READING PASSAGE 2 ou should spend about 2i) minutes. on Questions 15.28 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below The Risks of Cigarette Smoke Discovered in the early 1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active insredient of tobacco. Nicotine. however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times. scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions. In addition to being responsible for more than 85 percent of lung cancers, smoking iS associated with cancers of, amonast others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys. and seus Tom ane’ and ry represents mos mpl prewstane cast cancer in countries like the United States today. Passive smoking. the breathina in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A.report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency Pee eee contains more, smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited Be sce fae pe sera e-em tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer. As an ilustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner ig a Smoker and one a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 percent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung.cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the ‘spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 percent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second- hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.Test] A more recent study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that second-hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to by many people in their daily ves is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person's heart and lungs. The report, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (AMA), was based on the researchers’ own earlier research but also includes a review of studies over effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers than on smokers. This report emphases that cancer & not caused by a sige element n cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver lit giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelinood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body. The researchers criticize the practice of some scientific consultants who work with the tobacco industry for assuming that cigarette smoke has the same impact on smokers as it does on non-smokers. They arque that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous. research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States. This means that passive smoking is the third most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseases. The study argues that the type of action needed against passive smoking should be similar to tha beng taten against legal crugs and AIDS (SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places. schools and public places.PART 1 ‘The examiner asks the candidate about him herself hishar home, work or studies and other familiar topics. EXAMPLE + Do youhavea Large family or a semall family? + Can you tell me something about thems? + How much time do you manage to spend with members of your family? + What sorts of things de you like to do together? + DidDo you get on well with your fumily? [Why7] PART 2 ‘You wall have to talk about the Describe-s teacher who bas influenced you in your education. | topic for | ta2 mimutes. You ‘Vou zhould say- ‘um have one minute to think Serene about what you're going to hate spec ou ‘hem say. You can make some note: sad explain why thi: person influenced vou :o much. to belp you if you wish. PART 3 Developments im education Example questions: How has education changed in your country in the last 10 years? ‘What changes do you foresee in the newt 50 years? Anationsl educstion system How do the expectations of todzy's school leavers compare with those of the previous ‘What role do you think exmacunicular activities play in education? Different srylezimechod: of reaching amd learning ‘What method of learning works best for you? How beneficial do you thick it is to group stadents according to their level of ability?Answer Rey ACADEMIC READING Fach quemon comectly answered scores J mart Please note! CORRECT SPELLING NEEDED IN ALL ANSWERS. _ - 22 E V/inmen bamefultosce-smckersthets Reading Passage 1, Questions 1-14 smnckors : . 23 Gil ix mame Waly to be at nicked contracting, 1 ivi! fr cantare variou cmoat 2 i) How tie seaction peincple wodks . . 3 vite snr 24 oppor sxckng and puss each 2 ‘ Si Redan frmilewyes 250 Alla finding ofthe UCSF umd 5 Bi! space travel became amality 26 Ban opinion of the UCSF smdy § Di Setisbm sweet comeyiotnrwest 7 Bia panna de OCF sh + ne cime 28 Cia ading afta FPA mp $ Alte Chae i a 4 ate Reading Passage 3, Questions 29-40 10 Evisbs Americans 29 iv Explaining ths inductive motbod us BO vai) The sole of bypotheresiinsciautific rerearch OE BL i Ths mating oF 32 vi! 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