Design of Concrete Structures

Design of Columns and

Footings

Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

(Analysis and design in Module II, III and IV should be based on Limit State
Method. Reinforcement detailing shall conform to SP34)

MODULE IV (13 hours)

Design of Compression Members: Effective length and classification as

per IS 456, short columns subjected to axial compression with and
without uniaxial/biaxial eccentricities; slender columns - Use of SP 16
charts.

Design of Footings: Wall footings, isolated footings axial and

eccentric loading, rectangular and trapezoidal combined footings.

2
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 Columns

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Columns
A compression member is a structural element which is subjected
(predominantly) to axial compressive forces.
Compression members are most commonly encountered in
reinforced concrete buildings as columns

Column is a compression member, the effective length of which

exceeds three times the least lateral dimension (Cl. 25.1.1)

Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose effective length

is less than three times its least lateral dimension [Cl. 26.5.3.1(h)].

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Classification of Columns Based on Type of Reinforcement

1) Tied columns: where the main longitudinal bars are enclosed

within closely spaced lateral ties

2) Spiral columns: where the main longitudinal bars are enclosed

within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement

3) Composite columns: where the reinforcement is in the form of

structural steel sections or pipes, with or without longitudinal bars

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Classification of Columns Based on Type of Loading
1. Columns with axial loading (applied concentrically)

2. Columns with uniaxial eccentric loading

3. Columns with biaxial eccentric loading

P
P P
ey
e ex

axial compression with axial compression with

axial compression biaxial bending.
uniaxial bending. 6
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 The combination of Load P applied with an
axial compression (Pu) eccentricity e = Mu/Pu with
with bending moment statically respect to the longitudinal
(Mu) at any column equivalent to centroidal axis of the
section column section.

7
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Classification of Columns Based on Slenderness Ratios (Cl. 25.1.2),

Slenderness ratio is the ratio of effective length to its

lateral dimension

It provides a measure of the vulnerability to failure of the

column by elastic instability (buckling). Buckling tendency
varies with slenderness ratio.

1. Short columns: slenderness ratios with respect to the major

principal axis (lex/Dx) as well as the minor principal axis
(ley/Dy) are both less than 12

2. Slender (or long) columns.

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 Columns with low slenderness ratios fail under ultimate loads
with the material (concrete, steel) reaching its ultimate
compressive strength, and not by buckling

Columns with very high slenderness ratios may undergo

buckling (with large lateral deflection) under relatively low
compressive loads, and fail suddenly.

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 Unsupported Length

Code (Cl. 25.1.3) defines the unsupported length l of a column

explicitly for various types of constructions.

Effective length of a column

The effective length of a column in a given plane is defined as the

distance between the points of inflection in the buckled
configuration of the column in that plane.

The effective length depends on the unsupported length l and

the boundary conditions at the column ends

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Effective lengths for idealised boundary conditions (Eulers theory)

End conditions Effective length

Both ends hinged l

One end fixed and the

other end free 2l

One end fixed and the

other hinged l 2

Both ends fixed l 2

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Code recommendations for idealised boundary conditions (Cl. E1)

Use of Code Charts

Charts are given in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 of the Code for determining
the effective length ratios of braced columns and unbraced columns
respectively in terms of coefficients 1 and 2 which represent the
degrees of rotational freedom at the top and bottom ends of the
column.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Recommended effective length ratios for normal usage (Table 28, Page 94)

1. columns braced against sideway:

a) both ends fixed rotationally : 0.65

b) one end fixed and the other pinned : 0.80
c) both ends free rotationally (pinned) : 1.00

2. columns unbraced against sideway:

a) both ends fixed rotationally : 1.20

b) one end fixed and the other partially fixed : 1.50
c) one end fixed and the other free : 2.00

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Eccentric loading

The general case of loading on a compression member is axial

compression combined with biaxial bending.

A state of biaxial eccentric compression

Axial load P acts eccentric to the longitudinal centroidal axis of the

column cross section, with eccentricities ex and ey with respect to the
major and minor principal axes

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Code requirements on slenderness limits, minimum
eccentricities and reinforcement

Slenderness Limits (Cl. 25.3.1)

Ratio of the unsupported length (l) to the least lateral dimension (d)
of a column

Furthermore, in case of cantilevered column,

where D is the depth of the cross-section measured in the plane of
the cantilever and b is the width (in the perpendicular direction)
(Cl. 25.3.2) .

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Minimum eccentricities (Cl. 25.4)
Very often, indirect eccentricities may arise due to:

lateral loads not considered in design;

live load placements not considered in design;
accidental lateral/eccentric loads;
errors in construction (such as misalignments); and
slenderness effects underestimated in design.

Hence, the Code requires every column to be designed for a minimum

eccentricity emin (in any plane) equal to:

unsupported length/500 plus lateral dimension/30,

subject to a minimum of 20 mm.

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 Thus, for a column with a rectangular section:

l 500 + Dx 30
ex ,min = whichever is greater
20 mm

l 500 + D y 30
e y ,min = whichever is greater
20 mm

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Code Requirements on Reinforcement and Detailing

Longitudinal Reinforcement (Cl. 26.5.3.1)

Minimum Reinforcement: The longitudinal bars must have a
cross sectional area not less than 0.8 percent of the gross
area of the column section.

Maximum Reinforcement: The maximum cross-sectional area of

longitudinal bars should not exceed 6 percent of the gross
area of the column section.

But a reduced maximum limit of 4 percent is

recommended in general for better placement and
compaction of concrete and also at lapped splice locations.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 A minimum limit is specified by the Code inorder to:

ensure nominal flexural resistance under unforeseen

eccentricities in loading; and

prevent the yielding of the bars due to creep and shrinkage

effects, which result in a transfer of load from the concrete to the
steel.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Minimum diameter / number of bars and their location:

Longitudinal bars in columns (and pedestals) should not be less

than 12 mm in diameter

and should not be spaced more than 300 mm apart (centre-to-

centre) along the periphery of the column

At least 4 bars should be provided in a column with

rectangular cross-section (one at each corner),

and at least 6 bars) in a circular column (equally spaced near

the periphery.

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Cover to reinforcement (Cl. 26.4.2.1) :

A minimum clear cover of 40 mm or bar diameter (whichever is

greater), to the column ties is recommended for columns in general

In small-sized columns (D < 200 mm and whose reinforcing bars

do not exceed 12mm) a reduced clear cover of 25 mm is permitted

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Transverse Reinforcement (Cl. 26.5.3.2)

General: All longitudinal reinforcement in a compression

member must be enclosed within transverse reinforcement,
comprising either lateral ties (with internal angles not
exceeding 135o) or spirals.

This is required:

to prevent the premature buckling of individual bars;

to confine the concrete in the core, thus improving

ductility and strength;

to hold the longitudinal bars in position during

construction; and

to provide resistance against shear and torsion, if

required.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Lateral Ties: long ,max 4
tie diameter t =
6 mm
D

tie spacing st = 16long ,min

300 mm

where
long is the diameter of longitudinal bar to be tied
D is the least lateral dimension of the column

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Spirals:
Helical reinforcement provides very good confinement to the concrete
in the core and enhances ductility of the column at ultimate loads.

The diameter and pitch of the spiral may be computed as in the case
of ties except when the column is designed to carry a 5 percent
overload (as permitted by the Code), in which case

pitch

and

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 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION

Equilibrium of Axial Loading

If fcc and fsc denote respectively the stresses in the concrete and the
longitudinal steel, corresponding to the uniform compressive strain c ,
then it follows that

P0 = Cc + Cs = f cc Ac + f sc Asc
= f cc ( Ag Asc ) + f sc Asc
= f cc Ag + ( f sc f cc ) Asc

Ag = gross area of cross-section = Ac + Asc ;

Asc = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
Ac = net area of concrete in the section = Ag Asc

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Design Strength of Axially Loaded Short Columns (Cl. 39.3)

Where the calculated minimum eccentricity (in any plane) does

not exceed 0.05 times the lateral dimension (in the plane
considered), members may be designed by a simplified equation:

Pu = 0.4 f ck Ag + ( 0.67 f y 0.4 f ck ) Asc

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Design problem 1
Design the reinforcement in a column of size 450 mm x 600 mm,
subject to an axial load of 2000 kN. The column has an unsupported
length of 3.0m and is braced against sidesway in both directions. Use
M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

1. Short Column or Slender Column?

Given: lx = ly = 3000 mm, Dy = 450 mm, Dx = 600 mm

lex Dx = k x l x Dx = k x 3000 600 = 5k x

slenderness ratios =
ley D y = k y l y D y = k y 3000 450 = 6.67k y

Effective length ratios kx and ky are less than unity (since the column
is braced against sideway in both directions,)

and hence the slenderness ratios are both less than 12.

Hence, the column may be designed as a short column.

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 2. Minimum Eccentricities

l 500 + Dx 30
ex ,min = whichever is greater
20 mm

3000 500 + 600 30

ex ,min = whichever is greater = 26 mm
20 mm

3000 500 + 450 30

e y ,min = whichever is greater = 21mm
20 mm

As 0.05Dx = 0.05 x 600 = 30.0 mm > ex,min = 26.0 mm

and 0.05Dy = 0.05 x 450 = 22.5 mm > ey,min = 21.0 mm,
the Code formula for axially loaded short columns can be used.

( )
Pu = 0.4 f ck Ag + 0.67 f y 0.4 f ck Asc
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 3. Factored Load Pu = 2000 x 1.5 = 3000 kN

4. Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement

Pu = 0.4 f ck Ag + ( 0.67 f y 0.4 f ck ) Asc

3000 103 = 0.4 20 450 600 + ( 0.67 415 0.4 20 ) Asc

Asc = 3111 mm2

Provide 425 at corners : 4 x 491 = 1964 mm2

and 420 additional: 4 x 314 = 1256 mm2
Asc = 3220 mm2 > 3111 mm2

p = (100x3220) / (450x600) = 1.192 > 0.8 (minimum reinf.) OK.

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 5. Lateral Ties:
long ,max 4 25 4
tie diameter t = =
6 mm 6 mm
D 450

tie spacing st = 16long ,min = 16 20 = 320
300 mm
300 mm

Hence provide 8 ties @ 300 c/c

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 6. Detailing

600

450

4#20

8@300c/c 4#25

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 DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS UNDER COMPRESSION WITH
UNIAXIAL BENDING
Design problem 2

Using the design aids given in SP:16, design the longitudinal

reinforcement in a rectangular reinforced concrete column of size 300
mm 600 mm subjected to a factored load of 1400 kN and a factored
moment of 280 kNm with respect to the major axis. Assume M20
concrete and Fe415 steel.

Given: b = 300 mm, D = 600 mm, fck = 20 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,

Pu = 1400 kN, Mux = 280 kNm

Arrangement of bars:

SP : 16 Charts for equal reinforcement on four sides may be used.

(Charts 43-46 )
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 Assuming an effective cover d = 60 mm d/D = 60/600 = 0.1

Pu 1400 103
= = 0.389
f ck bd 20 300 600

Mu 280 106
= 2 = 0.13
f ck bd 2
20 300 600

Referring to Chart 44 of SP : 16 d/D = 0.1

preqd /20 = 0.11 preqd = 0.11 20 = 2.2

As,reqd = 2.2 300 600/100 = 3960 mm2

Detailing of longitudinal reinforcement

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 Detailing

600

8@200c/c staggered
300

4#22 inner rows 4#28 at corners

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DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION
WITH BIAXIAL BENDING

Code Procedure for Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns (Cl. 39.6)

The simplified method adopted by the Code is based on Breslers

formulation

An approximate relationship between MuR,x and MuR,y (for a specified

Pu = PuR) is established.

This relationship is conveniently expressed in a non-dimensional form

as follows: n n
M ux M uy
+ 1
M ux1 M uy1
where Mux and Muy denote the factored biaxial moments acting on the
column, and Mux1 and Muy1 denote the uniaxial moment capacities with
reference to the major and minor axes respectively, all under an
accompanying axial load Pu = PuR.
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In biaxial loading, Code (Cl. 39.6) suggests the following equation,
applicable for all grades of steel:

Puz = 0.45 f ck Ac + 0.75 f y Asc

Puz = 0.45 f ck Ag + ( 0.75 f y 0.45 f ck ) Asc

where Ag denotes the gross area of the section and Asc the total area
of steel in the section.

n = 1 for Pu/Puz < 0.2;

n = 2 for Pu/Puz > 0.8; and
n is assumed to vary linearly for values of Pu/Puz between 0.2 and 0.8

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Code Procedure

1. Given Pu, Mux , Muy , verify that the eccentricities ex = Mux / Pu

and ey = Muy / Pu are not less than the corresponding minimum
eccentricities.

2. Assume a trial section for the column.

3. Determine Mux1 and Muy1 , corresponding to the given Pu (using

SP:16). Ensure that Mux1 and Muy1 are significantly greater than
Mux and Muy respectively; otherwise, suitably redesign the
section.

4. Determine Puz , and hence n

5. Check the adequacy of the section; if necessary, redesign the

section and check again.

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Design problem 3
A column (400 mm 400 mm), effectively held in position but
restrained against rotation at one end, is subjected to factored loads: Pu
= 1300 kN, Mux = 190 kNmand Muy = 110 kNm. The unsupported
length of the column is 3.5m. Design the reinforcement in the column,
assuming M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Given: Dx = Dy = 400 mm, l = 3500 mm, Pu = 1300 kN, Mux = 190 kNm,
Muy = 110 kNm, fck = 25MPa, fy = 415MPa.

1. Slenderness ratios

Effective length = 0.8l for the braced column,

lex = ley = 0.8 3500 = 2800 mm

lex/Dx = ley/Dy = 2800/400 = 7.0 < 12

Hence the column may be designed as a short column.
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 2. Check minimum eccentricities

Applied eccentricities:

ex = Mux / Pu = 190 103/1300 = 146 mm

ey = Muy / Pu = 110 103/1300 = 84.6 mm

Minimum eccentricities as per Code:

ex, min = ey, min = 3500/500 + 400/30 = 20.3 mm > 20 mm

The applied eccentricities are larger than the minimum eccentricities.

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3. Trial section: Longitudinal reinforcement

Assume longitudinal reinforcement percentage as 3.5%.

As,reqd = 3.5 4002/100 = 5600 mm2

Provide 12 25 dia: As = 491 12 = 5892 mm2 > 5600 mm2. The

arrangement of bars is shown in Figure??.

Designing for uniaxial eccentricity with Pu = 1300 kN and

Uniaxial moment capacities: Mux1, Muy1 [Here, due to symmetry, Mux1

= Mux2]

Pu
f ck bd = 0.325

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 pprovided = 5892 100/4002 = 3.68

p/fck = 3.68/25 = 0.147

d= 40 + 8 + 25/2 = 60.5 mm (assuming a clear cover of 40 mm and 8 mm ties)

d/D = 60.5/400 = 0.151 = 0.15 (say)

Referring to Chart 45
Mu
=0.165
f ck bd 2

Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.165 25 4003 = 264 106 Nmm

= 264 kNm

which is significantly greater than Mux = 190 kNm and Muy = 110 kNm

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4. Check for biaxial bending
Values of Puz and n

Puz = 0.45 f ck Ag + ( 0.75 f y 0.45 f ck ) Asc

= (0.45 25 4002) + (0.75 415 0.45 25) 5892

= (1800 103 + 1767.6 103) N = 3568 kN
Pu/Puz = 1300/3568 = 0.364 (which lies between 0.2 and 0.8)

n= 1.273

n n
M ux M uy 190
1.273 1.273
110
+ = +
M ux1 M uy1 264 264
= 0.986 < 1.0

Hence, the trial section is safe under the applied loading.

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5. Transverse reinforcement

The minimum diameter t and maximum spacing st of the lateral ties

are specified by the Code

long ,max 4 25 4
tie diameter t = =
6 mm 6 mm
D 400

tie spacing st = 16long ,min = 16 25 = 400
300 mm
300 mm

Provide 8 ties@ 300 c/c

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 6. Detailing

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 DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMNS

Code Procedures for Design of Slender Columns

a. Strength Reduction Coefficient Method (B-3.3 of the Code)

This is a highly simplified procedure, which is given in the Code

for the working stress method of design

Although this method has been prescribed for WSM, it can be

extended to the limit state method (LSM) for the case of axial loading
(without primary bending moments)

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 According to this procedure the permissible stresses in concrete and
steel are reduced by multiplying with a strength reduction coefficient Cr
given by:
le
Cr = 1.25
48d

where d is the least lateral dimension of the column (or diameter of the
core in a spiral column). Alternatively, for more exact calculations,

le
Cr = 1.25
160rmin

where rmin is the least radius of gyration of the column.

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Additional Moment Method (Cl. 39.7.1)

The method prescribed by the Code for slender column design by

the limit state method is the additional moment method

According to this method, every slender column should be designed

for biaxial eccentricities (which include the P moment -
additional moment) components eax = Max/Pu and eay = May/Pu :

2
Pu b ley
2
P D l
M ax = u ex M ay =
2000 D 2000 b

The total design moments M ux = M ux + M ax = Pu ( ex + eax )

M uy = M uy + M ay = Pu ( e y + eay )
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Mux, Muy are the primary factored moments (obtained
from first-order structural analyses)

Max, May are the additional moments with reference to bending

about the major and minor axes respectively.

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Code recommends the following modifications for the design of
slender columns in general:

The additional moments Max, May may be reduced by multiplying factors

(Cl. 39.7.1.1) defined as:

Puz Pu Puz Pu
kx = 1 ky = 1
Puz Pb , x Puz Pb , y

Pb is the axial load corresponding to the condition of max

compressive strain of 0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of 0.002 in
outermost layer of compression steel

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 For braced columns subject to unequal primary moments M1, M2 at
the two ends, the value of Mu to be considered in the computation of
the total moment M u

M u = 0.4 M 1 + 0.6 M 2 0.4 M 2

where M2 is the higher column end moment.

Also, M u M 2

M1 and M2 are considered to be of opposite signs if the column is

bent in double curvature.

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 For unbraced columns, the lateral drift effect needs to be included.

An approximate way for this is by assuming that the additional moment

Ma acts at the column end where the maximum primary moment M2 is
present.

Hence, for design purposes, the total moment may be taken as

M u = M 2 + M a for unbraced columns

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Procedure for design of slender columns
1. Determine the effective depth and slenderness ratio in each direction.

2. a) Determine initial moment Mui from given primary end moments

Mu1 and Mu2 in each direction.

b) Calculate emin and Mu,min in each direction.

c) Compare the moments computed in steps a and b and take the

greater of the two as initial moment Mui in each direction.

3. a) Find additional moment Ma in each direction.

b) Find total moment Mut in each direction, without considering

reduction factor ka .

c) Make preliminary design for Pu and Mut and find area of steel.
Thus p is known.

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4. a) Get Puz . Also find Pb each direction, for the reinforcement
ration p obtained above.

b) Find reduction factor ka in each direction.

c) Determine the modified design value of moment in each

direction Mut = Mui + ka Ma.

5. Redesign the column for Pu and Mut . If the column is slender

about both the axes, design the column for biaxial bending, for (Pu , Muxt
) about x-axis and (Pu , Muyt ) about y-axis.

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 Braced slender column design problem 1
Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a braced column, 300 mm
400 mm, subject to a factored axial load of 1200 kN and factored
moments of 50 kNm and 30 kNm with respect to the major axis and
minor axis respectively at the top end. Assume that the column is bent
in double curvature (in both directions) with the moments at the bottom
end equal to 40 percent of the corresponding moments at top. Assume
an unsupported length of 7.2 m and an effective length ratio of 0.85 in
both directions. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Effective cover is 60
mm.
Given:

Dx = 400 mm, Dy = 300 mm,

Pu = 1200 kN;
Mux = 50 kNm, Muy = 30 kNm, at top;
Mux = 0.4x50 = 20 kNm, Muy = 0.4x30 = 12 kNm, at bottom;
l = 7200 mm, kx = ky = 0.85.

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1. Slenderness ratios lex = ley = 0.85 7200 = 6120 mm

lex/Dx = 6120/400 = 15.3 > 12

ley/Dy = 6120/300 = 20.4 > 12

Hence, the column is slender about both the axes.

2. Minimum eccentricities & Minimum moments

7200 500 + 400 30

ex ,min = ( greater ) = 27.73 mm
20 mm

7200 500 + 300 30

e y ,min = ( greater ) = 24.4 mm
20 mm

M ux ,min = Pu .ex ,min = 1200 27.73 = 33.276 kNm

M uy ,min = Pu .e y ,min = 1200 24.4 = 29.28 kNm
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3. Primary moments for design
As the column is braced and bent in double curvature,

M ux = 0.6 50 0.4 20 = 22 kNm 0.4 50 = 20

M uy = 0.6 30 0.4 12 = 13.2 kNm 0.4 30 = 12

Since the minimum moments are larger than these, the primary
moments for design are:
M ux = 33.276 kNm M uy = 29.28 kNm

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4. Additional moments

Without modification factor, additional eccentricities

eax = Dx (lex/Dx)2/2000 = 400 (15.3)2/2000 = 46.82 mm
eay = Dy (ley/Dy)2/2000 = 300 (20.4)2/2000 = 62.42 mm

Assume modification factors kax = kay 0.5 (to be verified later),

Additional moments:
Max = Pu (kaxeax) = 1200(0.5 46.82 10-3) = 28.092 kNm
May = Pu (kayeay) = 1200(0.5 62.42 10-3) = 37.452 kNm

5. Total factored moments

M ux = M ux + M ax = 33.276 + 28.092 = 61.368 kNm

M uy = M uy + M ay = 29.28 + 37.452 = 66.732 kNm > M ux = 61.368 kNm

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6. Trial section

Designing for a resultant uniaxial moment with respect to the

minor axis (y-axis),

M u 1.15 61.3682 + 66.7322 = 104.26 kNm

combined with Pu = 1200 kNm

Pu/(fckbD) = (1200 103/(30 400 300) = 0.5

Mu/(fckbD2) = 104.26 106/(30 400 3002) = 0.144

d/D 60/300 = 0.20

with equal reinforcement on all sides, referring to
Chart 46 of SP : 16,
p/fck = 0.19

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 preqd = 0.19 20 = 3.8
As,reqd = 3.8 300 400/100 = 4560 mm2

Provide 1025 bars. 4909 > 4560

pprovided = 4909 100/(300 400) =4.09
p/fck = 4.09/20 = 0.2045

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7. Check additional moments

d/Dx= 60/400 = 0.15 mm

d/Dy= 60/300 = 0.2 mm

From Table 60 of SP :16, the ultimate loads Pb,x and Pb,y at balanced
failure can be determined.
Pb , x p
For d/Dx = 0.15, k1= 0.196, k2= 0.203, = k1 + k2
f ck bD f ck
Pb, x = 570.03kN
Pb, y p
For d/Dy = 0.2, k1= 0.184, k2= 0.028, = k1 + k2
f ck bD f ck
Pb, y = 455.34 kN
Puz = 0.45fck Ag + (0.75fy 0.45fck)As
= (0.45 20 300 400) + (0.75 415 0.45 20) 4909 = 2563.7 kN
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Modification factors:

Puz Pu 2563.65 1200

kx = = = 0.684 1
Puz Pb , x 2563.65 570.03

Puz Pu 2563.65 1200

ky = = = 0.647 1
Puz Pb , y 2563.65 455.34

Hence, the actual (revised) total moments are:

M ux = 33.276 + 1200(0.684 46.82 10-3) = 71.706 kNm

M uy = 29.28 + 1200(0.647 62.42 10 ) = 77.74 kNm
-3

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

8. Check safety under axial load with biaxial bending

Referring to the design Charts 45 & 46 in SP : 16, uniaxial moment

capacities corresponding to Pu/fckbD = 0.5 and p/fck = 0.2045 are
obtained as:

Mux1/fckbD2 = 0.18 (for d/Dx = 0.15)

Muy1/fckbD2 = 0.152 (for d/Dy = 0.2)

 = 71.706 kNm
Mux1 = 0.18 30 300 4002 = 172.8 kNm > M ux

 = 77.74 kNm
Muy1 = 0.152 30 400 3002 = 109.44 kNm > M uy

Pu/Puz = 1200/2563.7 = 0.468 (which lies between 0.2 and 0.8)

n= 1.447
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 n n
M ux M uy 71.706
1.447
77.74
1.447

+ = +
M ux1 M uy1 172 . 8 109.44
= 0.89 < 1.0 Hence, safe

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Braced slender column design problem 2

Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a braced column, 300 mm

400 mm, subject to a factored axial load of 1500 kN and factored
moments of 60 kNm and 40 kNm with respect to the major axis and
minor axis respectively at the top end. Assume that the column is bent
in double curvature (in both directions) with the moments at the bottom
end equal to 50 percent of the corresponding moments at top. Assume
an unsupported length of 7.0 m and an effective length ratio of 0.85 in
both directions. Use M 30 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Given:

Dx = 400 mm, Dy = 300 mm,

Pu = 1500 kN;
Mux = 60 kNm, Muy = 40 kNm, at top;
Mux = 30 kNm, Muy = 20 kNm, at bottom;
l = 7000 mm, kx = ky = 0.85.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

1. Slenderness ratios

lex = ley = 0.85 7000 = 5950 mm

lex/Dx = 5950/400 = 14.88 > 12

ley/Dy = 5950/300 = 19.83 > 12

Hence, the column should be designed as a slender column.

2. Minimum eccentricities

7000 500 + 400 30

ex ,min = ( greater ) = 27.33 mm
20 mm

7000 500 + 300 30 = 24 mm

e y ,min = ( greater )
20 mm

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

3. Primary moments for design
As the column is braced and bent in double curvature,

M ux = 0.6 60 0.4 30 = 24 kNm 0.4 60 = 24

M uy = 0.6 40 0.4 20 = 16 kNm 0.4 40 = 16

Corresponding (primary) eccentricities:

ex = 24 103/1500 = 16 mm < exmin = 27.33 mm
ey = 16 103/1500 = 10.67 mm < eymin = 24.00 mm

The primary eccentricities should not be less than the minimum

eccentricities.

Hence primary moments for design are:

Mux = 1500 (27.33 103) = 41.0 kNm
Muy = 1500 (24.00 103) = 36.0 kNm
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
4. Additional moments

Without modification factor, additional eccentricities

eax = Dx (lex/Dx)2/2000 = 400 (14.88)2/2000 = 44.28 mm
eay = Dy (ley/Dy)2/2000 = 300 (19.83)2/2000 = 58.98 mm

Assume modification factors kax = kay 0.5 (to be verified later),

Additional moments:
Max = Pu (kaxeax) = 1500(0.5 44.28 10-3) = 33.2 kNm
May = Pu (kayeay) = 1500(0.5 58.98 10-3) = 44.2 kNm

5. Total factored moments

M ux = M ux + M ax = 41 + 33.2 = 74.2 kNm

M uy = M uy + M ay = 36 + 44.2 = 80.2 kNm > M ux = 74.2 kNm

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
6. Trial section

Designing for a resultant uniaxial moment with respect to

the minor axis,

M u 1.15 74.22 + 80.22 = 126 kNm

combined with Pu = 1500 kNm

Pu/(fckbD) = (1500 103/(30 400 300) = 0.417

Mu/(fckbD2) = 126 106/(30 400 3002) = 0.117
Assuming 25 main bars, 8 ties and 40mm clear cover, d' = 60.5 mm

d/D 60.5/300 = 0.201 0.20

with equal reinforcement on all sides, referring to Chart
46 of SP : 16,
p/fck = 0.13
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 preqd = 0.13 30 = 3.9
As,reqd = 3.9 300 400/100 = 4680 mm2

Provide 828 [As = 8 616 mm2] 4928 > 4680

pprovided = 4928 100/(300 400) =4.107
p/fck = 4.107/30 = 0.137

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

7. Check additional moments
Assuming a clear cover of 40 mm, d= 40 + 8 + 28/2 = 62 mm
d/Dx= 0.155 mm = 0.15 mm (say)
d/Dy= 0.207 mm = 0.2 mm (say)
From Table 60 of SP :16, the ultimate loads Pb,x and Pb,y at balanced
failure can be determined.
Pb , x p
For d/Dx = 0.15, k1= 0.196, k2= 0.203, = k1 + k2
f ck bD f ck
Pb, x = 805.71kN
Pb, y p
For d/Dy = 0.2, k1= 0.184, k2= 0.028, = k1 + k2
f ck bD f ck
Pb, y = 676.21kN
Puz = 0.45fck Ag + (0.75fy 0.45fck)As
= (0.45 30 300 400) + (0.75 415 0.45 30) 4928 = 3087 kN
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Modification factors:

Puz Pu 3087 1500

kx = = = 0.696 1
Puz Pb , x 3087 805.71

Puz Pu 3087 1500

ky = = = 0.658 1
Puz Pb , y 3087 676.21

Hence, the actual (revised) total moments are:

M ux = 41.0 + 1500(0.696 44.28 10-3) = 87.23 kNm

M uy = 36.0 + 1500(0.658 58.98 10 ) = 94.21 kNm
-3

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

8. Check safety under axial load with biaxial bending

Referring to the design Charts in SP : 16, uniaxial moment capacities

corresponding to Pu/fckbD = 0.417 and p/fck = 0.137 are obtained as:

Mux1/fckbD2 = 0.135 (for d/Dx = 0.15)

Muy1/fckbD2 = 0.115 (for d/Dy = 0.2)

Mux1 = 0.135 30 300 4002 = 194.4 106 Nmm = 194.4 kNm

> M ux = 87.23kNm
Muy1 = 0.115 30 400 3002 =124.2 106 Nmm = 124.2 kNm
> M uy = 94.21kNm

Pu/Puz = 1500/3087 = 0.486 (which lies between 0.2 and 0.8)

n= 1.477
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 n n
M ux M uy 87.23
1.477 1.477
94.21
+ = +
M ux1 M uy1 194.4 124.2
= 0.971 < 1.0 Hence, safe

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Footings

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 The purpose of the foundation is to effectively support the
superstructure:

1. by transmitting the applied load effects (reactions in the form of

vertical and horizontal forces and moments) to the soil below,

2. without exceeding the safe bearing capacity of the soil,

3. and ensuring that the settlement of the structure is within tolerable

limits, and as nearly uniform as possible

Footings are shallow foundations used when soil of sufficient

strength is available within a relatively short depth below the ground
surface.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 TYPES OF FOOTINGS
P P P

FLAT STEPPED SLOPED

isolated footings
P1 P2 P1 P2

individual footing property line

areas overlap

central beam
(if required)

combined footings
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Isolated Footings

For ordinary structures located on reasonably firm soil, a

separate isolated footing is provided for every column.

The soil bearing pressures from below tend to make the base slab of
the footing bend upwards, hence the footing needs to be suitably
reinforced by a mesh provided at the bottom

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Combined Footings

If isolated footings are attempted in the following cases, it results in an

overlap of areas

When two or more columns are close to each other and/or

if they are relatively heavily loaded and/or
if they rest on soil with low safe bearing capacity

Combined Footings are provided in the above cases.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Soil pressures under isolated footings

The plan area of a footing base slab is selected so as to limit the

maximum soil bearing pressure induced below the footing to
within a safe limit.

safe soil bearing capacity (allowable soil pressure), qa, given to the
structural designer by the geotechnical consultant is applicable for
service load conditions, as qa includes the factor of safety.

Hence, the calculation for the required area of a footing must be

based on qa and the service load effects.

The partial load factors to be used for different load

combinations (DL, LL, WL/EL) should, therefore, be those
applicable for the serviceability limit state and not the ultimate limit
state when used in association with qa.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 the prescribed allowable soil pressure qa at a given depth is
generally the gross pressure, which includes the pressure due to the
existing overburden (soil up to the founding depth), and not the net
pressure (in excess of the existing overburden pressure).

Hence, the total load to be considered in calculating the

maximum soil pressure q ( qa) must include the weight of the
footing itself and that of the backfill.

Often, these weights are initially taken as 10 15 percent of the

axial load on the column

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Distribution of Base Pressure
The distribution of the soil reaction acting at the base of the
footing depends on the rigidity of the footing as well as the
properties of the soil.

The distribution of soil pressure is generally non-uniform.

However, for convenience, a linear distribution of soil pressure is
assumed in normal design practice.

Concentrically Loaded Footings

In a symmetrically loaded footing, where the resultant vertical

(service) load P + P (where P is the load from the column and P
the weight of footing plus backfill) passes through the centroid of the
footing, the soil pressure is assumed to be uniformly distributed, and its
magnitude q is given by
P + P
q= where A is the base area of the footing.
A
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 P

GROUND LEVEL

backfill
P
footing
FOUNDING
LEVEL GROSS SOIL PRESSURE
q = (P+P)/A

area A = BL
B

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Limiting q to the allowable soil pressure qa will give the
minimum required area of footing: P + P
Areqd =
qa

Eccentrically Loaded Footings

The load P acting on a footing may act eccentrically with respect to the
centroid of the footing base due to:

the column transmitting a moment M in addition to the vertical

load

the column carrying a vertical load offset with respect to the

centroid of the footing

the column transmitting a lateral force located above the

foundation level, in addition to the vertical load

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 P

e = M/P
e P

P P

C FOOTING C FOOTING

(a) (b)
P
H

e
resultant thrust

P
H

C FOOTING

(c)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

General design considerations
The major design considerations in the structural design of a footing
relate to flexure, shear (both one-way and two-way action), bearing and
bond (development length).

Deflection control is not a consideration in the design of footings

which are buried underground (and hence not visible).

However, control of crack-width and protection of reinforcement by

adequate cover are important serviceability considerations, particularly
in aggressive environments

minimum cover prescribed in the Code (Cl. 26.4.2.2) is 50 mm

In order to compute the factored moments, shears, etc., acting at

critical sections of the footing, a fictitious factored soil pressure qu,
corresponding to the factored loads, should be considered.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Thickness of Footing Base Slab

The thickness of a footing base slab is generally based on

considerations of shear and flexure, which are critical near the
column location.

Generally, shear considerations predominate, and the thickness is

based on shear criteria.

Both one-way shear and two-way shear (punching shear) need to

be considered [Cl. 34.2.4.1].

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 critical sections
for moment
L

a a d/2
B b b +d
b

d/2

Pu
critical section for a +d
Mu d oneway shear critical section (all
around) for two
Vu1 way shear Vu2

d (b)

qu
(a)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 critical sections for t/4
moment

t masonry
wall

Pu Pu
Mu Mu
critical section for
moment

d
qu q
u (d)
(c)

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 DESIGN EXAMPLE OF ISOLATED FOOTING

Design Problem 1: Square isolated footing, Concentrically loaded

Design an isolated footing for a square column, 450 mm 450 mm,

reinforced with 825 bars, and carrying a service load of 2300 kN.
Assume soil with a safe bearing capacity of 300 kN/m2 at a depth of
1.5 m below ground. Assume M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade
steel for the footing, and M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel for the column.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 1. Size of footing

Given: P = 2300 kN, qa = 300 kN/m2 (at h = 1.5 m below ground surface)

Assuming the weight of the footing + backfill to be 10 % of the load

P = 2300 kN,
2300 11
.
base area required = = 8.43 m2
300

Minimum size of square footing = 8.43 = 2.904 m

Assume a 3 m 3 m footing base

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 2. Thickness of footing slab based on shear

Net soil pressure at ultimate loads (assuming a load factor of 1.5)

2300 1.5
qu = = 383 kN/m2
3.0 3.0
d 1275-d
(a) One-way shear 3000

The critical section is at a distance d from

the column face
450
3000 450
Factored shear force
Vu1 = 0.383 N/mm2 3000 mm (1275 d)
= (1464975 1149d) N.
critical section for shear

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Assuming c = 0.36 MPa
(for M 20 concrete with, say, pt = 0.25) [Table 19],

One-way shear resistance Vc1 = 0.36 3000 d = (1080d) N

Vu1 Vc1
1464975 1149d 1080d
d 658 mm

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 (b) Two-way shear

The critical section is at d/2 from the periphery of the column

Factored shear force Vu2 = 0.383 [30002 (450 + d)2]

Two-way shear resistance

Vc2 = ks c 4 ( 450 + d ) d 450

d/2

450
450+d
where ks = 1.0 for a square column
d/2
c = 0.25 20
450+d critical section (all
= 1.118 MPa (Cl. 31.6.3.1)
around) for two
way shear Vu2

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

 Vc2 = 1.0 1.118 4d (450 + d)
= (2012.4d + 4.472d2) N

Vu2 Vc2 0.383 [30002 (450 + d)2] 2012.4d + 4.472d2

3369442.5 - 0.383 d2 - 900d 2012.4d + 4.472d2

4.855 d2 + 2912.4 d - 3369442.5 0

d 585.5

Evidently, in this problem, one-way shear governs the thickness.

Assuming a clear cover of 75 mm and 16 bars in both directions,
with an average d = 658 mm,
thickness D 658 + 75 + 16 = 749 mm
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 Provide D = 750 mm.

The effective depths in the two directions will differ by one bar
diameter, which is not significant in relatively deep square footings.

For the purpose of flexural reinforcement calculations, an average

value of d may be assumed as:
d = 750 75 16 = 659 mm

Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 24 kN/m3 and 18kN/m3

respectively, actual gross pressure at footing base (under service loads)

q = 2300/(3.0 3.0) + (24 0.75) + (18 0.75) = 287 kN/m2

< 300 kN/m2 OK.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

3. Design of flexural reinforcement

Factored moment at column face (in either direction):

Mu = 0.383 3000 12752/2 = 933.9 106 Nmm critical section
for moment

Mu 933.9 106 3000

= =0.717 MPa
Bd 2
3000 6592
450
( pt ) reqd = 0.207

3000
450
(Table 2, SP:16, Page 48)

1275

Ast,min = 0.0012BD = 0.0012 3000 750 = 2700 mm2

pt,min = 100 2700/(3000 659) = 0.137 < 0.207
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
But this reinforcement is less than the 0.25% assumed for one-way shear.

Hence Ast,reqd = 0.25 3000 659/100 = 4943 mm2

Using 16 mm bars, number of bars required = 4943/201 = 25
[corresponding spacing s = {3000 (75 2) 16}/(25 1) = 118 mm
is acceptable.]

Provide 25 nos 16 bars both ways

( 0.87 f y )
Required development length Ld = Cl. 26.2.1
4 bd

0.87 415
For M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, Ld = = 47
4 1.2 1.6

For 16 bars in footing, Ld = 47.0 16 = 752 mm

Length available = 1275 75 = 1200 mm > 752 mm Hence, OK.
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
 450

25 nos 16 both ways

750 75
dav = 659

75
3000
SECTION XX

section for moment

section for
one-way shear

section for
two-way shear
d/2
X X
d/2
450
3000 d
d/2 450

(3000 450)/2
= 1275

PLAN

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 4. Transfer of force at column base

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Design Problem 2: Isolated footing, Eccentrically loaded

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 DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTINGS

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 Summary

Design of Compression Members: Effective length and classification as

per IS 456, short columns subjected to axial compression with and
without uniaxial/biaxial eccentricities; slender columns - Use of SP 16
charts.

Design of Footings: Wall footings, isolated footings axial and

eccentric loading, rectangular and trapezoidal combined footings.

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