Stage 3: The Atom and the Periodic
Table
Atom and Its
Organization
Objective: The student relates the
electron configuration of the elements with
their location on the periodic table, to
predict their behavior in the formation of
compounds of importance in- our daily
lives.
CIDEB
Atom The basic unit of matter
Spherically shaped.
Mostly empty space
Electrons travel around the nucleus attracted to the
positively charged nucleus
Subatomic Particles
Positive charged particle
Particle with no charge
Negative charged particle
Atomic Number
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that differ in the
number of neutrons they contain.
Learning Check
Write the atomic symbol for the isotope with each of the
following characteristics:
A. An oxygen atom with 10 neutrons
B. 4 protons and 5 neutrons
C. 25 electrons and 28 neutrons
D. a mass number of 24 and 13 neutrons
E. A nickel atom with 32 neutrons
Learning Check
107
The most abundant isotope of silver is
47
Ag
107
A. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in
47 Ag
B. What is the symbol of another isotope of silver with 62 neutrons?
C. What is the name and symbol of an atom with the same mass
number as in part b and 61 neutrons
Atomic Mass
Average of the
masses of all
the naturally
occurring
isotopes of an
element
Atomic Mass:
24.31 amu
Learning Check
85
Two isotopes of rubidium occur naturally, with 37 Rb at
87
72.17% (84.91 amu) and 37 Rb at 27.83% (86.91 amu).
Calculate the atomic mass for rubidium using the
weighted average mass method.
Early Ideas About Matter
Greek Philosophers
Matter is composed of 4
elements and can be divided
endlessly in smaller pieces
Early Ideas About Matter
Democritus
Matter as made up of tiny
individual particles called
atoms. Atoms could not
be created, destroyed of
further divided.
Daltons Atomic Theory
1. Ma2er is made up of 3ny par3cles called atoms -
indivisible and indestruc-ble.
2. Atoms of a given element are iden3cal in size,
mass, and chemical proper3es. Dierent from
dierent elements.
3. Atoms of two or more dierent elements combine
to form compounds. A par?cular compound is
always made up of the same kind of atoms and in
the same propor?ons.
4. A chemical reac3on involves the rearrangement,
separa3on, or combina3on of atoms.
Atoms are never created or destroyed during a
chemical reac4on.
Thompsons Model (1897)
Applied electricity to a glass tube and
produced streams of small par?cles
called cathode rays.
Then, par?cles must be nega3vely charged, they
were called electrons.
Thompsons Model (1897)
Plum Pudding Model
Atoms are
neutral, thus the
sphere contains
the same
quan3ty of
posi3ve and
nega3ve
charges.
Rutherfords Model
He studied how posi3vely charged alpha
par?cles interacted with solid maDer.
Rutherfords Model
Atoms consisted mostly of empty space through which the
electrons move.
Almost all posi3ve charge and mass were contained in a
dense region in the center: the nucleus
James Chadwicks Model
Protons and Neutrons (Nucleus)
Atoms have only certain
Bohrs Model allowable energy states.
n (quantum number)
Photon
Excited State Emission
Ground State
Schrdingers Model
Quantum Mechanical Model Electrons are treated as waves.
Electrons can be found in
a par?cular volume of
space around the nucleus
Atomic orbital Region
around the nucleus that
describes the electrons
probable loca?on.
The model assigns four quantum numbers to atomic orbitals.
Negative
Indivisible Circular
charges
and Nuclear orbits,
over a Atomic
indestructible atom energy
positive orbitals
atoms levels
atom
Quantum Numbers
Assigns 4 quantum numbers
to atomic orbitals: n, l, m, s
Principal energy levels contain
energy sublevels
Quantum Numbers
A n g u l a r M o m e nt u m ( l ) :
Principal quantum number Species the shape of an
(n): indicates the rela3ve size orbital with a par?cular
and energy of atomic orbitals. principal quantum number
f
Goes from 1 to 7
Each orbital contain at most 2 electrons
Quantum Numbers
Magne3c quantum number A n g u l a r M o m e nt u m ( l ) :
(m): Species the orienta3on Species the orienta3on of
in space of an orbital of a the spin axis of an electron. An
given energy (n) and shape electron can spin in only one
of two direc?ons ( and )
Electron Arrangement
Aufbau Principle
Each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available
Aufbau Diagram
Diagonal Rule
Sublevel Number of orbitals Number of electrons
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
Pauli Exclusion Principle
A maximum of two electrons can occupy a single atomic
orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins
Hunds rule: single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal energy orbital
before addi?onal electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals
Electron Configuration
The arrangement of electrons in an atom.
Number of
Principal electrons in the
orbital
number or
energy level
Shape of orbital
or block
Learning Check
Write an abbreviated electron configuration for each of
the following:
A. Magnesium
B. Oxygen
C. Sulfur
D. Nitrogen
Valence Electrons
E l e c t ro n s
i n t h e a t o m s
outermost energy level.
D e te r m i n e
t h e c h e m i c a l
proper3es of an element.
Par3cipate in bond forma3on.
The group number gives the
number of valence electrons
f o r e a c h g r o u p o f
representa?ve elements.
Electron Configuration and Periodic Table
Valence electrons: Atoms in the
same group have the same
number of valence electrons.
Valence electrons and period:
Energy level of an elements
valence electrons indicates the
period
Block elements: the periodic
table is divided into four
dierent blocks:
s d p f
Electron Configuration and Periodic Table
Electron Configuration and Periodic Table
Block: _______ Block: _______
Period: _______ Period: _______
Group: _______ Group: _______
Summary
The number of period corresponds to the highest energy
level occupied by electrons.
The group number of the representa?ve elements equals
the number of outer electrons (valence) of the atoms of
the group.
The outermost electron congura3on of the elements of a
family is the same, except that these electrons occupy
dierent energy levels.
The elements of the blocks s, p, d and f occupy s, p, d and
f orbitals
In the transi3on elements, there are some discrepancies in
the order of lling of the orbitals.
Stage 3: The Atom and the Periodic
Table
Periodic Table
Objective: To learn the dierent uses of
the Periodic Table and its organization.
-
Mr. Heber Torres
Periodic Table
The organiza3on of the elements in a logical way, according to
its electron congura3on
Horizontal rows
Periods 7
Number Outermost energy
level of electrons
Family Vertical columns
Can be numbered from 1 to 18 or
with the letters A and B:
A: Representative Elements
B: Transition Elements
Periodic Table
Group 1: Alkali metals
Group 2: Alkaline earth
metals
Groups 3 to 12: transi3on
metals
Lanthanide series and
ac3nide series: inner
transi3on metals
Group 16: chalcogens
Group 17: halogens
Group 18: noble gases
Periodic Trends
Metals and Non Metals
Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy
Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom
Periodic Trends
Atomic Radius
Periodic Trends
Electronegativity
Rela3ve ability to a2ract electrons in a chemical bond.
Exercises 4.72, 4.78 page 140-141 and 4.126 page
148
Learning Check
Exercises 4.72, 4.78 page 140-141 and
4.126 page 148
Stage 3: The Atom and the Periodic
Table
Compounds
Formulas
Objective: To identify the formation of a
compound and how to write the formulas.
-
Mr. Heber Torres
Compounds
Substance formed by the combina3on of two or more atoms of
dierent elements.
Rules to Write a Chemical Formula
Apply the octet rule to determine the charge of the ion.
Write rst the ca3on (+) then the anion (-)
Net charge must be 0
Subscript 1 is not wri2en
Use the lowest possible ra3os, simplify if needed
If you have polyatomic ions, parentheses must be used.
Octet Rule
Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons to acquire a full set of eight
valence electrons.
Ion Charges
Polyatomic Ions
Writing Formulas from Ions
2+ 2-
Mg O
Mg2 O2 Simplify if possible > MgO
3- 1-
Al Cl
Al1 Cl3 Subscript 1 is not written > AlCl3
3+ 2-
Fe SO4
Fe2 (SO4)3 Use parentheses when having polyatomic ions
Learning Check
Cl -1 O -2 SO4 -2
Na+1
Ca +2
Pb+4
Learning Check
Complete the following table with the formula and name of the
compound that forms between each pair of ions:
