ECTION 5 perfect tenses GRAMMAR SUMMARY (SIMPLE) PRESENT PERFECT: / have worked, she has worked, he hasn‘t worked etc PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: | have been working, he has been working etc PasT PERFECT: I had worked, she had worked etc PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: I had been working, he had been working etc * We use the present perfect to talk about past actions with some importance now. ve written to John, so he knows what's happening. = We use the present perfect progressive mostly to say how long things have been going on up to now. Shave been baking since breakfast time. = When we are already talking about the past, we use the past perfect or past perfect progressive to talk about an earlier time. Yesterday ! found some old postcards that Kate had sent to me from Italy. When Ann arrived | had been waiting for 25 minutes. NOTE: The rules in this section apply to British English. There are some small differences in American English. why are we getting so much faster? he Greek athlete Spiridon Louis won the Olympic marathon in 1896 in 2 hours 58 minutes 50 seconds. A little over a century later, the great Ethiopian runner Haile Gebrselassie ran the same distance in less than 2 hours 4 minutes: 30% faster than Spiridon. Women runners have also got faster. In 1926 the woman's marathon record stood at around 2 hours 55 minutes; in 1979 the Norwegian Grete Waitz broke two and a half hours. And less than a quarter of a century later, the Englishwoman Paula Radcliffe ran a marathon in 2 hours 15 minutes 25 seconds: faster than any man had run up to 1954! There has been similar progress over the last century at all other distances, from the half marathon down to the sprints. Usain Bolt’s 100 metre record of 9.58 seconds, set in 2009, was an improvement of over 9% on the 1912 record. In contrast, horse race results have scarcely changed at all. In spite of all their trainers’ efforts, horses run little faster now than they did a century ago. What is happening? Why are we the only animals that are speeding up?speak —» spoken go e buy > bought ; 3 Write as many of the irregular past participles as you can. Check them on page 317, and learn the ones that you don’t know. become ..L&C2%™£ begin break come give . bring fall - keep . I-can‘t walk — I've hurt my leg. Have you heard? He's arrived! Look -he hasn't drunk his tea. You've passed your exam! 5s come back He's lost his keys.=He can't find them. He's gone. = He isn't here. @ Change these present perfect sentences into Present sentences with similar meanings. ve cleaned the windows. ..The windows are cleaw. The Foreign Minister has died. . Lucy's had a baby. You've torn your coat. I've broken my leg. He's lost his address book... Have you made tea? V’ve done the washing up. . She’s gone to work for the BBC. We haven't found out where he is. The noise has stopped. I've forgotten your name. She's learnt French. . v Sveanqusawnu BESrevise the basics: present perfect or simple past? xj “I've phoned Ann, so she knows what's going on. I've made coffee. Would you like a cup? - Comeand look-I've painted the kitchen. S&S ‘My grandfather worked for a phone company. (He's dead now; I'm not thinking about the present.) Imade a cake when Liz and Sandra came. ('m not talking about the present.) I painted the living room last week. (I'm thinking only about last week.) ° Read the sentences and the questions, and circle the correct answers. > Claudia has bought a new car. Has she got the car now? sy PERHAPS > Susie went to stay with her grandmother. Is she there now? YES /(PROBABLY N OBABLY NOD 1 I made coffee. Is there coffee now? YES | PROBABLY NOT 2 Jack has made tea. Is there tea now? YES / PROBABLY NOT 3 Amanda has come to stay with us. Is she here now? YES | DON’T KNOW 4 Mark has gone to work in Ireland. Is he there now? YES / DON’T KNOW § Simon and Roger opened a shop. Is the shop still in business? YES { DON'T KNOW 6 Oliver has started French lessons. Is he taking lessons now? YES / DON’T KNOW 7 The dog has run away. Is the dog at home now? NO / DON’T KNOW 8 We sent Pam to the doctor. Is she with the doctor now? YES / NO / PROBABLY NOT 9 Carl lost his glasses. Has he got his glasses now? NO / DON'T KNOW 0 Kate has cut all her hair off. Has she got any hair now? NO | DON’T. KNOW © Circle the correct verb forms. 1 ‘Does Jeff know you're back home?’ ‘Yes, I told / ‘ve told him. “What's Rosie’s address?’ ‘Sorry, I forgot / ‘ve forgotten.’ I made | ‘ve made coffee. Would you like some? Look —I bought / ‘ve bought a new jacket. My mother left / has left school at 16. Peter lost / has lost his job, and he’s looking for a new one. Julius Caesar never reached | has never reached Scotland. We got / have got to know some very interesting people in America last year. When we were at school we studied / have studied Latin. Who built / has built the Tower of London? BSoauaneonrevise the basics: tenses with time words > met a really nice man. (BUT NOT ‘Kve-metereally nice man yesterday.) - Aplane has disappeared over the Atlantic. (BUT NOT A planehas disappeared at3-15this afternoon) @© Gircie\the words fora finished time. two days ago always this year last month never now then today yesterday when? in 2007 beforeIwas born inmylife justafterIgotup lately when I was nine @ Correct (V) or not (x)? > Andy has changed his job. ..%.. § Tve seen a good film the other day. ...... > Sarah has gone to France last week. .%.. 6 Look what Peter has given me yesterday! 1 John has left home in 2006. . 7 Claire has written to me three weeks ago. 2. [think everybody has gone now. 8 Sorry - I've forgotten your name. ...... 3, Lindsay has phoned at 10 o'clock. .... 9. The house is empty! What has happened? 4. I've forgotten Phil's birthday last Monday: ......___ 10 When have you heard from Peter? Have you ever been to Paris? POM 7EVER , EVER , EVER , EVER? TOM] Recently, lately and before can be used like this. “Have you heard from Philrecently? “Who that?’ ‘Ive never seen him before! sr ESD Now I’ve never been there. 8 Make present perfect sentences. > Eric / pay / for his ticket ? 1 you /see Carol / today? . 2 Simon / come back / from Spain / yet ? 3. the baby / have / anything to eat ? 4 1/not/ play / tennis / this year. 5. Alex / speak / to you / lately ? 6 Rob / never / write to me 7 you / ever / lose / your passport? . 8 my mother / never / travel by air . 9 you / ever / write / a love letter ? 10 1/never/ see /an iceberg .. © Circle the correct tense. 1. I haven't seen | didn’t see much of Al lately. 7 1 ve often wondered / often wondered what 2 ‘Who is she?" ‘I ‘ve never seen | never saw he does for a living. her before.’ 8 He has caught / caught the plane at eight 3. I've done / did a lot of stupid things in my life. this morning. 4. She has left / left school last year. 9 I’ve read / read a lot of her books when I 5 When have you got / did you get married? was at school. 6 I'm sorry. I haven't finished / didn’t finish yet. 10 Have you seen / Did you see any good films recently? 50 PERFECT TENSESrevise the basics: already, yet and just () Complete the sentences with already and verbs from the box (present perfect). buy find leaveY read sell tell adi lef : > ‘What time’s the bus?’ ‘It .. “Shall | tell Sally?’ ‘I .. “Do you want the newspaper?’ ‘ ‘Vl buy milk, shall 12’ ‘1 .. Amelia lost her job last week, but she “How much do you want for your car?’ * ... . some.’ arene e Make questions and negatives with yet. 1 you / have breakfast E 2 Cheryl / find a flat Eh 3 you / finish the painting 4 John / phone 5 Carole / come back from holiday El 6 the newspaper / comefinished time or time up to now? this morning; at school e Read the sentences and circle the correct answers. > z v aw a No 02 10 ‘A lot of people came to see me in hospital.’ Was the speaker in hospital when he/she said this? A Yes. (B) No. ‘I didn’t enjoy school." Was the speaker at school when he/she said this? A Yes. B No. ‘Vve been to sleep three times during the lesson.’ When did the speaker say this? A During the lesson. B After the lesson. ‘T didn’t travel much in December.’ When did the speaker say this? A In December. B Later. ‘My computer has crashed three times this morning.’ When did the speaker say this? ‘A Inthe morning. _ B Later. Joseph Adams made many friends during his life.’ Was Joseph Adams alive when the speaker said this? A Yes, BNo. “We've had a lot of problems at the club.’ Is the speaker a member of the club now? A Yes. B No. “The police called again this afternoon.’ When did the speaker say this? A In the afternoon. B Later. ‘T spent too much money during the holiday.’ Is the speaker still on holiday? A Yes. B No. ‘Peter has done some very stupid things in his first job.’ Is he still in his first job? A Yes. B No. ‘During her time as President she has done a great deal of good for her country.’ Is she still President? A Yes, B No. e Put in the simple past or present perfect. You ... ... a beautiful baby. (be) De her latest book. (not read) India? (you visit) My great-grandmother in Glasgow. (live) Columbus . America: the native Americans already .. where it was. (not discover; know) “The [Link] in trouble dts a lot of money. (lose) Who . eee eee How many times s+. in love? (you be) a holiday as much as this one. (never enjoy) the thunder?’ ‘No, nothing wakes me up.’ (you hear)I've done six different jobs since Christmas. "ve done no work at all so far (='up to now’) today. Joe is saving €20 a week. He started 8 weeks. ago. Up to now he’s saved €160. Benjamin’s been to Africa several times this year. I've climbed a lot of mountains, but I've never been up Mont Blanc. © Look at the pictures and complete the sentences, m1.! Pp thirty, glasses this morning. (wash up) cups of coffee today. (drink) letters since breakfast. (write) books this week. (read) kilometres so far this year. (drive) in % . different houses in my life. (live) a That child already ... © complete the sentences with the present perfect or simple past. Hl Tes . a lot of tennis this year. (play) 2 She six different jobs since she left school. (have) 3 He - away from school three times when he was fourteen. (run) 4 How many cups of tea - today? (you make) 5 In those days, Andrew . to stay with us most weekends, (come) 6 7 8 Shakespeare E poems as well as plays. (write) Since my brother lost his job, he - two books. (write) I'm not cooking today — 1 all the meals yesterday. In fact, 1 + most of the meals this week. (cook; cook) 9 Would you believe I . twenty-three phone calls today? (make) 10 Our team are rubbish. They . eight games this year. (lose) © crammar ano VOCABULARY: entertainments. Make sure you know all the words in the box. Use a dictionary if necessary. Then write sentences to say how often you have been to the different kinds of entertainment. the cinema the circus the opera _the theatre a rock / jazz / classical music concert _a rock / jazz festival Live be the cirous | ‘ve been to a rook comcert twice this yeni {ve never been to the in some answers, both contracted forms (for exampl acre, Wines ae Wor example ‘m, don't) and full Se erent arta desisey news We've found oil in the garden! Washington for talks with the President. Jessica has bought a new car. Airport. ‘Some new people have moved into the house next door. eo When John Wells arrived home from work, his family gave him a lot of news. Complete the sentences. come di 3 Dad! You lot of money in the lottery! eat findY go steal win > Hello, dear. We oil in the garden! 4 Hil Somebody ...... the car! 1 Dad! The cat . your supper! Surprise! Grandma to stay for a month! 6 Daddy! The goldfish .... 2 Hi, John. Mary .. to Australia with a soldier! © Here are some sentences from radio news broadcasts. Put in the correct verbs, amest_attive/ close delay die disappear discover give leave many set fire England footballers ..! Singer Alex Haverty +. back in Britain after their match in Rome. > 1 .-- his long-time girlfriend Katy Bowen. 2 Charles Blackstock, Member of Parliament for East Chilbury, ... .-- at the age of 57. 3 Once again, bad weather 4 The Foreign Minister . B 6 7 8 9 .... the tennis final. - London fora two-day visit to Berlin. - hundreds of roads in Scotland. to cars in a suburb of Paris. over the Indian Ocean. £10m to cancer research. hundreds of Roman coins in a field. - three suspected drug smugglers at Luton airport. Heavy snow .. Demonstrators .. A plane with 150 passengers A Birmingham businessman A Northamptonshire farmer .. 10 Customs officers .. "Somebody stole my cari!news and details A plane has crashed. It came down... 2. When we give or ask for more past details, we change to the simple past. 1 When we first give news, we often use the present perfect. NS so 5 Aplane has crashed in Yorkshire. = Itcame down in a field outside York. The Prime Minister has met business leaders. = —> They talked for four hours. Stephanie has gone to Australia. —> _ Sheleft last night. ‘ve found your keys! = "Thanks. Where were they?” REMEMBER: we don't normally use the present perfect when we give or ask about a finished time. Joehaslefthome, OR Joe left home last week. (BUT NoT Jee hasleft hometast week.) Have they arrived? OR When did they arrive? (BUT NOT Wien havethey arrived?) oO Put in present perfect and simple past verbs. > The cat ..! 1 Anna . 2a, 3 Cathy and Sam : 4 ‘Dad ... . his glasses.” “Under his pillow.’ (find; find) 5. Mrs Collins . . a beautiful dress. I ... .. an accident. He .. from Jenny. She . nice about it.’ (fell; say) 9 Two climbers 10 John and Sue . @ Make questions to ask for more details. > ‘I've bought a new jacket.’ ‘Oh, yes? ‘Jan's passed his exam.’ * ... “Louise’s moved to London.’ ' “Andy's lost his job.’ ‘Tknow.' * “Mark's sold his car’ ‘ ‘Phil's bought a bike.’ ‘ ‘Paul's found a new giliend ‘T've given up smoking.’ ‘ BPYAnkwne _ your supper. She .. . her job at the bank. She their house. They ‘where .... .. into hospital. She - her straight in. (go; go; send) your mother about us.’ ‘What . . in the Alps. They yet. They . ’My brother's been to San Francisco.’ * soo, _ it off the table when I was out. (eat; take) ... her boss. (leave; not like) _ it at Parker's yesterday. (buy; find) .. avery good price. (sell; get) . them?" to the doctor this morning, and he . off his bike last night. (Iaave; fall) _ us a postcard from Peru. (hear; send) . she . 2" 'She was very .. their way in bad weather. (die; lose) . the wrong train. (nit arrive; take) ou buy ie sas" Gwhere /you / buy it) 2! (he / get / good marks) Y (when / she /$0) 2 (when / he / tell you) as?! (where /he / stay) » (utty /e / sell it) Y (how much /it / cost) 1 (where / he /meet het) .. 2 (why / you / stop)