Leyes de los Gases

Ideal Gas Laws

Boyles law: For a given mass of gas
held at a constant temperature, the
volume is inversely proportional to
pressure
Charles law: For given mass of gas
held at a constant pressure, the
volume is directly proportional to
temperature
 Boyles Law
2 SCF at 0 PSIG 2 SCF at 15 PSIG

2 ACF

<1 ACF
 Boyles Law (contd)
Fixed Volume Example >2 SCF at 15 PSIG
(relates to positive
displacement meters)

1 SCF at 0 PSIG

1 ACF 1 ACF
 Pressure Units of Measure
Gauge (PSIG): Pressure compared
to an atmospheric reference (i.e. 14.4
PSIA)
Absolute (PSIA): Pressure compared
to a vacuum reference
Differential (PSID): Pressure
difference between two points
Pressure Units Conversion

PSIG + Patmosphere = PSIA

5 psig + 14.4 psia = 19.4 psia

 Pressure Units of Measure
(contd)
Practical Exercise:
When a pressure gauge connected to a gas pipe
or meter in Hutchinson, KS shows 10 PSIG,
what is the absolute pressure?
Hutchinsons altitude is _____ Feet AGL
Hutchinsons average atmospheric pressure is _____ PSIA

Your answer is _____ PSI/PSIG/PSIA/PSID (circle

one)
Notes: Patm = 10(log Po - 0.0000157h), Po = 14.696 Std Sea Level Pressure, h = Local Elevation
 Pressure Units of Measure
(contd)
Practical Exercise (Answers):
When a pressure gauge connected to a gas pipe
or meter in Hutchinson, KS shows 10 PSIG,
what is the absolute pressure?
Hutchinsons altitude is 1,529 Feet AGL
Hutchinsons average atmospheric pressure is 13.906 PSIA

Your answer is 23.906 PSI/PSIG/PSIA/PSID

(circle one)
 Charles Law

oF 1 SCF at 60 oF 1 SCF at 110 oF

1 SCF at 10

0.9 ACF 1 ACF 1.1 ACF

 Charles Law (contd)
Fixed Volume Example
(relates to positive
displacement meters)

1.1 SCF at 10 oF 1 SCF at 60 oF 0.9 SCF at 110 oF

1 ACF 1 ACF 1 ACF

 Temperature Units of
Measure
Fahrenheit: Temperature scale where
water freezes at 32 oF, boils at 212 oF,
and where all molecular motion
(absolute zero) stops at -460 oF
Rankine: Temperature scale where
water freezes at 492 oR, boils at 672 oR,
and where all molecular motion
(absolute zero) stops at 0 oR
Temperature Units
Conversion

oF + 460 oR = oR

72 oF + 460 oR = 532 oR
 Temperature Units of Measure
(contd)
Practical Exercise:

When a temperature gauge connected to a gas

pipe or meter inlet shows 55 F, what is the
absolute temperature?

Your answer is _____ F/ R (circle one)

 Temperature Units of Measure
(contd)
Practical Exercise (Answer):

When a temperature gauge connected to a gas

pipe or meter inlet shows 55 F, what is the
absolute temperature?

Your answer is 515 F/ R (circle one)

 Correction Factors
Fp: Pressure correction factor used to convert
between actual (acf) and standard (scf) gas
volumes
Pf: Flowing pressure in PSIG
Patm: Average atmospheric pressure (i.e. 14.4 psia)
Pbase: Base pressure at which gas is bought and
sold (i.e. 14.65 psia (for gas distribution-usually
0.25 psig + Patm, for transmission-usually 14.73
psia))

Fp = (Pf + Patm)/Pbase
Fp = (15 psig + 14.4 psia)/14.65 psia
Fp = 29.4 psia/14.65 psia = 2.007
Correction Factors (contd)
Practical Exercise:

What is the pressure correction factor for a

meter installed in Hutchinson, KS having an
inlet pressure of 5 PSIG?

Hutchinsons average atmospheric pressure is _____ PSIA

Hutchinsons base pressure is _____ PSIA

Your answer is _____

Correction Factors (contd)
Practical Exercise (Answers):
What is the pressure correction factor for a
meter installed in Hutchinson, KS having an
inlet pressure of 5 PSIG?

Hutchinsons average atmospheric pressure is 13.91 PSIA

Hutchinsons base pressure is 14.65 PSIA

Your answer is 1.291 (for 13.91 Atmos Press & 14.65

Base Press)
Correction Factors (contd)
Ft: Temperature correction factor used to convert
between actual (acf) and standard (scf) gas
volumes
Tf: Flowing temperature in oF
Tbase: Base temperature at which gas is bought
and sold (i.e. 60 oF)

Ft = (Tbase + 460 oR)/(Tf + 460 oR)

Ft = (60 oF + 460 oR)/ (72 oF + 460 oR)
Ft = 520 oR/ 532 oR = 0.9774
 Correction Factors (contd)
Practical Exercise:

What is the temperature correction factor for a

meter having an inlet gas temperature of 42
F?

Base temperature is _____ F

Your answer is _____

 Correction Factors (contd)
Practical Exercise (Answers):

What is the temperature correction factor for a

meter having an inlet gas temperature of 42
F?

Base temperature is 60 F

Your answer is 1.036

 Gas Volume Units
Actual cubic feet (ACF): Physical gas
volume as measured by a container or
displaced by a meter
Standard cubic feet (SCF): Volume of gas
as it would be physically measured
when pressure and temperature are at
base or standard conditions (i.e. 14.65
psia and 60 oF)
 Gas Volume Conversion
1.962 SCF
at 15 PSIG & 72 oF
SCF = ACF x Fp x Ft
SCF = 1 acf x 2.007 x 0.9774
SCF = 1.962 scf

ACF = SCF / Fp / Ft
ACF = 1.962 scf / 2.007 / 0.9774
ACF = 1.000 acf
1 ACF
Notes: Example uses Pbase = 14.65 and Patm = 14.4
 Gas Volume Conversion
(contd)
Practical Exercise:

What is the number of standard cubic feet delivered to

a Denver customer when the meter measures 1,000
ACF, the inlet pressure is 5 PSIG, and the inlet gas
temperature is 68 F?

Denvers average atmospheric pressure is 12.14 PSIA

Denvers base pressure is 12.36 PSIA
The pressure factor is _____
Base temperature is _____ F
The temperature factor is _____

Your answer is _____ SCF

 Gas Volume Conversion
(contd)
Practical Exercise (Answers):

What is the number of standard cubic feet delivered to

a Denver customer when the meter measures 1,000
ACF, the inlet pressure is 5 PSIG, and the inlet gas
temperature is 68 F?

Denvers average atmospheric pressure is 12.14 PSIA

Denvers base pressure is 12.36 PSIA
The pressure factor is 1.387
Base temperature is 60 F
The temperature factor is 0.985

Your answer is 1,366 SCF

 Sizing Chart
(capacities shown in MSCFH)
Model: 8C175 11C175 15C175 2M175 3M175 5M175 7M175

PSIG

1 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.1 3.1 5.2 7.3

5 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.6 4.0 6.6 9.2

25 2.1 2.9 4.0 5.4 8.0 13.4 18.7

60 4.0 5.6 7.6 10.1 15.2 25.3 35.4

100 6.2 8.5 11.7 15.5 23.3 38.8 54.4

 Pop Quiz
For 4,400 scfh (4.4 million BTU/hr) load at
25 psig, select meter
a. 5M175
b. 3M175
c. 2M175
d. 15C175
e. 8C175
 Pop Quiz (Answer)
For 4,400 scfh (4.4 million BTU/hr) load
at 25 psig, select meter using chart
5M175 Oversize
3M175 Oversize
2M175
15C175 10% Overspeed OK
8C175 Undersize
 Gas Law Calculations
Qscfh = Qacfh x Fpres x Ftemp
(load) (meter rate) (press factor) (temp
factor)
(corrd rate) (uncorrd rate)

-or-

Qacfh = Qscfh
Fpres x Ftemp

Negligible effect for sizing meters

 Gas Law Calculations
(contd)
Qacfh = Qscfh
(Psig + Patm) / Pbase

Qacfh = Meter rate (actual cubic feet per hour)

Qscfh = Maximum Gas Load (standard cubic feet per hour)

Psig = Minimum line pressure (psig)

Patm = Average atmospheric press (typ 14.4 psia)

Pbase = Base or contract pressure (typ 14.65 psia in

Midwest)
 Gas Law Calculations
(example)
Maximum Load: 4,400 scfh (4.4 million BTU/hr)
Minimum press: 25 psig
Average atmospheric pressure: 14.4 psia
Base pressure: 14.65 psia

Qacfh = 4,400
(25 + 14.4) / 14.65

Qacfh = 4,400 = 4,400 = 1,636 acfh

(39.4) / 14.65 2.689
Thank You