JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

OF

AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

TITTLE: MICRO-ORGANISMS GROWTH KINETICS, SEWERAGE CONVEYANCE

& ORGANIC MATTER QUANTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT.

UNIT: ECE 2313-PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING .

INSTRUCTOR: PROF(ENG) ALFRED O. MAYABI.

PRESENTED BY: ODHIAMBO BRIAN ODHIAMBO.

REGISTRATION NUMBER: EN251-0427/2014.

DATE OF SUBMISSION:20/04/2017.

GROUP C.
SECTION A:MICRO-ORGANISMS GROWTH KINETICS.

1.Given the following experimental data obtained from a batch biomass growth experiment
.Determine the specific growth rate. What was the biomass concentration at the start of the
experimental growth curve.

X(mg/l) 3467 3700 4100 4400 4786

Time (hr) 2 3.4 4.8 6.1 7.7

SOLUTION.

Equation of required curve is: Ln X=t+LnXo.

LnX(mg/l) 8.1510 8.2161 8.3187 8.3894 8.4735

Time (hr) 2 3.4 4.8 6.1 7.7

GRAPH OF Ln BIOMASS AGAINST TIME FOR THE GROWTH PHASE.

8.55

8.5

8.45
BIOMASS CONCENTRATION(mg/l)

8.4

8.35

8.3

8.25 LnX(mg/l)
Expon. (LnX(mg/l))
8.2

8.15

8.1

8.05

8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TIME(hr)

8.03
Y intercept =8.03 Xo(Biomass concentration at the beginning of growth phase)=e =3071mg/l.
47863071
= = = 222.727hr-1.
7.70
2.Different initial concentrations of COD ,gave maximum biomass concentration in a batch
reactor as given below.

X(mg/l) 3300 3700 4100 4400 4600

COD(mg/l) 580 1160 1920 2320 3200
If COD is growth limiting ,determine the yield coefficient of the bacterial culture.

Solution.

Since the substrate is growth limiting the following equations holds:

Xmax = Y. S + Xo Y=yield coefficient,S=substrate concentration(growth limiting).

GRAPH OF MAXIMUM BIOMASS AGAINST LIMITING SUBSTRATE.

4800

4600

4400

4200
Xmax(mg/l)

4000

3800 X(mg/l)
Linear (X(mg/l))
3600

3400

3200

3000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
COD(mg/l)

4000 3080
= = = 0.5111.
1800 0
3.A continuous culture growth experiment was conducted in a completely mixed reactor. The
following experimental data was obtained.

(hr-1) 0.66 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.28

S(mg/l) 20 10 6.6 5.0 4.0
Determine the magnitude of the maximum specific growth rate and the saturation constant.

SOLUTION.

Graph of specific growth rate against Substrate concentration.

0.7

0.6
Specific Growth rate(hr-1)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Substrate concentration(mg/L)

With the data values given max corresponds to 0.66,1/2max=0.33 this corresponds to a
concentration of 0.5mg/l(also the saturation constant)

However the substrate is not limiting as the curve does not level off from the recorded values of
.
SECTION B.SEWARAGE CONVEYANCE.

1.Determine the average velocity in a trunk sewer made of concrete (n=0.015) of 1500 mm
diameter laid on a slope of 1%. The peak discharge through the pipe is estimated to be 4m3/s.

Solution.

D=pipe diameter d=flow depth. =Angle in radians subtended by water surface at the centre.

= .
2 1
3.142 2 2 2
={ + }. = 3 2 = 2 (2 ) = 4 (1 +
4 8 8

2)

Substituting values.
2
1
3.1421.52 1.52 1.52 1 1.5 3
4={ + } 0.015 { 4 (1 + 2) } 0.012
4 8 8

2
3
4.10252 = {2 + } {(1 + ) }
2

By trial and error

= 2.784 4.1018 .
3.1421.52 2 2.784 1.52 2.784
Substituting this value: = { + }
4 8 8

= 1.08262.

4
= = = 3.694
1.0826
2. Determine the size and slope of a main sewer pipe to serve a residential population an urban
Centre currently at 20,000 but expected to reach 35,000 during the design period in Kenya. The
general ground slope of the area is 0.001. A minimum earth cover of 1.5m is required. State any
assumptions made and ensure the necessary sewer conditions are met.

Solution

Assumptions.

1.Area is a small district with no current industrial development and none is forecasted in the
future.

2.Water consumption is 150L/c//d and a sewage factor of 0.8 is applied on this.

3.Sewer length is assumed to be 1km (1000m) and an infiltration allowance of 100m3 /d/km.

5.Sewarage material is concrete(n=0.013)

2a.Estimation of Peak factor.

5.5 5.5
= 0.18 = 0.18 = 2.9
35000
(1000) ( 1000 )

2b.Estimation of design discharge.

= +

= ( )
0.8 150 35000 0.04863
= = .
86400 1000
0.04863 0.1413
= = 2.9 = .

100 0.00123
= = .
86400
0.14223
= 0.141 + 0.0012 = .

2c.Sewarage parameter estimation for future population.
2
1 2 3 1 8
0.1422 = ( ) 0.001(2) = 0.7581 3
0.013 4 4

= 0.534 534.

Adopting a pipe of 550mm and maintaining groundslope of 0.001

8
= 0.7581 0.553 = 0.1539

0.1422
= = 0.92 = 0.75 ()
0.1539

Increasing gradient from 0.001 to 0.002

8 1
= 23.975 0.553 (0.002)2 = 0.2177

0.1422
= = 0.65 = 0.6()
0.2177

0.2177 0.916
= = .
0.2376

= 1.15, = 1.15 0.916

= 1.0534/( )

2 0.03243
= 0.0486 = .
3
0.0324
= = 0.15 = 0.25, = 0.68
0.2177

= 0.68 0.916 = 0.62/( , )

= 0.25 0.55 = 0.14.

550 0.002.
SECTION C:ORGANIC MATTER QUANTIFICATION

1. A river receives a discharge with the characteristics given below. Determine the critical DO
and
the distance downstream of discharge point.

PARAMETER RIVER EFFLUENT

Flow m3/s(Q) 0.5 0.05
DO, mg/l 5.85 0.9
Temp ,C 35 25
BODu,Kg/Day.(M) 129.6 820.8
Kd at 20C,base 10 NA 0.112
Flow velocity m/s 0.1 NA
Bed activity coefficient 0.2 NA
Kr at 20C,base 10 0.35 NA
Average depth ,m 3.7 NA

SOLUTION.

1.Dertemining constants and temperature correction.

At 20C,Base 10.

= +
2.3
0.1
= 0.112 + 2.33.7 0.2 = 0.11435..

At 25C

= 0.11435 (1.024)5 = 0.1287 = 2.303 0.1287 = 0.2964( )

= 0.04(1.024)5 = 0.045. = 2.303 0.045 = 0.1036( )

From now on in this literature:Subscript r is used to denote river parameters and w to denote
waste/effluent parameters.

2.Dertemining Do(Initial Deficit)

Taking saturation of dissolved oxygen at 25C as 8.3mg/L.

+ 0.5 5.85 + 0.05 0.9 2.835 5.15

= = = = .
+ 0.5 + 0.05 0.55
 3.15
= 8.3 5.15 = .

3.Dertemining Lo (Ultimate Load) after mixing.

103
86400
= =

129.6 103 3
= =
86400 0.5
820.8 103 190
= = .
86400 0.05
0.5 3 + 0.05 190 11 20
= = = = .
+ 0.5 + 0.05 0.55

4.Dertemining critical time.

1 [1 ( )]
= { }

0.1036 0.1036 0.2964

1 [1 3.15 ( 0.2964 20 )]
= {0.2964 }
0.1036 0.2964

= 5.186720.38531 = 4.94.

5.Critical deficit.

0.2964 13.23
= () = 20 (0.2964 4.94) =
0.1036

6.Critical Dissolved Oxygen.

4.93
= 8.3 13.23 = . ( . )

7.Distance to critical point.

0.1 4.94 86400

= = = 42.6816
1000
2. A river receives treated wastewater from a town. Given the characteristics of the wastewater
and

the river, determine if the river DO reduces below 5mg/l at any point downstream of the
discharge point.

PARAMETER RIVER EFFLUENT

Flow m3/s 0.9 0.28
DO, mg/l 6 1
Temp ,C 28 28
BODu,mg/l. 7 6.5
Kd at 28C,d-1 0.2 NA
Kr at 28C,d-1 0.37 NA
Flow velocity m/s 0.65 NA

Solution.

1.Dertemining Do(initial deficit)

Taking dissolved oxygen at saturation ,28C=7.9mg/l.

+ 0.9 6 + 0.28 1 5.68 4.81

= = = = .
+ 0.9 + 0.28 1.18

3
= 7.8 4.81 = .

2.Dertemining Lo(Initial Ultimate load after mixing).

0.9 7 + 0.28 6.5 8.12 6.88

= = = = .
+ 1.18 1.18

3.Dertemining critical time.

1 [1 ( )]
= { }

0.37 0.37 0.2

1 [1 3 (0.2 6.88)]
= { 0.2 } = 5.88231.16432 = 0.89.
0.37 0.2
4.Dertemining Crtitical deficit.

0.2
= () = 6.88(0.2 0.89) = 3.11/
0.37
5.Minimum dissolved oxygen.

= 7.8 3.11 = 4.69mg/l.

Therefore there is a point downstream where the DO is less than 5mg/l.

Reference.

1.Maximum Dissolved Oxygen Concentration Saturation table by Maine Volunteer Lake

Monitoring Program.