Case Study: Nakheel Tower The Vertical City

"The Nakheel Tower is a feat of design

intelligence on all levels and across all
disciplines it truly is a mark of the epoch. It is
an example of the resilience of the human spirit
Mark Mitcheson-Low
to overcome the forces of nature to create a
monument dedicated to past, present and future
generations of the Gulf.

Ahmad Rahimian Dennis O'Brien Nakheel Harbour & Tower, Dubais new experience centre and observation
capital, will be a beacon of inspiration for facilities along with a special sky
Authors the region and the world, incorporating function space creating a vertical
1
Mark Mitcheson-Low, Regional Managing Director, elements from Islamic culture. Encom- community of over 15,000 people (see
Woods Bagot, Middle East
2
Ahmad Rahimian, Ph.D., P.E., S.E., President, WSP Cantor
passing more than 270 hectares, this Figure 1).
Seinuk, USA mixed-use development will be located
3
Dennis O'Brien, Regional Director, Norman Disney & The lessons learned from the Nakheel
in the heart of New Dubai, and will
Young, Middle East Harbour Tower hold implications for
include the worlds tallest building, a
1
Woods Bagot future buildings of this magnitude.
harbour, cultural podium and residential
Level 3, Suite 313 Although the technical difficulties
Sheikh Zayed Road districts. Nakheel Tower in itself will be a
Dubai, UAE associated with such a large project are
vertical city, accommodating residents
e: [email protected] many, none are insurmountable. This
in an efficient LEED rated, sustainable
2
WSP Cantor Seinuk 3
Norman Disney & Young provides optimism for the future of tall
building. This is the worlds first true,
228 E 45th Street PO Box 212828 building design and demonstrates the
New York, NY 10016, USA Dubai, UAE very tall mixed use development
e:[email protected] e: d.o'[email protected] possibilities in building towers that
combining offices, a 5 star hotel, luxury
reach higher than any that have come
Mark Mitcheson-Low residential and serviced apartments, an
Mark has an expansive portfolio of major projects in all before.
sectors of design across the world in his 30 years of
experience in Architecture. Projects include mixed use
developments of commercial, retail, hospitality and Figure 1. Nakheel Harbour & Tower
residential sectors and major projects in transportation,
education, and infrastructure developments. Mark has
been a director since 1998 and joined Woods Bagot in
1986. His role has included the development of new
markets and the procurement and design management of
a diverse range of projects across the globe.
Ahmad Rahimian
With over 28 years of experience, Ahmad, an internationally
recognized expert in tall buildings, is president of WSP
Cantor Seinuk, a leading structural engineering firm based
in New York and part of WSP Group PLC. He is the recipient
of 2007 AISC Special Achievement Award, 2005 ASCE-CERF
Charles Pankow Award and ENR -Top 25 Newsmakers
Award of 2003. Among many notable projects, he directed
the structural engineering of the Trump World Tower and
Hearst Tower, New York; and Torre Mayor, Mexico City.
Dennis O'Brien
Dennis OBrien is the Deputy CEO for the International
Group and Regional Director for Middle East. Dennis
established the office in Dubai following NDY,
appointment as Building Services Consultants for the
Nakheel Tall Tower. In addition to roles on the Board of the
Company, he is responsible for areas of Quality Assurance
and Risk Management for the International Group. He is
also active in assisting international offices in concept
design and design reviews for major projects.

16 | Nakheel Harbour & Tower CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II

Architecture
Global design practice Woods Bagot were
appointed as the Architects for the Nakheel
Tower and Masterplanner for the harbour
precinct in 2006.
Building on the theories of past visionaries
such as Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright and
Paolo Soleri, the Nakheel Tower is the first, true
realisation of a vertical city. Over 15,000
inhabitants will live, work and socialise all
within a footprint smaller than a New York City
block. With the ever-changing global
environmental climate affecting not only
Dubai, but the world as a whole - The Nakheel
Tower seeks to reduce the human impact on
the environment by being a beacon of passive

Figure 2. Nakheel Harbour & Tower Plan

ESD initiatives, striving to counteract and wind forces. In contrast, the Nakheel Tower
minimise its carbon footprint by intelligent deals with the issues of wind by allowing the
design solutions and reducing urban sprawl wind to pass through the tower, rather than
(see Figure 2). around it. This is achieved by incorporating
Reaching heights of over one kilometer was two slots through the height of the tower
made possible by implementing a design which effectively creates four separate towers,
concept that divided the Tower into four each with their own core and structurally
separate towers. Typical tall buildings are linked at every 25 levels by "skybridges". Each
usually planned around a single, central core of these skybridges acts as a "podium" for each
and taper towards the top to mitigate the of the tower sections above it. The end result is
large floor plates at high levels as the tower
does not taper as it gets taller (see Figures
3a+b). 

Figure 3a. Tower Components Figure 3b. Slots through Nakheel Tower allow wind to
pass through

CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II Nakheel Harbour & Tower | 17

Figure 4a. Arabic Pattern Base Figure 4b. Concentric Circles Figure 4c. 16 points

is a regular geometric shape that symbolises circle of the plan they created crescents, and

equal radiation in all directions from a single the intersection of these crescents, in turn, form
In the concept stages point. This is a fitting symbol for the spread of the shape of the columns. As they fan out from
of the design, the architects the teachings and influence of Islam the base of the tower, these larger circles
searched for cultural and throughout history. When the star motif is inform the geometry of the surrounding areas,
replicated and radiated, it creates junctions at reinforcing the importance of the towers
regional inspiration. A key the points where they meet. This, in turn, geometry and the way it sits in its context (see
element that came up time and defines further points of a circle, creating a Figure 5).
time again from an engineering series of concentric circles all emanating from There are many buildings that claim to offer
perspective was that a building the centre point, again reinforcing Islamic vertical communities. However, the Nakheel
that was symmetrical would principles (see Figures 4a-c). Tower will far exceed the existing paradigm of
evenly distribute the massive In developing the Nakheel Tower, the circle has vertical living with the inclusion of sky bridges
been adopted as the essential form of the plan. in the proper sense of the term. The sky bridges
loads. This was keyed into
The locations of the columns supporting the perform multiple roles, offering community
Arabic pattern-making, which tower represent the points of a 16-point star. and public spaces where visitors and residents
is the same notion about Instead of forming the star from straight lines, alike can interact - the Village Squares for the
symmetry, harmony and the circles were used. As these circles crossed the building inhabitants. They will also serve
centre point. From a cultural
point of view and from an
engineering point of view
there is an overlap that
basically tells the same
story.
Alf Seeling, Principal, Woods Bagot

The design essence of the Tower is thus deeply

routed in the regional influences of pattern-
making and geometry, stemming from the
harmony, unity, order and balance of the
radiating circle and 16 pointed star often seen
in regional designs. The 16-pointed star, from
which the Nakheel Tower draws its inspiration,

Figure 5. Pattern informing tower plan

18 | Nakheel Harbour & Tower CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II

Figure 6a. Skybridge section

Figure 6b. Skybridge link Figure 6c. View to Skybridge dome from glass elevator Figure 7. Diagram of the planning and stacking of the 156
tower lifts

functionally as the transfer point between lifts, The express lifts use the highest lift technology
the refuge zones in an emergency, and the available to reach the 560m high sky lobby and
structural link between the four tower legs, transfer floors. From the sky bridges, residents,
acting as a belt truss that binds the tower tenants and guests can commute in local lifts
together (see Figure 6a-c). for the 25-level community above. All 156 lifts
Fire and life safety design is paramount in tall can be used for fire evacuation to refuge zones
building design. The design team made a on sky bridges or complete evacuation.
priority of incorporating multiple levels of Delivery to the tower is also via remote loading
in-built redundancy within the Nakheel Towers and docking with a logistics handling system
design. The concept of four legs means that not unlike an airport terminal (see Figure 7).
there are four separate towers that offer four Due to the sheer scale of the Nakheel Tower
distinct means of exiting in an emergency. For and the time projected to build it, a key Figure 8. Facade Panelisation
example, if one of the tower cores were consideration during the design process has
disabled due to an emergency, it is possible to been to maximise the repetition of faade whilst providing shading co-efficiencies and
travel either up or down to the nearest sky elements, to keep construction time and cost U-Values to withstand direct sunlight and high
bridge and safely cross to an unaffected tower down as much as possible. The curtain wall and humidity levels. The Titanium panels proposed
and exit from there. titanium cladding follow a modulation that are 100% recyclable including all fixing plates
The logistics of servicing a population of over panelises the entire faade essentially making and connections. The panels are manufactured
15,000 people vertically requires innovative the panels used on every level exactly the same in a process similar to that utilised by the
design solutions. The tower is serviced by 156 (see Figure 8). aerospace industry.
lifts using the latest technology of double-deck The faade incorporates the very latest in glass In a region such as the Middle East with its
and express lifts - the equivalent of a vertical technology, including advanced nanotech- harsh climate, sustainability is of the upmost
mass transit system. nology, to allow maximum light transmission importance. The design teams are working 

CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II Nakheel Harbour & Tower | 19

to achieve LEED Gold rating for the Nakheel
Tower. Also, original and forward-thinking ...super-talls
sustainability initiatives are being developed

and incorporated in parallel to contemporary
standards to ensure that it is future proofed. The primary difference between a super-tall tower and two
When holistically considered, all these efforts towers half its size is not the cost per square meter it is the time it
will offer green capability above and beyond takes to build the tall one versus two shorter ones, and the loss of
the existing advisory standards. The current
revenue through lost rent. This makes most super-tall buildings

sustainability model for super tall buildings is
being challenged at every level on a financially unfeasible.
continuous basis, the physical example
becoming the Nakheel Tower . Many forms of Adrian Smith, Principal, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture on why most super-tall buildings
environmental strategies have been applied to are financially unfeasible for developers. From The Skys the Limit Cityscape. February/March 2009
the building design. These include everything
from the use of high-performance facades to
low energy-use servicing. traditionally that broad footprint would taper systems of all kinds structural, mechanical,
and narrow at higher elevations. Generally, electrical, fire egress, life safety, etc
this approach has the beneficial effect of And of course, this design maximizes the most
Structure reducing the lateral wind and seismic loads on valuable real estate at the top of the building.
the building. Unfortunately, the tapering
WSP Group has been appointed as structural
reduces the most valuable real estate that the
consultant for the Tall tower. Structural Structural Form
building possesses the area towards the top.
engineering of the Tall Tower were managed
by WSP Cantor Seinuk as lead structural To gain an adequate footprint for stability, the Beyond practically a constant form from top to
engineer in collaboration with LERA and VDM tower extends to nearly 100m in diameter, bottom, the tower is also characterized by its
Group. resulting in an approximately 10:1 aspect ratio. symmetry. This provides two very important
Still, despite being quite a slender tower, the benefits for the structure. Firstly, there are no
central area of such a floor plate cannot be transfers of vertical elements through the main
Building Form body of the tower. Secondly, it allows for a
reasonably utilized as lettable area, as it is too
The building form steps forward beyond the far from the natural light of the faade. uniform distribution of gravity forces through
traditional approach to high-rise construction, the structure. These characteristics allow for a
This fact led to creating a central void space in more efficient structure. Further, they address
and does so in a holistic way that harmonizes
the tower, which pushed all of the usable area an important design consideration for
the structure and architecture. For any
to the perimeter. This in turn afforded the super-tall buildings axial shortening.
high-rise building, a broad footprint gives the
opportunity to create vertical slots in the
structure the stability that it needs; and Maintaining a uniform distribution of load
tower, allowing wind to pass directly through
the center of the throughout the structure was one of the
building. In effect, driving forces in developing the structural
the tower essentially systems, given that the building would likely
tapers from the shorten more than 400mm at its observation
inside out to dramat- level. However, the structural characteristics
ically reduce the that address this issue are one in the same as
overturning wind those that address the core issues of efficiency,
forces on the redundancy, and economy.
structure. There is no separation between the gravity
system and the lateral system, as can often be
the case in high-rises. The vertical structure is
The 4 quadrant organized in such a way that the elements are
approach also all sized based on strength considerations,
provided the while at the same time providing sufficient
opportunity for lateral stiffness. Every element of the structure
independent and is interconnected as will be described below.
redundant building This creates an extremely efficient structure
Figure 9. Typical Wall Layout

20 | Nakheel Harbour & Tower CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II

where the materials perform double-duty be constructed with structural steel.
(gravity and lateral support). Multiple load Outrigger trusses at the special function
paths are created to give added redundancy levels will provide support to the floor
and by placing material only where it is systems as well as stabilize the spire by
required for strength. This structure creates a engaging the arch elements.
uniform distribution of load, so as not to have The last main element is the floor system,
differential shortening. which is a conventional concrete on metal
Though the building may function architec- deck supported by composite steel beams.
turally as several groups of 25-story buildings, With 10 million square feet of area, the floor
structurally it functions as a single entity. designs are meant to reduce complication.
Given that there is a tremendous amount of
repetition and that its erection can run
Primary Structural Elements independently of the concrete operation, the
Figure 10. Isometric View of Belt Trusses
All of the vertical elements of the building are system is easily erected.
cast-in-place reinforced concrete. The wall
system consists of a Drum Wall, which is
essentially analogous with a typical buildings Structural Materials
central core wall. From the Drum, Hammer As important as the simplicity of the floor
Walls spring outwards to engage the structure framing is, its weight is equally as important.
at the perimeter of the building and Fin Walls Reducing the overall weight of super-tall
spring inward primarily to support the core buildings is always a principal goal, since the
area (see Figure 9). weight and costs tend to compound
themselves in the vertical elements. In this
case, nearly half of the vertical structures
The Hammer Walls connect directly to eight capacity went towards simply supporting its
Mega-Columns situated at the perimeter. own self-weight. Therefore, a lightweight
At each skybridge, the balance of the floor system is key.
Mega-Columns are interconnected to the Of course high strength concrete is imper-
Hammers by means of the 3 story high steel ative in achieving a building of such
Belt Trusses (see Figure 10). In addition to unprecedented height. Although there is a
increased lateral stiffness, the Belt provides a ready supply of concrete in Dubai, placing
level of redundancy and added robustness to concrete above an 80MPa strength is not
the structure by creating alternate load paths. believed to have been attempted. For the
Also at each skybridge are Link Walls, which Nakheel Tower, concrete in excess of 100MPa
tie the Drum Wall segments together. This strength is required with Youngs Modulus of
produces a completely interconnected nearly 50,000MPa.
structural system that behaves as a single Again, beyond simply the strength of the
tower rather than separate quadrants. To material, constructability is at the forefront of
transfer the tremendous shear forces, steel the design approach. The concrete must be
plate shear walls, up to 80mm thick encased workable in a very hot environment,
with up to 1300mm of concrete, are used. pumpable to great heights, and above all Figure 11. Finite Element Model of Spire and Crown
The top of the building is characterized by a reliable.
series of 8 arches that extend upward to a To this end the design team worked together
center spire that supports several special with concrete technologists, Ancon Beton of
function levels (see Figure 11). To put this Australia, developing design mixes. This was
portion of the tower in perspective, the seen as a crucial element in the structural
arches are taller than the Eiffel Tower. design of the building and work on the
The spire itself is a cylindrical concrete form concrete design was undertaken during
that is supported from the 7th skybridge with schematic design. 
a series of concrete walls. The arches are to

CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II Nakheel Harbour & Tower | 21

 to wind. Aeroelastic model testing, high
frequency pressure integration studies, and
large-scale tests at high Reynolds Number
(Re) were also performed to provide
additional pieces to the puzzle (see
Figure 14).
The strategy for addressing lateral accelera-
tions of the tower was always to look for an
aerodynamic solution first. This required a
very good understanding of the wind
behavior and extensive testing (as intimated
above). The wind engineering is substantially
completed at present. The buildings
performance in terms of lateral accelerations
is good and no supplemental damping is
Figure 12. CFD Analysis
necessary. However, provisions for a liquid
mass damper has been included in the
Wind Engineering With a constant cylindrical form, the tower design to account for possible variations in
Wind was perhaps the single greatest was susceptible to vortex shedding, which is the buildings as-built stiffness and inherent
adversary for the engineers on this project. why the slots are such a crucial design damping.
Rowan Davies Williams & Irwin (RWDI) are the element. The slots serve to mitigate the
wind engineers for the project with peer vortex-shedding phenomenon and reduce
review work being performed by the Alan G. the overall wind load on the building by
three fold. One lesson learned in the design Building Services
Davenport Wind Engineering Group of the
University of Western Ontario and MEL was that very subtle changes in the slot or Norman Disney & Young has been appointed
Consultants. The wind engineering, structural internal void geometry can substantially to design Mechanical, Electrical, Hydraulic
engineering and the architecture of the tower impact the aerodynamic behavior. and Fire Services for the Nakheel Harbour
were very closely intertwined in the devel- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were Tower. A significant amount of research and
opment of the project. Numerous building used to study many small variations in development has been undertaken for this
forms were studied throughout the towers geometry (see Figure 12) together with project. The product of this effort has
development. Ultimately, many of the dozens of high frequency force balance significant implications for the engineering of
refinements to the towers architectural (HFFB) tests (see Figure 13). However, the other tall towers.
concept were driven by aerodynamics. CFD modeling and HFFB tests were only
initial indicators as to the buildings response

Figure 13. High Frequency Force Balance Test Figure 14. Large Scale High Re Test

22 | Nakheel Harbour & Tower CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II

Stack Effect impossible or dangerous to open.
Stack effect is one the main difficulties Measures being considered to mitigate the ...retrofit
associated with tall tower design. The problems created by stack effect include:

problem has traditionally been encountered t Use of revolving doors at pedestrian
in cold climates in North America, during Theyre showing the
entries.
winter, where temperature differences rest of the city that existing
t Providing multiple stages to entries.
approaching 40C are common. Many of the buildings, no matter how tall
worlds early tall towers were constructed t Isolating loading docks from goods lifts. they are, no matter how old
there.
t
Providing an anti-room with sequenced they are, can take steps to
A warm building in a cold climate behaves operation of doors and pressure control significantly reduce their

like a chimney, with warm air rising to the top for goods access.
of the building. This results in the internal
energy consumption.
A similar use of anti-rooms is proposed for
pressure at high level becoming well above
maintenance access at the top of the Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, New York City,
atmospheric and at low level becoming well
building. who has made sustainability a theme of his
below atmospheric. Somewhere near the
In general, stair shafts serve from skybridge to administration, quoted on the
middle of the building there will be a neutral environmental retrofit plans for the Empire
point, where the internal and external skybridge only, opening onto safe havens at
State Building. From Empire State Building
pressures are equal. each skybridge. Likewise, lifts serving limited Plans Environmental Retrofit The New York
parts of the tower do not present major Times, April 6, 2009
In the past decade, the worlds new breed of
problems.
high rise towers has been built in the hotter
climates of Asia and the Middle East. High rise lift shafts will be temperature the tower. The concern with this arrangement
Problems occur during hot weather, with the controlled to align pressure differentials to is the very high pressures in the system.
pressure gradient operating in reverse. The those existing elsewhere in the building.
Shafts will be required to be warmer in Option 1 is favoured, with the most signif-
result is high pressures at ground level and
summer than the general space temperature, icant concern being the potential for a leak in
low pressures at high level. The tallest towers
to provide the same pressure gradient. the heat exchangers between stages. This
in Asia have been approximately
would result in a doubling of pressure in the
500m high. Temperature differences tend to
lower parts of the stages and subsequent
be no more than 15C (say 36C ambient and
Pressure Staging failure of all heat exchangers below these
21C internal). The Nakheel Harbour Tower is
stages. Resultant damage would be
over 1,000m high and the temperature Tall buildings create the need to pump water
enormous, and the potential for injury
difference in summer is 25C (46C ambient in stages up the building, to limit the pressure
significant.
less 21C internal). This results in a pressure in any part of the pipework to the pressure
difference between the top and bottom of an rating of the available pipework, valves and This is likely to be overcome by the use of an
open shaft of 780 Pa. This is expected to result equipment. oversized venting system. Whilst this seems
in a positive pressure on the order of 390Pa at likely to prevent a rapid pressure build up,
In the case of chilled water, this issue
the ground and a negative pressure of 390 Pa computer modeling is to be undertaken to
becomes more complicated. The number of
at the high level. To put this into perspective, ensure the design can cope with any
stages is limited by the practicalities of
most fire codes limit the pressure difference transient pressures due to a sudden failure.
permissible temperature rise in the chilled
across a fire escape door, due to stair water to the top of the tower.
pressurisation, to 50 Pa. This is due to the Environmental Initiatives
Two broad options presented themselves.
force needed to open the door.
Option 1 had a pressure stage at each The project brief requires high standards of
The pressure created by stack effect causes air skybridge. This kept the pressure ratings low environmental performance. Most initiatives,
infiltration into the building at the high level, but resulted in unacceptably high chilled which are widely considered best practice in
resulting in energy loss and loss of capacity of water temperatures at the top of the tower. modern buildings, are being incorporated as
HVAC systems. At the bottom of the tower, Air-cooled chillers would be required at high a matter of course and are not covered in this
the high pressure will cause high loss of levels in the tower. paper.
conditioned air to the outside.
Option 2 had a pressure stage at every The project has a high component of
The pressures will result in high air velocities second skybridge. This limited the stages to 5 residential and hotel space and therefore a
across doors connecting to the outside. This (including a stage at the basement chiller high need for hot water on a continual basis.
will cause lift doors to jam and subsequent level) and eliminated the need for chillers in The Dubai climate creates the need for
loss of lift service. It will make doors either cooling, even during the winter months. 

CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II Nakheel Harbour & Tower | 23

Several alternative cogeneration strategies handlers complete with mounting frames, becoming a futurist and not accepting
are being considered. valves, electrical panels and control panels.All current norms. Research into future trends
The project requires its own District Cooling will be pretested offsite and will use propri- and means of providing for them has been an
Plant. This provides the opportunity to gain etary-bolted assembly pipework. important part of the design teams approach.
the advantages of efficient operation from a Replacement of system components, during In these uncertain financial times, Dubai and
large chiller plant. It also enables the design the life of the building, includes equipment the Nakheel Tower have not been immune to
of the load side (air handling plant) to be that can be broken down to components and the effects of the Global Financial Crisis.
optimised to increase chiller efficiency and catered for in a goods lift. Where this is not Currently, the design team have completed a
reduce pumping needs. feasible, the dimensions of the component substantial portion of the project design and
Water conservation is by means of black must be within the dimensions of the lift documentation, enabling extensive
water treatment, storm water harvesting, and shaft, which can be temporarily used for foundation work to be completed at the site.
reuse of fire test water. hoisting. The decision by the developer to temporarily
Services risers must be planned, to allow suspend site-work has not impacted the
Phase change material is being considered enthusiasm of the team, who are still excited
for thermal storage in chilled water and hot replacement and additional services to be
run. This requires spatial planning not only for about the day this boundary-pushing tower
water systems as well as in building will rise out of the sand. 
construction, where an increase in thermal the riser but also for access during instal-
mass can contribute to either energy savings lation. Naming all the professionals involved and
or reduction in peak demand. Facing the Future instrumental in advancing a project of this scale
requires more space than available here.
The use of high voltage power distribution In order to develop a tower of this scale and However, this article will not be complete
enables reduced transmission losses. distinction, the design team has had to without acknowledging the contribution and
project its design strategies forward into the dedication of the following individuals:
future by using the latest
Logistics design techniques of today Cris Johansen, Peter Read and Neil Woodcock,
and creating flexibility to Nakheel. Alf Seeling, Garry Marshall, Richard
During construction, the time taken to hoist
embrace the trends and Marshall, Nik Karalis, Peter Miglis and Matthew
equipment to such heights is considerable.
technology of the future. Gaal, Woods Bagot; Kamran Moazami, Bart
The time taken for labour to go to and from
Children of the Emirates will Sullivan, Samer Wattar, Andy Veall and Patrick
the upper parts of the building is also
see this tower constructed Chan WSP cantor Seinuk; Leslie Robertson and
considerable. This dictates the need to look
and will be the future SawTeen See, LERA; Anil Hira, VDM; Kevin
closely at prefabrication offsite.
occupiers, tenants and Winward, Winward Structure; Peter Irwin and
Internal lift shafts are to be used for Derek Kelly, RWDI; Nick Isyumov and Peter Case,
guests of the building. The
construction lifts, to reduce the reliance on BLWTL; Bill Melbourne, MEL Consultant. Max
team has been designing
external cranes. Therefore, components that Ervin & Chris Haberfield, Golder Associates; Ian
this tower for future
fit in the lift shaft and can be quickly Ullah, Fugro; Harry Poulos, Coffey Geotechnics.
generations and future
assembled onsite are preferred. Soletanche-Bachy / Intrafor JV Michel Percak
vertical communities.
Examples of preassembly include prewired Future-proofing the Khalil Ibrahim.
electrical and communication systems with thoughts and innovations
plug-in connections, fan coil units and air behind the design involves

24 | Nakheel Harbour & Tower CTBUH Journal | 2009 Issue II

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