Define the terminologies for :

Asia pacific;

-The concept of AP dates from the 1960s and 1970s.

-Promoted by countries the US, Japan and Australia as a means of linking East Asia
to the wider pacific region. Asia pacific highlights the Asian dimension in a way
that pacific region does not. East Asia is more geographically limited and
excludes powers such as the US and Australia.
-From a political perspective, Asia Pacific legitimizes the involvement of the US in
East Asian affairs.

DEFINITION OF NGOs;

NGOs, are international organizations and generally nonprofit organizations

independent of specific governments (though often funded by governments) that are
active in humanitarian, educational, healthcare, public policy, social, human rights,
environmental, and other areas to effect changes according to their objectives.

Definition of International Organization; (from web)

An international organization has been defined as a forum of co-operation of

sovereign states based on multilateral international organizations and comprising of a
relatively stable range of participants, the fundamental feature of which is the
existence of permanent organs with definite competences and powers acting for the
carrying out of common aims.

In the widest sense, international organization can be defined as a process of

organizing the growing complexity of international relations; international
organizations are the institutions which represent the phase of that process. They are
the expressions of and contributors to the process of international organization, as
well as, the significant factors in contemporary world affairs. Further international
organizations, as institutions may come and go in accordance with the significance
of the dynamism of international relations. But international organization, the
process, exists as an established trend. It was the stimulus of the existing process
ready at hand that automatically led, after the collapse of the League of Nations,
to the creation of new organizations like the U.N. Thus, international organization is
the process by which states establish and develop format and continuing institutional
structures for the conduct of certain aspects of their relationships with each other. It
represents a reaction to the extreme decentralization of the traditional system of
international relations and the constantly increasing complexities of the
interdependence of states

An international organization is an organization with an international membership,

scope, or presence. There are two main types:[2]

International nongovernmental organizations (INGOs): non-governmental

organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include international
non-profit organizations and worldwide companies such as the World Organization of
the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross and Mdecins Sans
Frontires.
Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental
organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term
'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of
sovereign states (referred to as member states). Notable examples include the United
Nations (UN), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE),
Council of Europe (COE), International Labour Organization (ILO) and International
Police Organization (INTERPOL). The UN has used the term "intergovernmental
organization" instead of "international organization" for clarity.[3]

The first and oldest intergovernmental organization is the Central Commission for
Navigation on the Rhine, created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.

The role of international organizations are helping to set the international agenda,
mediating political bargaining, providing place for political initiatives and acting as
catalysts for coalition- formation. International organizations also define the salient
issues and decide which issues can be grouped together, thus help governmental
priority determination or other governmental arrangements.

In addition, an international organization may include a sector (the military in the case
of NATO) or many sectors (education, economy, environment, among others, in the
case of the OAS).

The sub Asia pacific organization

Sub region and country

What is Asia pacific negative or positives effect;

?

The differences and similarities between the understanding traditional / modern

ways security
?

Global threat uncertainties to security;

-Security studies may be defined as the study of the threat, use and control of
military force (Walt, 1991:212).

-Security is multidimensional and ambiguous concept

-The conventional understanding of security - the defence of state sovereignty and
territorial integrity from overt military aggression.

-The contemporary understanding of security in the AP region is dominated by

unconventional challenges of terrorism sponsored by non-state actors against states,
the globalization of religious radicalism and resultant identity/ethnic politics, and the
challenges of rebuilding war-torn failed states.

-The Asia-Pacific region is undergoing a strategic shift in a period of global

uncertainty. China is emerging as a confident and powerful actor, while the United
States is perceived as having diminished influence.

-The regions geography a predominantly maritime continent composed of

several semi-enclosed seas means that the Asia-Pacific is afflicted with undefined
maritime boundaries at a time of growing state interest in rent earned from the
sea

-the rise of China and its active defence posture and military modernization;
uncertainties surrounding the capacity and will of the United States to remain the
regions hegemonic power;
-overlapping maritime boundary claims that direct regional military spending to
naval capabilities;
-the increasingly competitive nature of regionalism and the inability of regional
security architecture to build trust between states; and
unresolved Cold War sovereignty disputes on the Korean Peninsula and across the
Taiwan Strait.

What is role model of regional organization;

-regionalism can be seen to satisfy a wide range of social, economic, environmental

and geopolitical functions.

can also be conceptualised as being both informal and formal (or official).
Definition (from web)
-Regional integration is a process in which states enter into a regional cooperation
framework in order to enhance regional cooperation and reduce regional tension.
It can be defined as an association of states based upon location in given
geographical area.
-Regional integration is the joining of individual states within a region into a larger
whole. The degree of integration depends on the willingness and commitment of
independent sovereign states to share their sovereignty.

Roles
-regionalism can be seen as a form of resistance to globalisation and as a mechanism
for the consolidation of state power.
-regionalism can be said to function in order to facilitate globalisation -- if a central
goal of regionalism is economic deregulation.
-Regionalism thus functions as an appropriate organising unit for international
cooperation at a scale between unworkable global schemes and unsatisfactory
national approaches.
-or an intermediary role between narrowly-defined nationalism and overly-broad
globalism.

(1) Regionalism is defined as the process of institutionalized cooperation in

top-down manner that normally requires formal government approval and includes
the establishment of permanent organizations (governmental-driven
integration). European integration is the best example for this approach of
integration.

(2) Regionalization is defined as progress in bottom-up cooperation & relationships

which take place outside the governmental framework (market-driven integration).
East Asian integration is primarily based on this approach.

Motivation
(1) Political Motivation
Power Dynamics
Identity and Ideology
Internal and External Threats
Domestic Politics (regionalization)
Leadership

(2) Economic Motivation

Reducing negative effects of bilateral FTA (Spaghetti Bowl effect) by stimulating
trade creation, and reducing trade diversion
Expanding trade and investment opportunities
Providing impetus or incentive to undertake domestic reform
Coping with the dark side of globalization
Countering regional integration in other parts of the world

Why USA not comfortable with china rising;

-Total trade in 2004 was more than $1.1 trillion, making China the world's
third-largest trading nation, after the United States and Germany.
-The United States is one of China's largest trading partners, and the two countries
have managed their complex trade relationship: But tensions are still rising among
U.S. officials over the U.S. trade deficit with China, $162 billion in 2004.
-With its confident new diplomatic posture, China is becoming more assertive.
Recently, the SCO pushed the United States to withdraw its troops from Uzbekistan
and Kyrgyzstan.(in diplomacy)
The reason of distrust

-Incompability with western ideology?

-The clash of civilizations? (the unholy alliance between the islamic and Confucian
cultures?)
-US hegemony threatened: recent Sino-Russian friendship
-Recent increase in Chinas military spendings
-Chinese attempts to buy US Oil Reserves (CNOOC Unocal)
-Discouraging neibouring countries from harboring US bases (Uzbek. SCO)
-Chinese relationships with problem countries: Iran, Sudan, and Venezuela

Hegemony and side effect of it include +- of hegemony power:

Hegemons exercise power in the international system not only by manipulating

material incentives but also by altering the substantive beliefs of elites in other nations.
Socializationthe process through which leaders in these secondary states embrace a
set of normative ideals articulated by the hegemonplays an important role both in
establishing an international order and in facilitating the functioning of that order.

Side effect: ?

Challenges of hegemony power

-Economic downturn in the US deter it from continuing to play effective role in the
region;
China as political & economic power in the region; the modernization of Chinas PLA
the build up of its military & weapons technology plus China aggressive
behavior towards its potential enemies
-The situation on the Korean peninsula & the remilitarization of Japan;
-The race in space technologies development in East Asia region (China & Japan); and
the increment in military defense budget by members of ASEAN/countries in South
East Asia
-Political turmoil in Burma has shown no sign of improvement.

Benefits of hegemony power

?
Achievement;
-No American ally has been conquered;
-No hegemonic power has arisen to threaten the regional status quo (with an
exception of China)
-No uncontrolled nuclear arms race has broken out;
-No nations has cut sea lanes of communication.
Super power main tasks

-Ensuring/maintaining regional stability

-The United States has played a leading role to help stabilize Northeast Asia since the
end of World War II.
-the United States is going to fully defend Japan and live up to the commitments
-maintaining stability in East Asia; through its alliances with key partners
-the principal guarantor of stability and order in the international system, a
responsibility which it may revise but from which it cannot escape.
-the US is the worlds only military super-power, the only nation with the capability
to serve as the balancer throughout the entire AP region till now.

The US role:
-The indispensable balancer;
-The guarantor of regional security;
-The deterrent against aggression;
-The defender of the small, the weak and the vulnerable.
-Although the Cold war has ended, the AP region still requires a balancer which only
the US can provides.

MAINTAINING THE BALANCE OF POWER

-to act as the pivot for a security structure that includes Japan and South Korea, and
-to provide leadership to encourage stable and profitable democracies to develop;
-The need for security must be balanced with the unique needs of the allies;
requirements for these needs will ensure that America's interests in Northeast Asia
are protected and its bilateral relations are buttressed by improved regional security,
a spirit of cooperation, and further democratic progress

Main tasks of medium power leader

?
Malaysia security concern and their neighbors (Indonesia, Philippines) why need
security
?
Darker relationship between China and USA (there is an assumptions)
?