Clinical Approach to Atrial Fibrillation
Erika Maharani, MD
Faculty of Medicine Gadjah Mada University
Sardjito General Hospital
Yogyakarta
Atrial Fibrillation is The Most Common
Sustained Arrhythmia
Asymptomatic To Severe Life-threatening Episodes
Stroke
Sudden
cardiac
death
AF Heart
failure
Cardio-
vascular
morbidity
Landmark
Trials in
Atrial
Fibrillation
Landmark
Trials in
Atrial
Fibrillation
Diagnostic Yield of Different ECG Screening
Techniques for Paroxysmal or Silent Atrial FIbrillation
Diagnostic Yield of Different ECG Screening
Techniques for Paroxysmal or Silent Atrial Fibrillation
Recommendations for Screening for Atrial Fibrillation
Recommendations Classa Levelb
Opportunistic screening for AF is recommended by pulse taking or ECG
I B
rhythm strip in patients >65 years of age.
In patients with TIA or ischaemic stroke, screening for AF is
recommended by short-term ECG recording followed by continuous ECG I B
monitoring for at least 72 hours.
It is recommended to interrogate pacemakers and ICDs on a regular basis for
atrial high rate episodes (AHRE). Patients with AHRE should undergo further I B
ECG monitoring to document AF before initiating AF therapy.
In stroke patients, additional ECG monitoring by long-term non- invasive
ECG monitors or implanted loop recorders should be considered to document IIa B
silent atrial fibrillation.
Systematic ECG screening may be considered to detect AF in patients aged >75
IIb B
years, or those at high stroke risk.
Pattern for Atrial Fibrillation
AF pattern Definition
AF that has not been diagnosed before, irrespective of the duration of the
First diagnosed AF
arrhythmia or the presence and severity of AF-related symptoms.
Self-terminating, in most cases within 48 hours. Some AF paroxysms
Paroxysmal AF may continue for up to 7 days.a AF episodes that are cardioverted within
7 days should be considered paroxysmal.a
AF that lasts longer than 7 days, including episodes that are terminated
Persistent AF by cardioversion, either with drugs or by direct current cardioversion, after
7 days or more.
Long-standing persistent Continuous AF lasting for 1 year when it is decided to adopt a
AF rhythm control strategy.
AF that is accepted by the patient (and physician). Hence, rhythm control
interventions are, by definition, not pursued in patients with permanent AF.
Permanent AF
Should a rhythm control strategy be adopted, the arrhythmia would be re-
classified as long-standing persistent AF.
Use of the modified European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)
symptom scale is recommended in clinical practice and research
studies to quantify AF-related symptoms - Class IA
Modified EHRA
Symptoms Description
score
1 None AF does not cause any symptoms
Normal daily activity not affected by symptoms related to
2a Mild
AF a
Normal daily activity not affected by symptoms related to
2b Moderate
AF, but patient troubled by symptomsa
3 Severe Normal daily activity affected by symptoms related to AF
4 Disabling Normal daily activity discontinued
Detection and management of risk factors and
concomitant cardiovascular diseases
Heart failure
Hypertension
Valvular heart disease
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity and weight loss
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnoea, and other
respiratory diseases
Chronic kidney disease
Initial Management of Newly Diagnosed Concomitant Heart Failure And AF
The Five Domain of Integrated AF Management
Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial Sinus
Fibrillation Rhythm
Tromboemboli Prevention
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
Affected
portion of the
brain
Stroke is the leading complication
of AF
5-fold increase in stroke risk
Thrombus (clot)
Risk persists in
asymptomatic/paroxysmal AF
TIA = transient ischaemic attack
Savelieva I et al. Ann Med 2007;39:37191;
Hart RG et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1837;
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
CHADS2-VASc
CHAScoring
DS -VASc score 2 2
CHA2DS 2-VASc risk factor Points
Congestive heart failure +1
Signs/symptoms of heart failure or objective evidence of reduced left-ventricular ejection fraction
Hypertension
Resting blood pressure >140/90 mmHg on at least two occasions or current antihypertensive +1
treatment
Age 75 years or older +2
Diabetes mellitus +1
Fasting glucose >125 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or treatment with oral hypoglycaemic agent and/or insulin
Previous stroke, transient ischaemic attack, or thromboembolism +2
Vascular disease +1
Previous myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or aortic plaque
Age 6574 years +1
Sex category (female) +1
Low risk, 0; moderate risk, 1; high risk, 2.
LAA Occluding Devices may be Considered in Patients
with Clear Contraindications of OAC (IIbC)
Rate or Rhythm Control Management
Acute Heart Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation
Acute Heart Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation
Long-term Heart Rate Control in Patients
with Atrial Fibrillation
Long-term Heart Rate Control in Patients
with Atrial Fibrillation
Recommendations for Rate Control of AF
Beta-blockers, digoxin, diltiazem, or verapamil are recommended to
control heart rate in AF patients with LVEF 40% (Class IB).
Beta-blockers and/or digoxin are recommended to control heart rate in
AF patients with LVEF <40% (Class IB).
In patients with permanent AF (i.e. where no attempt to restore sinus
rhythm is planned), antiarrhythmic drugs should not routinely be used
for rate control (Class III).
Rhythm Control Management of Recent Onset
Atrial Fibrillation
Amiodarone
Propafenone
Initiation of Long Term Rhythm Control Therapy
in Symptomatic Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Recommendations for Catheter Ablation
of Atrial Fibrillation
Recommendations Class Level
Catheter ablation of symptomatic paroxysmal AF is recommended to
improve AF symptoms in patients who have symptomatic
recurrences of AF on antiarrhythmic drug therapy (amiodarone,
dronedarone, flecainide, propafenone, sotalol) and who prefer further I A
rhythm control therapy, when performed by an electrophysiologist
who has received appropriate training and is performing the procedure in
an experienced centre.
Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Take Home Message
Despite good progress in the management of patients with atrial
fibrillation (AF), this arrhythmia remains one of the major causes
of stroke, heart failure, sudden death, and cardiovascular morbidity
in the world.
Integrated AF management encompassing lifestyle interventions,
treatment of underlying cardiovascular diseases, and AF-specific
therapy
Thank You
