Fond — | ; | race: | we nitty nS exe | Genel we rim encores on We) ae _ wits Soa un malta CONCRETE! ‘ib por Power | Plester the | the noon suntan wa¥y Lay aw T Fry a] ze A] 3 | sR Sond noe | $n 3 ee itn a eee, 18 a oe Twrage 7s! a Bh ( were? tbe) 2 3 sia) z = Fat) 3 z ita) 2 2 Sond Aco $10) a 2 Hy x z 18 Hoo) 35 | bo Wi agg 2 MoT a ea wwe it a 7 seme otal i Tea 2 ia 3 Sond has $681 % ) Sta) 38 2b Hoa |ieseeeas Ww fap 7091 cm sour tin) | & sia | | a Fi = iia 3 Wverdwond Sond how 5 eth a Z Hi a se Bh Seal L a eee wage Tu) 2] Parte Sob THD fd i 6) ee og rome Sonpende er Fa W Greve ie a | wood th ‘ a rieined_|_ “Nene on Fe Te | | ; neon we | sta [aie | sea | ole [we Toe | ae | xe |The | fate | ate | Peter | Pnr | ere | srs] He | Be nook mB Pas Pee Mae Mar ere es | on | ai 1 Nove Tae pa ae ae | [meen [us| oo al ot lS Fle Fla db ewe |e Re BR Ble Ne OS ge weed [gear ay ae ae a ae ae ag | iearacee cael earls so oe ce | cee ae | ake ceueec epee se eee prem eee Psa | Bo 3 OF oe ver wots) | ep me tw ae | eae ewe |B oR ee Re RM | 8 Wis SHAE alse ) aver Hest ow op, Uncndiond! pac bolas Ket ain, ur = [Ave ¥9 ft Uva) Leer mp — imide emp — 3 Kihen or hoe room below: Heat Goin, Bu/ir = (Ara, ag fi x 10 voll % lasuel tmp if ofculoor temp ~ 181028nscale PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 30—-TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—CEILING AND FLOOR, (Heat Flow Down) Based on Still Air Both Sides, Btu/{he) (sq ft) (deg F temp diff ‘nt numbers in parentheses indiate weight por 19 fy Total wight per sf sumo ailing ond flor. MASONRY ESN Snended Fn 8 Gypvum | nloing [Asoo We” ror“ SntFoning red | 34° Srpsum rieK Ness Ginehes!| ver | ea | ae | ae rf" wc ond | an the | itn | ne Te | we | xe piste iter Faas | | ate | same | He | a an ase [tases | i | ea ra rire soa | se 3s 10 19), a 2 | Ww ye | OM 2s 23a | os Papeete) mae | mF or" Fawrags 20s) : rrocrtie | “aoa? | 4 al fo ou i” ia Le t Tue) [ae ie) | eae | sont top | ee) gees | ac jas 18 foo) Len Yip Aap 2) vas rouse | ttn uM | sua Floor Tile w | AC tndweod | Sond bos | | " Seatoer |e oe en Mawes) Fah var "Sownee | Sep | TBS! at soommen” HW" Sond | Wt | Sond aan oe Tie | Tile | Plaster | Plaster | Plaster Paster | Board Bord Tile Tile noon | fueron Lian Mae ae ae are ere | |r Te re ee en ene oe eee aera cee lee ee wet? | BOR Re ke be |B sewage pe ae ae ee ne he now vo wow won BoM BE BIR Boe oe eu : tae sig wooaist | 2 aes ae sata Wo | Bow eke T8d8 ASHAE Gude ovations Heat How down, untondtianed spote above: Ha Kenoen above: Heat Gein Bufte = (Aven, qf) > (U value) > [aca temp ai, or eutdoor temp — in Goin Ba/he = (Aras, sq} x (U vale) x foutdor temp — imide temp — 5 Fl emp + 15 Fo 25 ein |CHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 1-15 TABLE 31—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—WITH INSULATION & AIR SPACES sumer AND wee Bru /t (49 (eg F tmp ih aon oe ay Wt] ssanonat | Ms Drs Mi $B | —Vimarao tamer Sener Te ‘ee gs tees mm | om eat ormore | added | One [two | Added | On | Too | Added | One fe te vr [see [S| [S82 | oe | ame. |e | ites (aera “inet | Bie | spac | Sider” | tpece | apsce_| “uae” | soos | abate = % i] a >a | sae it 3 & nla |e] ea i a 2 yon | Bs it 54 at far toa | 6 05, 3A 14 52 30 | ho i 08 05 33 14 F 50 8 [oj on pe | ee | a3 ‘a ae ae pa pa ae er : ee ete ep ee 3 & Sou Bn le ® 3 é Zee a |e ee 8 £ 2 BR RS ee ek as | | | a | ae | | a ne Slee [ea Boul elie la) eR a le Sele) Re] a Bas |e POR LB | | 8 Be to 0 ae fas} eae pa) to x (8 (flee lal se ) Cae asa eee eat ee eerie ees i [818 /8/28 818s i % S| 8 1 | M4 or) os | mM 14 a1 08 x 4 3 gle oa fe | 8 ‘ ‘ & [f[e 2 1gi 3 i" “| S12 ga] es 2 os Soe eae ek Tofeane owe sg soces a InsuebTion oe pensive ecTs—«pePAETVE SHEETS. RELECINE SeeTS “checked for ume canton for wp, down ond heriontel heat fw, Eror fom above values i ss thon 19 dePART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 92—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U-FLAT ROOFS WITH ROOF-DECK INSULATION Bru/(he) (sq |ANO WINTER ) (dag F tomp cif) U_VALUE OF ROOF “Rddilion of Roof-Deck ineulason EFORE ADDING ROOF DECK INSULATION Fhiekneee tn) TABLE 33—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U—WINDOWS, SKYLIGHTS, DOORS & GLASS BLOCK WALLS Bru/(hr) (sq 8 1) (deg F temp dif) fin ie [Se ee Thiet Be [Loe mPa | femme | Winer | Summer | Winer Without Storm Windows: vis) 061 | Oss 0.53 oat ] 0.36 04 ry 1.40. 0.50 070 With Storm Windows 0.54 | 043 | 08d Doon 7 7 7 aa oa 1% os oe s os 30 me os 339 7 ous | oat ie 38 os i oe | 33 tos 4" Herc te 38 Wouow oiAH Hook WALT TiN a None San bet a aa SUPESIE Nec Netiel Se eae ha os Teer stag iano! Sie Va 2ut 6 oa POPES Pit wit gas iver secon diving the coy (16 Eqvoton Hot Goin or Ln, Bu/iy = (Area, 49) % (U valve) x loutdoor tome ~ imide *theined miners in parenthsssndeote weight in tb per vf 1758 ASHE Guide eyCHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 7 CALCULATION OF TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U For types of construction not listed in Tables 21 thru 33, calculate the U value as follows: 1. Determine the resistance of each component of a given structure and also the inside and out door air surface films from Table 34. 2, Add these resistances together, Rat EAM tn 1 8, Take the reciprocal, U = Basis of Table 34 = Thermal Resistance R, Building and Insulating Materials Table 34 was extracted from the 1958 ASHAE Guide and the column “weight per sq ft” added. Use of Table 34 Thermal Resistance R, Building and Insulating Materials ‘The thermal resistances for building materials are listed in two columns. One column lists the thermal resistance per inch thickness, based on conductivity, while the other column lists the thermal resistance for a given thickness or construction, based on con- ductance Example 6 — Calculation of U Value Given: ‘A wall a per Fig. 27 Fic, 27 — Ourpoor Watt. Find: “Transmission coefficient in summer Solution Refer 10 Table 3. Resistance Construction R 1, Outdoor air surface (714 mph wind) 029. 2 Stone facing. 2 in. @ X08) 016 8. Hollow clay tle, 8” 18s 4. Sand aggregate plaster, Qin. @ x20) 040 |. Inside air surface (il ait) 0.8 “Total Resistance 3 ee syn fe pep 7 P. Burying FH Gteg A1-78 2ART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 34—THERMAL RESISTANCES R—BUILDING AND INSULATING MATERIALS (dog F per Btu) / thr) (sqft) 7 RESISTANCE R i | rmek- oevsiry | went [ree ineh | For Mess “Ubpar | ibpor | Thickness | Thieknens MATERIAL DESCRIPTION jer Sor Saar ya . a « TONG MATERIALS aioe TisenonComen Soord a soar ‘bene omen Boerd wm | os | OP ots ppc oer oo % | te | Sok ypu o se Boers x ote peg as ywoos , x | Gs Pyweod % Mf on as | Piccoa [eee aes aeoe eee lary Pyweod Oe ow) ve | ft ae Pywcod or Wood Pes x x fom | = oe Wood bar Soo omrted or Homogeneous m | S| me a | = eo . Wood fer, Hardboard Tree a |p pS Wood Fibs Hordosors Tyee % @ | as | ais Weg i'r ie Sheahing je Be | ae | = ‘od, Fr Pe ir yu | it | = BuuoINe | Yepor Permeable Ft ] =a = ree Vopor SENN Kayan of Mopped 1516 fe | [fst = = a ope Sea le Fin | a = Be woons ‘Mepis, Oak, od Slr Horo ] rn rT) = He and Setar Sowoods | a | = 135 = ‘Masonry ik, Common ran) |= % ints ik Foce | a) ibe 8 | = “ oy Ty Hotow | cat beep 3 wo | os oo ; 1 Get beep i 4 & i i 2 Gelade ‘ So 3 ets Beep i 3 & 2 et beep 1% a 3 ei Bese 2 e Cop los, Tyee Oval Core 2 % w | > ee Sond Gravel Ape i & Bf = on ‘ a & | = on 2 = tae 3 2 igi 3 on var {Copandea Ste Gay, Soe or ji) 8 ae 13 Sop Fame : a ea 200 2 a Gaga Peson 7 PeTafato" role 24 y z 1a an Pat0" Sea 3 33 ef = 135 PnP" Sea ree ef = ig on, Une Sond a re =ee CHAPTER 5, HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES 119 ) TABLE 94—THERMAL RESISTANCES R—BUILDING AND INSULATING MATERIALS (Contd) (dog F per Btu) / (he) (sa RESITTANCE R [otek | ognsiry | wateir | [Tess | “iver | “tevper | icknen MATERIAL DESCRIPTION find vl | ag 1 BUNLOING MATERIALS, (CONT) WASONRY ‘Goment Norar nee 220 = MATERIALS Gypromfiber Coeete 871% gyptim, | oneret 12a wood ce | a = 060 S Uahtweigh Agorogores — ie 019 = Incaing Expr | 100 = O28 = Shale, lay a 0 = 040 = Exponded Slag; Cade 1 @ = os = Pomc; Pevitey Vorisite o a eas = ‘Aso, Catan Conerotas 0 = uM = PLASTERING MATERIALS Tohresiaht Apsregate % 4s 18 S 032 Lightweight Aparegste % oak 7 038 Lightweight Aporepsts on Meal Lth a ts bo S oar 6 as oar es 103 = ote = ) w 105 4a — 009 a ms 55 = on om tes 88 = en | 108 = = 00 a S ose “ ROOFNE 170 = = 70 = = ‘phat Singles, 7 = = Baap Rooting % 7rd 2a] 7 i Fs a a | aa = ‘SION. MATERIALS on Flt Sertecs) |__ Weed) ena! Bother Bing i ‘est Coment, 4" - 5 = oat ‘pte nt Silo eS = = oo | ab Ie Si = = = ne ; { = = = od | [Srotrel Glow =a FiooRING “iphor Te % mareRiats Carpet ond Pros Pod | Corbet Sra Robber Pod cron Tie 1 = esa tte 3s | oot ate % B | | | Fete rescng 3 Foe rie, % = Unotem 2 ry Popwood Sur uy = Biber er Mose Tie hoo = Nerens : Me = Wood Subioor mee S Weed, Herdwood Feih wo)’ =1-80 PART 1, LOAD ESTIMATING TABLE 34—THERMAL RESISTANCES R—BUILDING AND INSULATING MATERIALS (Contd) (deg F per Bry) / (he) (59 4) 7 RERGTANGE & rwex- | oevsiry | weexr | Mess | “inper | ie mareriat | DescKiPTion Wer | tear | ae RSULATING MATERIALS ANKET AND BATT” | Conon Fier wae] wa Wes} Rov Fr 1s-40 370 Toca tom Rak Wood Fi uae] a9] Wes Ftr, layer Sted Expended iia | we | ot BOARD AND SLABS | law Riser | 35 = aco) Weed or Cano Fiber ‘vs he % | ma ws - ‘een We een eet laa = ‘evr Bt Lot, lnk io | ‘A as e , Interior Fh (ie, Letty Plonk) Li» 130 | 082 = ia Reef ect ses } T Shcting npr oC wo | ae | Steomgtmpres o » | wo | oom | 8 ) Steg tnpreg or Coed Be [ome | in me eater cw 7 ae) | SOS Twnout Addo Sind) estico | = so |S | fg tay {wn arheh Bde) ane Ste - | etic foamed). te) os xe = | WS SNeadeaIcemented i reformed Sabo nef i e toast Ft 1 Maceted Pope o Pulp Produc as-35| = a7 | WSS iter tadwsce, Remco gia) ax = | ste Woot fom Sogo Ra ioi3a | = 33 e Sowcu ot shoving 02336) = aa e Shotule sponded) ia*| = ae E HOOF WEULATION | A Types Prefomed foro ove deck Mtoresingtar » | ase 2 es hae ‘eproninotely Re sae aa 5 ae aetna m | eS = ay neoreninanty fe | = mh ec a | ie = io Nepronnoney Bo tes E a AIR SPACES: | HEAT FLOW | Grwies | wee |= - - a | Gpiemeen | le |= = = aaa Dow iaet | gs | = S 2 Bometwae) | ove |= S = 13 Born (wane) |e = 5 5 13 Boma (wer) | S I = 13 Bore oeemo) | |= = 5 cas | Bore omae) | ove |= 5 = | as | torn emaerl |e = = 5 aa | Geiwaes | mia |x = 3 8% pees emer) ese eae 5 ed Fonz(woel | ce | = = = a fore nme | eee | S = an rostion Wear flow wonton uP os Siping 15" oe, oa sat Ai vehed Herzonst | png 43° eet iota down a9 1 ato Wind dry Poiton for Wier) Any Drain | Es = E ar 1% Moh Wind ___Aov Poon rr Somer gy gion = 5 ae “indudes paper bocking and facing i oy. ln coven where th nation forme boundory [hight refetvel ofan or space, refer to Table 3, poge 75CHAPTER 5. HEAT AND WATER VAPOR FLOW THRU STRUCTURES Lst HEAT LOSS THRU BASEMENT WALLS AND FLOORS BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL ‘The loss through the floor is normally small and relatively constant year round because the ground temperature under the floor varies only a litdle throughout the year. The ground is a very good heat sink and can absorb or lose a large amount of heat without an appreciable change in temperature at about the 8 ft level. Above the 8 ft level, the ground temperature varies with the outdoor temperature, with the greatest variation at the surface and a de. creasing variation down to the 8 ft depth. The heat loss thru a basement wall may be appreciable and it is difficult to calculate because the ground tempera- ture varies with depth. Tables 35 thru 37 have been empirically calculated to simplify the evaluation of hheat loss thru basement walls and floors. ‘The heat loss thru a slab floor is large around the perimeter and small in the center. This is be- cause the ground temperature around the perimeter varies with the outdoor temperature, whereas the {ground temperature in the middle remains relatively constant, as with basement floors. Bosis of Tables 35 thru 37 — Heat Loss thru Masonry Floors and Walls in Ground Tables 35 thru 37 are based on empirical data. The perimeter factors listed in Table 36 were devel- oped by calculating the heat transmitted for each foot of wall to an 8 ft depth. The ground was assumed to decrease the transmission coefficient, thus adding resistance between the wall and the outdoor air, The transmission coefficients were then added to arrive at the perimeter factors. Use of Tables 35 thru 37 —Hoot Loss thru Masonry Floors and Walls in Ground The transmission coefticients listed in Table 35 may be used for any thickness of uninsulated ma: sonry floors where there is good contact between the floor and the ground. ‘The perimeter factors listed in Table 36 are used for estimating heat loss thru basement walls and the ‘outside strip of basement floors. This factor can be used only when the space is heated continuously. If there is only occasional heating, calculate the heat loss using the wall or floor transmission coefficients as listed in Tables 21 thru 33 and the temperature difference between the basement and outdoor air or ground as listed in Table 37. ‘The heat loss in a basement is determined by add- ing the heat transferred thru the floor, the walls and the outside strip of the floor and the portion of the wall above the ground level. LE TLL RT IIe Example 7 — Heat Loss in @ Basement Given: ‘Basement ~ 100" x 40" x 9" Basement temp—65 F db, heated continuously ‘Outdoor temp =0° F db Grade line 6 1 above basement floor Walls and floors ~ 12 in, concrete (80 Ihe £) Bind: Heat los from basement Solution: 1. Heat loss shove ground 9828 Btu oe 2 Heat loss thea walls and outside strip of floor below ground, HEL, Qlty~ ta) = 200 + 80) xT 05 x(65—0) = 19,100 Beuyhe 3. Heat lose thru floor H=04,(h~t) 0.085 » (100% 40) (69 — 2000 Btu/br ‘Total Heat Loss SHORTT he Heat transmision coeficient of wall above ground (Table 21) and floor (Fable 35) ia Buuydhe) (9 £9 (eg F) Area of wall above ground, 9 fe Entive floor area sq fe Perimeter of wal, f Q = Perimeter faclor (Table 36) 1, = Basement dry-bull temp, F Ground temp, ®, (Table 37) Outdoor desige dry-bulb temp, F where TABLE 35—TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT U— MASONRY FLOORS AND WALLS IN GROUND (Use only in conjurction with Table 36) or Walt | “Bosemen Foor 8 Potion of Wail oo sing & Below ground evel *Some oddone! for Equations: Heat low thowgh fos aa SU vale! xc foatement — ground temp Host ln froyah wal below 8 fo! ln, Bib oreo na 8) > (U vole) % Tbosement ~ ground tmp. NOTE: The faster in Table 35 ond 36 may be vied for ony thiknoss bhainvloted motonry wal flaw, bat Ino air apace wen fond he hoor or we theres nde fil ong ison coctient he peta Ie induded in perimeter fovor, see Toble 36 nds dry ond randy, x where ‘were the wal hero low est ark: dor may be reduced shy. a ti(ai‘i‘