Conjugate Gradient Algorithms and Finite Element Methods
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mobin1978Conjugate Gradient Algorithms and Finite Element Methods
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ISBN 978-3-642-62159-8 ISBN 978-3-642-18560-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18560-1
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Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
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M. Kek et al. (eds.), Conjugate Gradient Algorithms and Finite Element Methods
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
4 A. Solcova
Journal of Research- of the National Eureau of Standards Vol. 49, No.6, December 1952 Research Paper 2379
Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving
Linear Systems 1
Magnus R. Hestenes 2 and Eduard Stiefel 3
An iterative algorithm is given for solving a system h= 1t of n linear equations in n
unknowns. The solution is given in n steps. It is shown that this method is a special
C86e of a very general metbod which also includes Gaussian eliminatton. These general
algorithms are essentially algorithms for finding an n dimensional ellipsoid. Connections
are made with the theory of orthogonal polynomials and continued fractions.
1. Introduction method; (b) the conjugate gradient method presented
in the present monograph.
One of the major problems in machine computa- There are many variations of the elimination
tions is to find an effective method of solving a method, just ss there are many variations of the
system of n simultaneous equations in n unknowns, conjugate gradient method here presented. In the
particularly if n is large. There is, of course, no present paper it will be shown that both methods
best method for all problems because the goodness are special csses of a method that we call the method
of a method depends to some extent upon the of conjugate directions. This enables one to com-
particular system to he solved. In judging the pare the two methods from a theoretical point of
goodness of a method for machine computations, one view.
should bear in mind that criteria for a good machine In our opinion, the conjugate gradient method is
method may be different from those for a hand superior to the elimination method as a machine
method. By a hand method, we shall mean one method. Our reasons cau be stated as follows:
in which a desk calculator may be used. By a (a) Like the Gauss elimination method, the method
machine method, we shall mean one in which of conjugate gradients gives the solut.ion in n steps if
sequence-eontrolled machines are used. no rounding-off error occurs.
A machine method should have the following (b) The conjugate gradient method is simpler to
properties: code and requires less storage space.
(1) The method should be simple, composed of a (c) The given matrix is uualtered during the proc-
repetition of elementary routines requiring a mini- ess, so that a maximum of the original data is used.
mum of storage space. The advantage of having many zeros in the matrix
(2) The method should insure rapid convergence is preserved. The method is, therefore, especially
if the number of steps required for the solution is suited to handle linear systems arising from difference
infinite. A method which-if no rounding-<>II errors equations approximating boundary value prohlems.
occur-will yield the solution in a finite number of
steps is to be preferred. (d) At each step an estimate of the solution is
(3) The procedure should be stable with respect given, which is an improvement over the one given in
to rounding-<>ff errors. U needed, a suhroutine the precediug st.ep.
should he availahle to insure this stability. It (e) At any step one can start anew by a very
should be possible to diminish rounding-off errors simple device, keeping the estimate last ohtained as
by a repetition of the same routine, starting with the initial estimate.
the previous result as the new estimate of the In the present paper, the conjugate gradient rou-
solution. tines are developed for the symmetric and non-
(4) Each step should give information about the symmetric cases. The principal results are described
solution and should yield a new and better estimate in section 3. For most of the theoretical considera-
than the previous one. tions, we rest.rict ourselves to the positive definite
(5) As many of the original data as possible should symmetric csse. No generality is lost thereby. We
he used during each step of the routine. Special deal only with real matrices. The extension to
properties of the given linear system-such as having complex matrices is simple.
many vanishing coeflicients-should be preserved. The method of conjugate gradients was developed
(For example, in the Gauss elimination. special independently by E. Stiefel of the Institute of Applied
properties of this type may be destroyed.)-' Mathemat.ics at Zurich and by M. R. Hestenes with
In our opinion there are two methods that best Ii t the cooperation of J. B. Rosser, G. Forsythe, and
these criteria, namely, (a) the Gauss elimination L. Paige of the Institute for Numerical Analysis,
I This lFWlc ..-s performed on a No.lana! Bureau of Standards contrscl witb National Bureau of Standards. The present accouut
the University ot CaJiJ'omIa at Loll AnIdes. II.Dd was.spoosond (in part) by the was prepared jointly by M. R. Hestenes and E.
OMOll 01 Naval Researeb, (Jnited States Navy.
J Natiooal Bureau ot StaDd.a.rds and Uoiversity of CaWornJa at Los Anplas.. Stiefel during the latter's stay at the National Bureau
J University of CalIIon:tia at Los .ug8les, and KldpnOss1scbe Tedmisebe
Boeb3cbule, Zwicb. Switzerland. of Standards. The first papers on this method were
409
Figure 1. The first page of the original paper [10] by Hestenes and Stiefel.
Magnus Hestenes (1906~1991) was born in Bricelyn, Minnesota, USA.
His undergraduate education started at St. Olaf College, and his graduate
work took place at the University of Wisconsin. Later he continued at the
University of Chicago.
In 1947 he accepted a professorship at the University of California in Los
Angeles, where he taught until his retirement. He had 34 Ph.D. students and
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
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M. Kek et al. (eds.), Conjugate Gradient Algorithms and Finite Element Methods
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
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