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EE453: Power System Protection and
Stability
Lecture 1 & 2
Farhan Mahmood, PhD
Department of Electrical Engineering
LUMS, Lahore
September 6, 2017
Outline
Overview of an electric power system
Faults in power systems
Basic principles of protective relaying
One-line diagram
Per-unit system of calculation
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Overview of an Electrical Power System
An electrical power system can be classified into;
Generation system creates electrical power with specified voltage and
frequency
Transmission system transports electrical power from generation to load
Distribution (and Utilization) system distributes and consumes electrical
power
Purpose of a power system is to transport and distribute the electrical energy
generated in the power plants to the consumers in a safe and reliable way.
Generator
T.L
Load
Transmission Line
(a) Typical power system configuration
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Overview of an Electrical Power System
Generation, transmission & distribution of
electrical power is accomplished by means of
three-phase circuit.
Voltages are equal in amplitude and
displaced in phase by angle of 120.
Such a system is called as a balanced (a) Three-phase sinusoidal voltages
system.
The power system must maintain acceptable operation 24 hrs a day
Voltage and frequency must stay within certain limits
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Faults in Power Systems
Power systems are subjected to disturbances caused by;
Lightning strikes
Switching operations
Short circuit faults
Random load changes (voltage rise and dip)
Control systems can handle small disturbances.
Example: variation in the generator or transformer load
Severe disturbances require a protection system. They cannot be overcome by a
control system and can jeopardize the entire power system.
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Faults in Power Systems
Fault is defined as a defect in a power system that causes the current to divert from
its intended path.
Fault is accompanied by,
build-up of current
fall in voltage
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Faults in Power Systems
What fault current can do ...
High risk of fire
Damage to the equipment
Weakening of insulation
Mechanical and thermal stresses
Unstablility in the power system
Result in enormous economic losses
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Faults in Power Systems
Faults can be classified into two categories,
Shunt Faults (short circuits)
Series Faults (open circuits)
Shunt faults can be further classified into four types,
Three-phase to ground (LLLG) fault
Line-to-line (LL) fault
Single line-to-ground (SLG) fault
Double line-to-ground (LLG) fault
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Basic Principles of Protective Relaying
To ensure the maximum return on the large investment in the equipment, which goes
to make up the power system and to keep the users satisfied with reliable service,
the whole system must be kept in operation continuously without major breakdowns.
The first way is to implement a system adopting components, which should not fail
and requires the least or nil maintenance to maintain the continuity of service
By common sense, implementing such a system is neither economical nor feasible,
except for small systems.
The second option is to foresee any possible effects or failures that may cause
long-term shutdown of a system, which in turn may take longer time to bring back
the system to its normal course.
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Basic Principles of Protective Relaying
Relaying is a branch of electric power engineering that detects abnormal conditions
in the power system and initiates corrective action as quickly as possible in order to
return the power system to its normal state.
Principles of protective relaying,
Detect an abnormal system condition --- automatic
React quickly --- typically in milliseconds
Respond properly --- Minimum disruption to the power system
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Basic Principles of Protective Relaying
Not as easy as it sounds!
How do we detect something happening miles away?
How do we react quickly enough? Electricity is travelling at (almost) the speed of
light.
How do we ensure that the response action is correct? An incorrect response
could make the abnormal condition worse.
Basic Principles of Protective Relaying
To accomplish this, all possible types of faults or abnormal conditions that may occur
in the power system should be examined.
We should analyze the response of power system to each of these events and
design protective equipment.
The main idea is to restrict the disturbances during such failures to a limited area
and continue power distribution in the balance areas.
The possibility of back-up protection should be also evaluated.
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Basic Principles of Protective Relaying
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One-line Diagram
One-line diagram uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and
components of an electrical circuit.
Information about the loads, the ratings of the generators and transformers, and
reactances of different components of the circuit is often given on the one-line
diagram.
Fig (a). Y- connected generator supplying balanced Y- connected load.
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One-line Diagram
A balanced three-phase system is always solved as a single-phase circuit composed
of one of the three lines and the neutral return.
Fig (a). Single-phase Circuit
Often the diagram is simplified further by omitting the neutral and indicating the
component by standard symbols rather than by their equivalent circuits. Such a
simplified diagram of electric system is called a one-line (or single line) diagram.
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One-line Diagram
The one-line diagram of the simple three-phase system considered above is shown
in Fig.
One-line diagram of a sample power system is shown below,
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One-line Diagram
t w o -w in d in g
c u rre n t t ra n s fo rm e r
tra n s fo r m e r
t w o -w in d in g
v o lt a g e t r a n s f o r m e r
tra n s fo r m e r
g e n e ra to r c a p a c it o r
bus c ir c u it b r e a k e r
t r a n s m is s io n lin e c ir c u it b r e a k e r
d e lta c o n n e c tio n fu se
w y e c o n n e c tio n su rg e a rre sto r
s ta tic lo a d d isc o n n e c t
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Per-unit System
In power systems, there are so many different elements such as motors, generators
and transformers with very different sizes and nominal values
To be able to compare the performances of a big and a small element, per unit
system is used.
In the per-unit system, the voltages, currents, powers, impedances, and other
electrical quantities are expressed on a per-unit basis by the equation:
Actual value
Quantity per unit =
Base value of quantity
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Per-unit System
Advantages:
Simplifies calculations in power systems
Allows a 1-phase equivalent circuit for a 3-phase system (no more 3 errors)
The impedances of the machines are specified in per unit values by the
manufacturer.
The parameters of machines and transformer (resistance, reactance, excitation
current, etc.) lie within a narrow range of values when expressed in p.u. We can
therefore guess reasonable values for approximate calculations, or easily
estimate their correctness.
Eliminates transformers from calculations
Per unit values provide more meaningful information.
Per-unit System
It is customary to select two base quantities to define a given per-unit system. The
ones usually selected are voltage and power.
Generally, base voltampere in MVA and base voltage in kV are specified.
For a single-phase system, the following formulae relate the various quantities:
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Per-unit System
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Per-unit System
Power factor being a dimensionless quantity Base power, MW = base MVA .
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Per-unit System
For three phase system, when base voltage is specified it is line to line base
voltage and the specified MVA is three phase MVA.
Now, consider a three phase system. Let Base voltage, kV and Base MVA be
specified. Then single-phase base voltage, kV = Base voltage, kV/sqrt (3) and
single-phase base MVA = Base MVA/3. Substituting these in eq. (1.3)
It is to be noted that eq.(1.6) is much similar to eq.(1.3).
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Per-unit System
Thus,
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Per-unit System
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Per-unit System
Choose base values for 2 quantities, VA and V. Other base quantities (i.e. Ibase and
Zbase) are determined from the chosen VAbase and Vbase.
Choose one VAbase for the entire system under study. Usually VAbase is the rated VA
of the transformer or generator in the system.
Divide the system into sub-systems whenever a transformer is encountered. Choose
a different Vbase for each sub-system. The ratio of the Vbase on each side of a
transformer must be equal to the transformation ratio.
Determine Ibase and Zbase for each sub-system.
Calculate the p.u. values of the system quantities.
Carry out circuit analysis with computations in p.u.
Obtain the actual values of the desired quantities.
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Per-unit System
Sometimes, knowing the per-unit impedance of a component based on a particular
base values, we need to find the per-unit value of that component based on some
other base values.
From eq.(1.7) It is to be noted that the per-unit impedance is directly proportional
to base MVA and inversely proportional to (base kV)2 .
Therefore, to change from per-unit impedance on a given base to per unit
impedance on a new base, the following equation applies
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Per-unit System
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Per-unit System
Conclusion: Per-unit impedance of the transformer
is same referred to primary as well as secondary.
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Per-unit System
Example: Draw the impedance diagram of the following network with all reactances
marked in per unit.
A-B: 10000 kVA, 13.8/138 kV, leakage reactance = 10%
B-C: 10000 kVA, 138/69 kV, leakage reactance = 8%
Select base in circuit B as 10000 kVA, 138 kV, find the per-unit impedance of 300
resistive load in circuit C referred to circuits C, B and A.
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Per-unit System
Example: Draw the reactance diagram of the following network with all reactances
marked in per unit.
Generator: 300 MVA, 20 kV, X = 0.2 pu
Transformer T1: 350 MVA, 20/230 kV, X = 0.1 pu
Transmission Line: 64 km, X = 0.5 /km
Transformer T2: 3, 1-phase transformers each 100 MVA, 127/13.2 kV, X = 0.1 pu
Motor M1: 200 MVA, 13.2 kV, X = 0.2 pu
Motor M2: 100 MVA, 13.2 kV, X = 0.2 pu
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Suggested Readings
Please read Chapter 1 (1.1) from Horowitzs book
Grainger and Stevenson: 1.10, 1.11, 1.13, 2.4
Examples 1.4, 1.5, 2.5, 2.6, 6.1
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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