Finite Elements

Frameworks

Prestressing

Dynamics

BIM
 Contents
Concept.............................................................................................................................................. 1

Program Interface............................................................................................................................. 2

Reinforced Concrete Construction................................................................................................... 6

Prestressed Concrete Construction............................................................................................... 10

Bridge Construction........................................................................................................................ 12

Steel Construction.......................................................................................................................... 14

Dynamics......................................................................................................................................... 16

Nonlinear System Analysis............................................................................................................ 18

Fire scenarios.................................................................................................................................. 20

Timber Construction....................................................................................................................... 21

Solid Models.................................................................................................................................... 22

Design Objects................................................................................................................................ 24

NURBS............................................................................................................................................. 25

Data and Prices............................................................................................................................... 26

InfoGraph GmbH
Concept
The InfoCAD program systems of-
fer a number of software solutions
that are specifically optimized for
structural design and feature a ran-
ge of tools for interactive modeling.

With the ability to calculate and

check any structure, from simple
slab systems and prestressed 3D
shell structures to dynamically
stressed solid models, the system
can be used for a variety of civil en-
gineering tasks. Model editing, ana-
lysis control and results output for
all structure types are performed in
a standard 3D CAD user interface.
Special data interfaces ensure that
you have access to third-party programs. Thereby the exchange of digital building models (BIM) according to the
IFC standard becomes more and more important.

InfoGraph program systems -

User-friendly high performance software for the growing
demands of the construction industry.

InfoCAD Options:

2D and 3D beam and shell structures, cable structures and solid models
Laminate cross-sections, pile calculation
Geometrically and physically nonlinear analysis
Spring elements with any nonlinear characteristics
Determination of buckling eigenmodes
Bending, shearing and torsional design, robustness reinforcement
Punching shear check, fatigue check, concrete and steel stresses, crack width limitation
European standards (Eurocode, DIN, OENORM and SIA)
Design of Steel Structures for classes 1 to 4 (automatic classification, lateral torsional buckling)
Design of Timber Structures per EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2
Dynamic calculations, earthquake checks, time step integration, dynamic train crossing, nonlinear
cable dynamics, dynamic collapse analysis
Prestressing of beam, shell and solid structures
Bridge checks according to EN 1992-2, OENORM, DIN Technical Report and Recalculaion Guideline
Computation of construction stages with creep redistribution
Structural analysis for fire scenarios based on the general calculation method
Design objects for stress integration at any section
NURBS objects for handling free-form geometries
Tetrahedron elements with contact properties
Exchange of digital building models (BIM)
64-bit program version for very large data/processing requirements

01 InfoGraph GmbH
 Program Interface

Intuitive Operation such as context-sensitive menus, existing construction. During this

The InfoCAD program system has detailed F1 help for all dialogs and process all specified boundary
a graphical user interface where so on. conditions such as openings, down-
you can define entire structures stand beams, supports or support
along with their material and sec- Easy-to-Use System Input lines are taken into consideration.
tion properties and various loads. Structures are drawn and construc-
All common CAD functions such as ted either using the model objects Once the FEM mesh is generated, it
positioning, copying, and mirroring found in the ground plans or as can be modified with full user con-
are available for this purpose. The wire models. To complete and trol over each individual element.
program also features layer and check the structures, the entered Optimal modeling is supported by
color management, which allows objects can be dimensioned au- a number of sophisticated control
you to process even the most com- tomatically. DXF transfer can also functions. Additional semi-automa-
plex of structures. When developing be used as an alternate method of tic mesh generators let you arrange
the software we placed particular data entry. elements in a way that satisfies all
emphasis on making the interface of your requirements.
both intuitive and user friendly. To Automatic Mesh Generation
this end we integrated a number The FEM mesh can be generated
of common Windows features automatically on the basis of the

You do not need to define

surfaces or surface macros.
The program recognizes all
subareas and generates a
mesh for them automatically.

02 InfoGraph GmbH
Material and Section Actions and Design Situations
The standard steel and concrete The design values of the load are
classes as well as user-definable calculated automatically based on
material types are available for all the internal forces of the load cases
elements. The properties of these and load case combinations.
classes and types are used in all By using cyclic permutation, the
calculations and checks. Time- program constructs all variations
dependent variables for creep and of leadings actions and accom-
shrinkage behavior are additionally panying actions with regard to the
available for the concrete classes. partial safety factors and combi- 1. Draw ground plan
The (t,t0) und (t,t0) coefficients nation coefficients of the relevant
can be calculated as well, if re- standard.
quired. The extremal internal forces then
provide the determinant design
Area sections are described based values for the respective situations.
on the element thickness. These The load cases involved in a result
descriptions can take orthotropy and their respective weightings
into account to allow for different can be determined at a click of the
rigidities for the main and lateral mouse.
direction.

For beams and downstand beams,

you can select parameterized 2. Generate mesh
standard sections as well as user-
defined polygons. All common steel
sections are made available in an
extensive library.

Loads
The numerous load types that are Load input at the system
available provide a convenient
means to implement all conceiv-
able stresses. They are applied
directly to the system in the
graphical user interface and can be
3. Apply loads
positioned anywhere you want.
The load types include:

dead loads
single, line and area loads
Definition of element properties
support displacement
creep and shrinkage
temperature
hydrostatic pressure
influence lines and surfaces
prestressing

A special function can be used to

4. Access results
generate moving loads as well.
Automatic mesh generation at a com-
plex tunnel connection

InfoGraph GmbH
 Program Interface

Stresses and utilizations

Results The realistic system view gives you Printout

All calculated results are shown in a an additional means of checking The current processing status can
clearly arranged tree structure. the computer model. be printed out at any time. You can
The available view options can be use the Windows Print Preview op-
chosen depending on the current Tabular Display tion to check the printout in advan-
result. In addition to the various With respect to beam structures, ce. Individual graphics, tables or the
graphical views, all of the results it is often desirable to display the entire print list can be printed.
can also be plotted numerically. results as a table. You can switch All of the printing devices recog-
A variety of setting options allow between the graphical and tabu- nized by the operating system are
you to fine-tune the presentation. lar view with a simple click of the available.
All checking programs generate mouse. The table data can be ex-
additional custom logs that are ported to any Windows program via
configurable. They provide an easy the clipboard and then processed
way of understanding the comple- further if necessary.
tely computation.
Print List
Individual Results All the system data you want to
All available system data and print out at a later time can be
results can be viewed in compact stored in a print list at the push of a
form by simply clicking an element. button. This option is available for Stress dirstribution in a laminate ele-
This offers you a simple and de- both tabular and graphical views. ment
tailed method for checking data. You can store, for example, system
views, section data, design specifi-
System Viewer cations and results displays in any
The InfoGraph System Viewer order you want.
offers a descriptive visualization of The print list can be expanded into
structure sections. It is especially a complete system analysis with its
well-suited for presenting and ani- own sections and an automatically
mating static or dynamic results. generated table of contents.
The views can easily be exported Also, the data is always updated
as individual images. after system changes.

04 InfoGraph GmbH
Deformation shape

Color gradient areas

Section view

Contours
Schnittdarstellung

Vector view
05 InfoGraph GmbH
Vektordarstellung
 Reinforced Concrete Construction

Design section with steel layers

For users of a software program Area Elements Slabs with inclined reinforcement
for solid construction, the imple- Slabs, plain stress elements or assemblies are designed according
mentation and integration of the shells are described by their section to Kuyt/Rsch, in which the design
relevant design standards and the thickness. The edge clearances moments are calculated with the
comprehensibility of the results are of the individual reinforcing steel help of principle moments m1, m2.
of critical importance. layers can be controlled separately For a combined load, the normal
For this, InfoCAD provides com- for each direction and specify the design forces are determined from
prehensive functions such as the effective height for the lateral force n1, n2 and are taken together with
single design or detailed listings for design. the design moments as the basis
each element. The latest eurocode The design internal forces for the of the calculation.
standards with the national anne- longitudinal reinforcement are The shear design is performed for
xes and the swiss standard are determined using the plasticity the extremal lateral force of the
supported. approach from Wolfensberger and design qr = (qx + qy).
Thrlimann, which takes into ac-
Beams, Columns, Downstand count how much the reinforcement
Beams deviates from the crack direction.
The concrete section and its steel
layers are entered in the section di-
alog. The typical standard sections
used in concrete construction are
available as predefined templates.
You can also import complex geo-
metries via DXF.
The bending design is carried out
for two-axes bending with normal
force at this polygon section, which
can have any shape. For shear and
torsion design, the existing equiva-
lent sections are used.

06 InfoGraph GmbH
Actions and Combinations Lateral Force
Based on actions, the program Lateral force design involves
uses the relevant safety and combi- determining the diagonal tensile
nation coefficients to automatically reinforcement and includes a
construct the design situation for concrete strut check. The necessity
the ultimate limit state and the ser- of a lateral force reinforcement is
viceability limit state. The resulting analyzed first.
extremal design values are then For components with the required
provided for the checks. Alterna- lateral force reinforcement, the de-
tively, you can also carry out the sign value of the concrete longitudi-
checks for all combinations rather nal stress is taken into account and
than just the extreme values of the the strut angle is limited depending
load. on the amount of stress.
The necessary minimum reinforce-
Ensuring Ductile Component ment is shown.
Behavior Optionally, you can also raise the
To prevent a component from allowable bending tensile reinforce-
failing without notice during initial ment to prevent shear stirrups.
crack formation, a minimum rein-
forcement is put into place to cover Torsion
the crack moment with Torsion design involves determi-
As= Mr,ep/(fykzs). ning the diagonal tensile reinforce-
ment and the longitudinal reinforce-
Bending Design ment and includes a concrete strut
As a part of bending design, the check under maximum torsional
load-bearing check is performed for stress, combined with a concrete
bending with or without longitudinal strut check under lateral force.
force and longitudinal force only for
spatially stressed beam and area
sections.
The reinforcement required for
each internal force combination
is determined with regard to the
limit strain curve specified by the
Checks for reinforced concrete construction:
relevant standard. The final result is
derived from the extreme value of
Checks at the ultimate limit state
all calculated reinforcements.
Minimum reinforcement for ensuring ductile component behavior
When performing a
Bending with or without normal force or normal force only
compression member design,
Lateral force under consideration of the min. level of reinforcement
the reinforcement is symmetrically
Pure torsion and torsion with lateral force
arranged and given the appropriate
Checks against punching shear
minimum reinforcement.
Checks against fatigue (concrete and reinforcement)

Checks at the serviceability limit state

Limiting the concrete compressive stresses
Limiting the reinforcing steel stresses
Minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation
Limiting the crack width via direct calculation
Limiting deformations

Strain ranges for the bending design

07 InfoGraph GmbH
 Reinforced Concrete Construction

Punching Shear Fatigue Check possible increase as a result of the

The load-bearing safety check with The fatigue check for concrete and fatigue check.
respect to punching shear is perfor- steel is carried out for load-bearing
med interactively at the support of components that are not subject to Crack Width Limitation
a slab structure. During this check, primarily static actions. Crack formation is essentially un-
the determinant punching force can The stress range originating in con- avoidable in areas where concrete
be taken from the static calculati- dition II is checked for each steel is subject to tensile stress. The
on (e.g., from the permanent and layer and increased if necessary. crack width should be limited such
temporary or accidental design The check for concrete under pres- that proper use of the structure as
situation). sure is likewise carried out at the well as its appearance and dura-
The program makes recommenda- cracked section. bility are not compromised as a
tions for the required longitudinal result of cracks. The crack width
and/or stirrup reinforcement. The Limiting the Concrete Compres- limitation check includes checking
location of the supports in relation sive Stresses the minimum reinforcement and
to the edge and any openings are Concrete compressive stresses calculating the crack width.
taken into account. All necessary are limited to prevent longitudinal
perimeters as well as the minimum cracks from occurring under the Minimum Reinforcement for the
reinforcement are checked and rare action combination. Crack Width Limitation
then applied. A detailed log docu- If the serviceability, load-bearing This reinforcement is dimensioned
ments the entire calculation. capacity or durability of the struc- to compensate forced actions and
ture is predominantly influenced by residual stresses and designed for
creepage, then this also need to be the internal force combination that
limited under the quasi-continuous leads to initial crack formation in
action combination. accordance with the corresponding
requirement class.
Limiting the Reinforcing Steel
Stresses Crack Width Check
The steel stresses are checked by The crack width is determined for
determining the strain state at the the final longitudinal reinforcement
cracked concrete section. (maximum from the robustness,
The tensile stresses are limited crack and bending reinforcement
under the rare action combination including a possible increase resul-
for this check. The reinforcement ting from the fatigue check). The
corresponds to the maximum value steel stress of the reinforcement is
from the robustness, crack and derived using the check combinati-
bending reinforcement, including a on defined by the requirement class

08 InfoGraph GmbH
in condition II. Therefore, all internal force com- bearing safety check for the entire
The reinforcement is increased binations can be checked in the system (e.g., for movable frames
until the prescribed crack width is InfoCAD program system as an with regard to effective rigidities
maintained. option. or to determine deformations in
condition II).
Limiting Deformations Load-Bearing Safety Check and
The deformations in the service- Deformations in Condition II
ability state are determined with The nonlinear system analysis for
regard to the existing reinforcement all standards and structure types
and the bending rigidities that result can be used to perform a load-
from it.
A residual tensile stress can be
used to record how the concrete
contributes to the tension between
the cracks (tension stiffening).

Determining Maximum Reinforce-

ment
The design of the extremal internal
forces from the action combina-
tions does not necessarily lead
to the maximum reinforcing steel
reinforcement. Frequently there are
combinations with lower internal
forces that result in higher rein-
forcement levels.

Design Situations according to EN 1992-1-1

Situation Ultimate Limit State Section Serviceability Limit State Section

Permanent, Temporary Longitudinal reinforcement 6.1

Accidental Lateral reinforcement 6.2
Earthquake Torsional reinforcement 6.3

Characteristic Robustness reinforcement 9.2.1.1 Concrete compressive stresses 7.2 (2)

(rare) (on the basis of Reinforcing steel stresses 7.2 (5)
EN 1992-2, 6.1(110)) Prestressing steel stresses 7.2 (5)
Crack width, prestress with direct bound 7.3.1 DE

Frequent Fatigue simplified 6.8.6 (2) Decompression XD1-XS3 7.3.1

Crack width, prestress with bound 7.3.1

Quasi- Concrete compressive stresses 7.2 (2)

Permanent Prestressing steel stresses 7.2 (5) DE
Decompression XC2-XC4 7.3.1
Crack width, prestress without bound, 7.3.1
Deformation 7.4

Fatigue Reinforcing steel 6.8.6 (1)

Prestressing steel 6.8.4
Concrete 6.8.4

09 InfoGraph GmbH
 Prestressed Concrete Construction
are available, such as longitudinal
or section view for editing. This ma-
kes it possible to directly evaluate
the prestressing curve with regard
to straining, weakening, slippage
and friction. The maximum permit-
ted prestressing force is determi-
ned using the allowance value.
The forces arising from the tendon
group geometry and the prestres-
sing force curve are then applied to
the system. Afterwards the calcu-
lated internal forces, deformation
and other factors are available for
additional checks.

Creep and Shrinkage

The program determines concrete
creep and shrinkage based on a
Program Concept according to EN 1992-1-1, EN time-dependent stress-strain law
The Prestressed Concrete module 1992-2, DIN 1045-1, DIN Technical developed by Trost.
was developed for all applications Report, OENORM and SIA.
of prestressing with subsequent
bond or without bond, which means Actions from Prestressing
it is particularly well suited for Tendon groups are entered inter-
calculating prestressed concrete actively on the existing structure
bridges, containers and floor slabs. model. These groups are defined
The module is based on a 3D ten- independent of elements, which
don guide that can be used for all allows them to take any course
beam, shell and solid models. The through the structure and be freely
functions are divided into tendon copied or moved.
Load introduction at the beam element
group input, load processing in the For designing the tendon group
FEM analysis section and checks geometry, a variety of help options
The prestressing steel layers are
included in the calculation of the
creep and shrinkage load case
while the entire rigidity matrix is
being processed. This results in
composite elements whose strain
state is taken to determine the cor-
responding share of internal forces
of the composite components. This
approach is implemented for all
element types. Creep redistribution
can therefore also be determined
for area and solid models.
The necessary creep and shrinka-
ge coefficients can optionally be
calculated.

10 InfoGraph GmbH
Checks According to EN 1992
The checks can be used for all
prestressed engineering construc-
tions.
Various components can be com-

bined within the structure model:

non-prestressed components
prestressed components with and railroad bridge construction
subsequent bond are taken into account during these
prestressed components wit- checks.
hout bond
components with external Checks According to SIA
prestressing The regulations for general pres-
mixed construction compo- tressed concrete construction
nents according to SIA 262 are taken into
account during the checks.
In addition to the checks described
in the reinforced concrete section
above, the fatigue of the tendons
and their allowed stresses and the
decompression are checked in Prestressed septic tank with 3D tendon
relation to the prestressing. guide
These checks use additional rules
for prestressed components such
Prestressing of Beam, Shell and Solid Structures:
as the inclusion of variation coef-
ficients for the effect from inner
Element-independent 3D tendon group guide
prestressing in the construction
Cubical spline function
and final state or the bond coeffici-
Prestressing of beam, shell and solid structures
ent .
Tendon group editing on the system and in any section
Friction, wobble and slippage
Checks According to OENORM
Consideration of allowance value
The design and checks are per-
Display of the prestressing force curve and the tendon group radii
formed according to the individual
Identification of system reactions resulting from prestressing
standards OENORM EN 1992-1-1
Calculation of creep and shrinkage coefficients
and OENORM EN 1992-2. The
Creep and shrinkage with tendon group distributions
regulations for general prestressed
Design and checks according to EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-2 with the
concrete construction and road
national annexes, DIN 1045-1, DIN-Technical Report and SIA.

11 InfoGraph GmbH
 Bridge Construction

Bridge Construction Checks viewed in a clear and detailed man- can therefore create the necessary
This module is used for bridge and ner. A variety of graphical display action combinations on its own.
other engineering constructions options are available.
in which the actions from the road Actions and Combinations
or railroad traffic have to be taken Load Model 1 The existing load cases are assig-
into account. Permitted structure The movable traffic loads from ned to the relevant actions which
models include 2D and 3D beam load model 1 are processed with a are then used to construct the
as well as area and solid construc- special load function. action combinations according to
tions. This function clearly arranges the the selected standard.
The module can be used to analyze positions of the tandem system A variety of situations (e.g., for the
components without prestressing and the UDL loads on the bridge. construction or final state) can be
as well as prestressed components Any number of load positions and created for this.
with subsequent bond, without lane configurations can be defined The partial safety factors and com-
bond, with external prestressing in this process. bination coefficients are specified
and in mixed constructions. The distance between vehicles, by the program for this purpose
Optionally, the German Guideline the load distribution height and in accordance with the applicable
for Recalculation of Road Bridges the centrifugal load of the tandem standard. All coefficients can be
can be taken into account. systems are automatically taken supplemented or changed during the
The large number of results can be into consideration. The program editing process.

Model of a bridge and effective flange widths of a box girder section Tandem system from load model 1

12 InfoGraph GmbH
The program then uses this infor-
mation to determine the extremal
system reactions based on the com-
bination specifications.

Checks
Checks are carried out for each
specified design situation based on
the requirement classes. Depen-
ding on the situation, a variety of
specifications for the construction
or final state are used.
The identified reinforcements are
based on the checks and may, if
necessary, be increased until they
are in compliance.
The longitudinal and stirrup re-
inforcement is stored separately
based on the checks and is availa- Decompression Stress range
ble for display in addition to the
extreme value of all reinforcements.
The checked stresses and utiliza-
tions resulting from fatigue, decom-
pression and other factors are also
stored and can then be applied to
the system. Min./max. stresses Extremal reinforcement
A detailed log lists all the informa-
tion that is relevant for the test in Bridge Construction Checks:
a clear and easy-to-understand
manner. EN 1992-2 and DIN Technical Report
Consideration of any stresses and loading
Construction Stages Special preparation of the load models LM 1 and LMM
Managing construction stages is Automatic combination of actions
an important feature for bridge con- - construction and final stages for all action combinations
struction. It provides an easy way - optional user-defined actions
to determine, for example, creep Checks at the ultimate limit state
and shrinkage redistributions in dif- - minimum reinforcement to ensure robustness
ferent phases of the construction. - bending with or without longitudinal force
For every construction stage a file - lateral force with regard to the minimum level of reinforcement
is created for which all calculation - pure torsion and torsion with lateral force
options are available. Redundant - fatigue (concrete, reinforcing steel and prestressing steel)
use of load cases and elements is Checks at the serviceability limit state
prevented by the system. - minimum reinforcement for limiting the crack width
The results of all construction - limiting the crack width through direct calculation
stages can be combined with or - decompression check
superposed on one another. - limiting the concrete compressive stresses
- limiting the reinforcing steel stresses
- limiting the prestressing steel stresses
- check for the diagonal principal tensile stresses
Recalculation of road bridges (Recaculation Guideline)

13 InfoGraph GmbH
 Steel Construction
The steel checks according to EN The plastic cross-section resis- Section Analysis
1993-1-1 can be used for polygonal tance will be verified for all cross- Within the scope of system checks,
beam sections made of construc- sections of the classes 1 and 2 if the following key values are deter-
tion steel S235 - S450 as per EN the elastic cross-section resistance mined for all used sections and
1993-1-1, Table 3.1, as well as for of the contemplated set of internal then made available for use:
cross-sections with user-defined forces is exceeded.
steel properties. centroid coordinates
For this purpose the calculated load area of the section
1 z I z y I yz y I y z I yz
cases are assigned to the actions ( y , z ) = N x +M y
2
+M z
2
moments of inertia in relation
A I y I z I yz I y I z I yz
in accordance with EN 1991, Part 1. to the coordinate axes and the
Taking into account the preset Normal stresses for a section point main axes
safety factors and combination deviation moment
coefficients, defined in EN 1990, the twisting angle of the main axes
program automatically calculates torsion moment of inertia
the internal forces for the desired Classification shear values for Qy, Qz and Mx
design situations. For every set of internal forces the and the Wt, Wqy and Wqz mo-
cross-section class according to ments of resistance.
Cross-Section Resistance EN 1993-1-1, Chapter 5.5, is auto-
The elastic cross-section resis- matically determined. To this end, To determine the stressing as a
tance is verified for all cross- the stress distribution for simulta- result of St. Venant torsion, the
sections of the classes 1 to 4. neous stress from biaxial bending differential equation of the warping
Cross-sections of class 4 are and normal force in the center line
treated like class 3 if the c/t ratio of the section parts is used.
does not exceed the limits of class A cross-section is generally clas-
3 increased by a factor according sified by the most unfavorable
to Chapter 5.5.2(9). Otherwise the class of its pressure-loaded section
check is carried out with effective parts.
cross-section properties as per EN
1993-1-5, clause 4.3.

14 InfoGraph GmbH
 branching load factors directly. ted by varying the elastic potential.
The construction can then easily The resulting eigenvalue problem
be evaluated using the associated provides the smallest positive load
failure figure. factor and thus the sought-after
lateral torsional buckling moment.
Lateral Torsional Buckling This has the advantage that the
The lateral torsional buckling user does not need to specify the
problem is solved for single- and moment coefficient .
double-symmetric I and U profiles. Load eccentricity and elastic rotati-
To create the required strain, spe- onal bedding can be defined by the
cify the internal forces of the beam user.
ends and a point load or uniformly The calculation yields a detailed log
distributed load in both principal of the results with system dia-
Stress curve at a polygon section directions. The ideal lateral torsio- grams and all formulas required for
nal buckling moment Mcr is calcula- the verrification.
function is solved, and to establish
the stressing as a result of lateral
force, the differential equation of
the shear warping is solved.
The analysis is carried out for any
thick or thin-walled polygon section
and all library sections.

Stability Analyses
Two basic methods are available
for analyzing stability problems:

Calculating structures based

on the second-order theory.
Determining buckling eigenmo- Lateral Torsional Buckling of a FEM- Visualization of a dam bridge
des with the relevant branching Model
load factors.
Options for Steel Construction:
For system calculation based on
the second-order theory (equilib- First-order and second-order theory, cable structures based on third-
rium on the deformed system), a order theory
check is performed for beam buck- Buckling eigenmodes with branching load factor
ling and toppling as well as for area Consideration of predeformation
element buckling. The calculation Analysis of single beam failure
can take into account additional Superpositions and checks according to EN 1993-1-1
nonlinear effects such as the exclu- Elastic-elastic, elastic-plastic and plastic-plastic
sion of tensile stresses for bedding Automatic classification and design of section classes 1-4
and support, the failure of tensile or Section analysis for any polygon (thick- or thin-walled)
compression beams and nonlinear Spring joints
material behavior. Eccentric beam connections
The iteration method normally con- Compression and tension beams
verges after a few steps. Stability Extensive profile library
failures are displayed by the singu- Custom-defined user database
larity of the entire rigidity matrix. Lateral torsional buckling check
Determining the buckling eigen- DXF, DSTV and IFC import/export
modes allows you to define the

15 InfoGraph GmbH
 Dynamics

Sophisticated constructions require The check then calculates the be used depending on the calcula-
both static and dynamic structure structure reactions associated with tion.
analyses. These analyses can the resonant frequencies based on At selected nodes the system
range from resonant frequency de- the response spectrum method and response can be calculated using a
termination and time-step calcula- superposes them according to the fixed frequency range in the steady
tions to nonlinear cable dynamics. SRSS or CQC method. The resulting state (stationary response).
The Dynamics program module internal forces are then available for
lets you analyze 2D and 3D beam, further superposition with the static Dynamic Train Crossing
cable, area and solid models. load cases and subsequent design. Dynamic train crossing is another
In order to evaluate the modes interesting calculation option pro-
Resonant Frequency Determina- of vibration to be considered, the vided by the program. This option
tion applied masses are contrasted offers an easy way to analyze the
Determining the eigenvalues and with the effective modal masses. If dynamic stress for any beam and
eigenvectors forms the basis for necessary, you can define custom shell structure based on predefined
most dynamic analyses. The distri- response spectrums. trains such as the ICE or Thalys or
bution of mass that these analyses user-defined trains.
take into account is the result of Vibration Calculations
the system geometry, the additional Time-step calculations are carried The description of the tracks is
point masses and the equivalent out for periodic and transient load- carried out by entering any conti-
masses of the selected load cases. time curves and specified node nuous line on the structure. Multiple
accelerations. These calculations tracks can be considered simulta-
Earthquake Checks can factor in exciters of variable neously, so that, for example, the
In this check, the soil acceleration frequency at the same time. You effect trains traveling in opposite
and the calculation coefficients are can select the number and duration directions have on each other can
specified according to the selected of the individual time steps. be investigated.
standard for any given beam or Mass and stiffness-proportional
shell structure depending on the damping, the Lehr's damping mea- The load model of the typical trains
earthquake zone, the subsoil, the sure, Rayleigh's system damping for high-speed lines are stored in
damping and the structure class. and/or single viscous dampers can the program. Additionally, user-

16 InfoGraph GmbH
defined train loads can be added. Results Display and Processing
Further default parameters are the Deformations, speeds, accelera-
speed and the departure time for tions, internal forces and support
each train. Every train is assigned reactions for each time step are
to one track. By varying the depar- provided as calculation results.
ture times, the intervals between These can be represented indivi- Entering a load-time function
the different trains can be defined. dually or as time-step diagrams.
Additionally, the deformation can
The dynamic train crossing can be dynamically animated in the
be analyzed as part of a direct or System Viewer.
modal time step integration. The For further analyses, the results
amount and duration of the time can superposed with reactions
steps can be entered by the user. from static calculations and then
The vibration behavior and the desi- designed.
red route of the train are considered
here.
Displacement uz of a selected node

Eigenmode of a machine foundation Lane of a train crossing

Dynamic Analyses:

Calculation of beam, cable, area and solid models

Input dialog for earthquake checks
Determination of eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Distributed dead loads, point masses and masses from loads
Periodic and free load-time curves
Simultaneous variable exciters at any node
Free node accelerations
Lehr's damping, mass and stiffness-proportional damping, Rayleigh's
system damping and single viscous dampers
Modal analyses and direct integration of motion equations
Time-step integration for all system reactions with selectable iteration
steps
Stationary response
Evaluation of response spectra acc. to EC 8, DIN, OENORM and SIA
User-defined response spectra
Calculation and output of effective modal masses
Dynamic train crossing on any track
Collapse analysis e.g. component failure
Animation of all time-step calculations Train definition with speed specification
and starting time

17 InfoGraph GmbH
 Nonlinear System Analysis

Standardized equivalent stress-strain

curve for concrete under multiple-axes
strain

Concrete tensile strength (tension stiffening) that remains after the initial crack
formation in a slab.

Nonlinear system analysis can Alternatively, you can also specify

be used to determine the internal the reinforcement level directly.
forces and deformation values of
2D and 3D beam and shell struc- The consideration of concrete
tures made of reinforced concrete creep is realized by modifying the
and steel under consideration of underlying stress-strain curves. Biaxial failure curve according to Kupfer/
geometric and physical nonlineari- For frameworks, the reinforcement Hilsdorf/Rsch
ties. For solid elements, the stress can be automatically increased so
state is calculated based on the as to arrive at the desired structural
Raghava or Rankine yield criterion. safety or to comply with the permit-
The program is especially well-sui- ted strain.
ted for checking the ultimate limit The biaxial concrete behavior is
state (buckling safety check) and implemented for area elements un-
the serviceability (deformations, in- der consideration of the strengths
ternal forces) of the entire system. according to Kupfer/Hilsdorf/Rsch
and the concept of equivalent one-
Structures Made of Reinforced axis strain.
Concrete In addition to the deformations and
The stress-strain curves for non- internal forces in state II, the remai-
linear internal force calculation are ning concrete and reinforcing steel
applied based on the corresponding stresses and its strains are output.
standard and the material selected.
The corresponding material partial
safety factors are also taken into
consideration. The concrete tensile
strength can be considered with
softening or bilinear behavior. This Reinforcement distribution according to
calculation is based on the reinfor- load-bearing safety check
cing steel from a previous design.

18 InfoGraph GmbH
Structures Made of Steel and Bili-
near Material
The calculation is carried out ac-
cording to the theory of plasticity.
The check guarantees that, under
consideration of the internal force
interaction, the full-plastic internal
force limits are not exceeded and
that the system is in a stable state
of equilibrium. In addition to the
Yield criterion according to Raghava Yield criterion according to Rankine
internal forces and deformations,
the nonlinear stress and strain
distribution in the structure is made
available.

Reduction of the constrain forces by the The plasticized areas can be seen clearly on the depicted tube joint. The loading
cracking at a waste bunker capacity has almost been reached with the existing strain.

Nonlinear System Analysis:

Reinforced concrete with stress-strain-curve according to EN 1992, DIN, OENORM and SIA 262
Effect of concrete on tension between cracks
Ultimate limit state
- Check under consideration of existing reinforcement
Serviceability limit state
- Deformations under consideration of existing reinforcement
Consideration of long-time deformations as result of concrete creeping
Steel with bilinear stress-strain curve under consideration of the Huber-von Mises yield criterion and
interaction with all internal forces
Bilinear stress-strain curve and individually definable compressive and tensile strength (Raghava or
Rankine yield criterion)
Equilibrium on the deformed system according to second-order theory and advanced geometrical
nonlinear theory
Bedding with bilinear bedding curve for frameworks
Automatic reinforcement increase during ultimate limit state check for frameworks

19 InfoGraph GmbH
 Structural Analysis
for Fire Scenarios
With this module you can conduct ted in this process.
a Structural Analysis for Fire Scena- The result is a temperature profile
rios based on the general calcula- for all specified times.
tion method for 2D and 3D beam The specified time increment and
and shell structures. duration are used for the thermal
Steel, reinforced concrete, timber analysis and the subsequent me-
and composite sections can be chanical analysis.
considered.
The following calculations are Mechanical Analysis
available for solid models: As part of the mechanical analysis,
a nonlinear time-step calculation
stationary and instationary is performed based on the 'Gene-
temperature distributions ral Calculation Method' defined in Composite section with flame applied to
user-defined heat sources Chapter 4.3 of the EN 1992-1-2. three sides
stress analysis considering the The thermal strains and stress-
strains due to a thermal action strain curves in the section are
determined using the temperature
Thermal Calculation profiles from the thermal analysis.
The temperature distributions in the Afterwards the time-dependent de-
sections are determined as part of formations, the internal forces and
a nonlinear time-step integration. the support reactions are available.
Initially the requisite heat transfer
conditions and fire stresses are
assigned to the section edges. The
unit temperature-time curve, user- Deformation at a specified time step

defined fire curves or a constant

ambient temperature can be selec-

Structural analysis for fire scenarios:

Any kind of section geometry

Steel, reinforced concrete and free materials (e.g., insulation) within
a section Time-displacement curve at a specified
Predefined and user-defined thermal material properties system node
Unit temperature-time curve, hydrocarbon fire curve etc.
User-defined fire curves, different fire scenarios
Calculation of the temperature profile in the section via nonlinear
time-step integration
Heat transfer by radiation and convection in cavities
Temperature-dependent thermal strains and stress-strain curves
Nonlinear time-step calculation of the structure based on the gene-
ral calculation method
Graphical display of the time-dependent deformations, internal
forces and support reactions Related stress-strain curves for concrete
Thermal calculation of solid models with quartz additives

20 InfoGraph GmbH
Timber Construction

The timber checks are designed for

buildings and engineering construc-
tions under observance of the EN
1995-1-1, EN 1995-1-2 and DIN
1052 for beam elements.

Actions, Design Situations

The checks are carried out after the
static calculation. For this purpose
the load cases are assigned to the
actions. Taking into account the
preset safety factors and combi-
nation coefficients defined in EN
1990, DIN 1052 or DIN 1055-100,
the program automatically calcu-
lates the internal forces for the
desired design situations.
Buckling Check According to the Utilization, Results
Cross-Section Checks Equivalent Beam Method The utilization is defined as the
For every set of internal forces The buckling checks are carried out ratio between the action Ed and the
the modification factor kmod will be according to the equivalent beam resistance Rd of a cross-section.
determined from the service class method as described in DIN 1052, The following results are available:
and the load-duration. Then the Chapter 10.3 and EN 1995, Chapter Utilization of the beams for
following checks will be performed: 6.3.2, respectively. each situation.
Tension parallel to the grain Maximal utilization of the
Compression parallel to the Design Method for Fire Conditions beams of all situations.
grain Structural fire design is carried out Maximal utilization of the sec-
Bending according to the reduced cross- tions of all situations.
Combined bending and axial section method as described in EN Additionally the extremal design
tension 1995-1-2, Chapter 4.2.2. For this, values for internal forces, support
Combined bending and axial the flame-edges, the duration of reactions, deformations, soil pres-
compression the fire and the charring rate n are sures and stresses are saved for all
Shear from lateral force evaluated. check situations. The detailed log
Torsion also lists the decisive combination
Combined shear and torsion internal forces of all design situa-
tions for each result location.

Timber Checks:

EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1995-1-2, DIN 1052

Automatic combination
Check of every set of internal forces considering the modification
factor kmod
Checks under fire conditions
Integrated buckling check

21 InfoGraph GmbH
 Solid Models

Solid elements are used if a Loads Analysis

structure geometry, which is to be All necessary load types are availa- For the FEM analysis a tetrahedron
analyzed, cannot be described ade- ble for the analysis of solid models: element with 10 nodes is available,
quately by beam or area elements Dead load and nodal loads which can exactly describe linear
or if the ascertainment of the three- Free point, line and area loads stress distributions and hence has
dimensional stresses is necessary Support displacement a very good convergence of results.
for the evaluation of the structural Linear temperature fields Also a high computation speed is
behavior. Examples are the dyna- Free tendon layout / prestres- associated with this element.
mic analysis of machine founda- sing Additionally to the static and dy-
tions or the calculation of concrete Creep and shrinkage namic abilities mentioned above,
bridges with a complex geome- Load model 1 for bridge stability analyses (second order
try. The ability to model realistic constructions theory, buckling, bulging etc.), con-
support and connection conditions Dynamic train load tact elements and plastic material
with contacts or nonlinear bedding behavior (Huber-von Mises, Ragha-
also makes solid elements useful. va, Rankine) are implemented.

Modeling
Model objects are used to define
a structure model. They consist
of freely combinable partial solids
that are created by the extrusion of
sections or by entering polyhedrons
with four to eight corners. Object
properties like material, color, layer
etc. can be assigned immediately.
Bedding and contact properties can
be defined at each model surface.
Afterwards the complete solid
model is meshed with tetrahedron
elements taking into account all
boundary conditions.

22 InfoGraph GmbH
Dam wall with rock foundation isosurfaces of stress distribution Stress distribution as a result of
difference in temperature

Thermal Calculation Results After integration of the stresses

This allows the determination of The possibilities of result prepa- with design objects, internal forces
transient temperature distributions ration are important to evaluate are available for the checks.
in solid models. the quality of a calculation. They
The thermal properties are assig- are necessary to understand and
ned to the the solid faces. document the structural behavior.
For the determined temperature Among others the following result
distributions, the stresses and the representations are available for
strains can be calculated. solid models:

Deformation with animation

Color surfaces
Three-dimensional isosurfaces
Surface sections
Solid sections
Principal stress vectors
Integral internal forces for
checks
Head plate connection with contact
Temperature distribution
conditions

Solid Models:

Structure generation with model objects

Definition with extrusion of sections or polyhedron objects
Solid model and tetrahedron mesh Direct mesh generation of IFC objects (BREP)
Automatic mesh generation with local refinement
8 and 10 node elements
Free point, line and area loads
Linear temperature fields
Free tendon layout / prestressing
Stability Analysis
Nonlinear supports and bedding
Contact
Plastic theory (Huber-von Mises, Raghava, Rankine)
Thermal Analysis
Principal stress vectors Gesamtschnittgren aus Platte und Haupttrger

23 InfoGraph GmbH
 Design Objects
Solid Structure Checks
All reinforced concrete and pres-
tressed concrete checks can be
carried out for the sections of the
design objects. All of the design
specifications are preset depending
on which section is being checked.
Thanks to this innovation, it is now
also possible to design prestressed
solid structures.

Composite Sections
To handle sections with different
materials, composite sections can
be assigned to the design objects.
Solid model with total internal forces These sections consist of multiple
subsections. A single design can be
Design Objects Integration performed for composite sections
Solid construction frequently relies The reactions are integrated for all made of steel and concrete.
on calculation models that consist elements located in a section of
of a combination of beam and the design object. The integrated
area elements or solid elements. internal forces refer to the axis of
These models let you view vari- the design object.
ous construction stages and the They are then made available for
resulting creep redistribution within each load case for display and
a section. processing purposes.
Since the models determine inter-
nal forces separately for beam and
area elements, they cannot be used
directly for reinforced concrete or
prestressed concrete checks.
The design objects can be used to
add up the reactions of the indivi-
dual elements into 'total internal
forces,' which are in turn provided
to the checking programs for additi-
onal processing.
Pre-cast girder with cast-in-place slab and integrated forces

Integration of an area model Total internal forces of slab and main girders

24 InfoGraph GmbH
NURBS

Freeform Structures Using NURBS

You can enter freeform structures
using NURBS curves, areas and
solids (Non-Uniform Rational Basic
Spline). This makes it easy to crea-
te structures that do not conform
with any particular shape defined
by ruled geometry. Also, element
meshes can be instantly generated
NURBS curve with control points FEM mesh with stress distribution
on the NURBS.

A NURBS curve is described by a

control polygon. The level of the
NURBS indicates how closely it
approaches the polygon. By simply
moving the control points, the
NURBS can be transformed into
practically any shape.

NURBS areas are normally created NURBS area and FEM mesh Solid model
using multiple profile curves or
edge curves.
Freeform Geometries with NURBS:
Moreover, you can generate any
rotational surface or extrude solids.
NURBS curves, areas and solids
Numerous functions make the
Specification of control and interpolation points
handling of highly complex structu-
Generation of NURBS areas from profile curves
res simple.
NURBS areas from four edge curves (Coons patch)
Insertion of additional nodes in individual directions
Connection of NURBS
NURBS created through rotation of curves or areas
Automatic mesh generation based on area and solid elements

25 InfoGraph GmbH
 Data and Prices
Features of the InfoCAD Basic Modules

System Processing

Interactive 3D CAD user interface with layer functions

CAD functions such as copy, mirror, move and others for all objects
NURBS objects for handling free-form geometries
Drawing objects as construction aids
Automatic and manual dimensioning
Fully automatic mesh generation for 2D and 3D systems with an option for manual partial meshes
Intersections and generation of ruled surfaces
Manual element editing including condensation, adjustment, node movement, etc.
No restriction on directions of internal forces and reinforcements
Independent mesh controls
Automatic alignment of element eccentricities
Line joints, beam joints with spring rigidities, link joints and single links
Spring elements with any nonlinear characteristic (FEM)
Elastic bedding with exclusion of tensile stresses with a bedding factor or the modulus of compressibility method
Rigid or spring-mounted single and line supports, exclusion of tensile supports (FEM)

Calculation

Predefined concrete qualities, steel, timber, user-definable materials

Polygonal sections, steel construction profile library, custom profile database
Tension and compression beams
Management of construction stages
Element-independent point, line and area loads, support displacement, temperature, hydrostatic pressure (FEM)
Generation of moving loads, determination of influence lines and surfaces
Internal force and stress determination
Design objects for stress integration at any section
Load case combination with min/max determination of all system reactions
Actions and situations for ultimate and serviceability limit states
Combination information for defining the load cases involved in a result with their respective weighting

Solid Structure Checks

Minimum reinforcement to ensure robustness, bending with/without longitudinal force/longitudinal force only
Lateral force, torsion and torsion with lateral force
Checks against punching shear, fatigue for concrete and reinforcing steel, Crack check

Steel Construction Checks

Stresses and utilization for section classes 1-4 acc. to EN 1993-1-1

General section analysis for polygonal beam sections

Result Output and Data Exchange

Graphical and tabular views, descriptive visualization and animation

Serial print with automatic updating of results plots
DXF interface, Windows clipboard, DSTV and IFC data transfer (BIM)
Transfer of reinforcements to construction programs

26 InfoGraph GmbH
Price Overview of the InfoCAD Basic Modules and Add-Ons

Basic Modules

Finite Elements 2D.............................................................................................................................. 3,900.00

Slabs and plain stress elements with downstand beams, 2D frameworks
based on the second-order theory and girder grids.
Finite Elements 3D.............................................................................................................................. 8,950.00
Slabs, plain stress elements, shells and prismatic shell structures as well as
2D and 3D frameworks based on the second-order theory.
2D Frames.......................................................................................................................................... 1,900.00
3D Frames.......................................................................................................................................... 2,500.00
Axisymmetric Shells........................................................................................................................... 2,300.00
Rotationally symmetric shell structures based on the finite element method.

Add-Ons

Serviceability Checks............................................................................................................................ 750,00

Limiting concrete compressive stresses, limiting reinforcing steel stresses, minimum reinforcement
for the crack width limitation, limiting the crack width through direct calculation.
Timber Checks...................................................................................................................................... 750,00
Cable Elements................................................................................................................................... 1.500,00
Cable structures with or without prestressing according to the theory of large deformations.
Second-Order Theory......................................................................................................................... 1,250.00
Calculation of shell structures and solid models based on the second-order theory,
determination of buckling eigenmodes incl. load factors.
Equation Solver................................................................................................................................. 1,250.00
Parallel Sparse Solver, substructure technique and iterative equation solver
for large systems.
64-Bit Edition..................................................................................................................................... 1,500.00
Lateral Torsional Buckling Check.......................................................................................................... 500.00
Check based on the equivalent beam method for single- and double-symmetrical I and U profiles.
Solid Structures / Models................................................................................................................... 2,950.00
Dynamics............................................................................................................................................ 3,900.00
Prestressing....................................................................................................................................... 4,900.00
Bridge Construction Check According to EN 1992-2 and DIN Technical Report................................ 3,900.00
Checks for beam, area and solid structures
(Special price in conjunction with the 'Prestressing' module).......................................................................... 2,900.00
Nonlinear System Analysis
Extension for the '2D Frame' program module..................................................................................... 1,500.00
Extension for the '3D Frame' program module..................................................................................... 2,000.00
Extension for the 'Finite Elements 3D' program module....................................................................... 3,500.00
Structural Analysis for Fire Scenarios
Extension for the 'Nonlinear System Analysis' program module.......................................................... 2,450.00

27 InfoGraph GmbH
 General

Scope of Delivery

The InfoCAD program system is delivered together with the user manual on CD. It is compatible with Win-
dows 7 and newer. The programs feature software protection and are installed with single-user or network
licenses. The licensing fees do not depend on the type of installation.

Pricing, Installation

All goods and services are subject to the General Terms and Conditions of InfoGraph GmbH. The listed prices
are quoted ex works Aachen, Germany, and exclude VAT. On-site installation will be charged on a time and
material basis.

Multiple Licenses

The price list shows the fees for the initial license of the program components. In the case of multiple
installations at one business location, the following scale of discount shall apply:
2nd license: 40% discount on initial license
3rd license: 70% discount on initial license
4th or subsequent license: 80% discount on initial license

Warranty Period

The warranty period is 6 months. Within that period the licensee may receive program maintenance and
application support free of charge.

Software Maintenance Agreement

Upon conclusion of a software maintenance agreement, the licensee is eligible for all program revisions and
extensions during the entire agreement period. In addition, the licensee may make use of the support servi-
ces of the licensor regarding program system use at any time via telephone, mail or the Internet.

Extension of Program Licenses

All program licenses can be extended in a modular fashion. Program components purchased during the war-
ranty or maintenance period shall be credited based on the range of functions they provide. After this period,
the licensee may be charged for updating older program components prior to extension.

28 InfoGraph GmbH
 Consulting
Investing in software represents a long-term decision for a particular line of products. Qualified con-
sulting is playing an increasingly important role when making such financial decisions, particularly
with respect to new generations of standards. By exclusively employing civil engineers with years of
professional experience, we are able to better understand your needs and concerns and provide you
with the best consulting services available.

Maintenance
Last update: Juni 2017

The product must be able to meet the complex requirements of real-world use at all times. To meet
this demand and to ensure long-term performance, we continuously improve the product and adapt it
to rapidly changing conditions.

Photo Credits

Stock Fotos from 123rf.com: Image 30695480, Author: Lev Kropotov, Image 11558331, Author: Dmytro Surkov, Image
3679075, Author: Iurii Konoval, Image 7746636, Author: Emanuel Kaplinsky, Image 34179967, Author: Pan Demin, Image
39741873, Author: PaylessImages, iStockphoto.com: Image 19814856, Author: Sara Winter

InfoGraph GmbH
InfoGraph GmbH

Kackertstrae 10
D-52072 Aachen, Germany

Tel.: +49 241 88 99 80

Fax: +49 241 88 99 88 8

[email protected]
www.infograph.de