Name: Jivan Raghoo
Date: 20/02/2012
Title: Hookes Law
Aim:
1. To determine the spring constant of a spring
2. To determine the density of water by immersing a mass suspended by a spring
into a beaker of water.
Materials & Apparatus:
50 cm rule
Retort stands (2)
Spring
Pointer (2)
Masses
Mass holder
Beaker
Vernier callipers
Water
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Diagram 1:
Figure 1 showing setup of apparatus to determine the spring constant of a spring.
Diagram 2:
Figure 2 showing the setup of apparatus to determine the density of water.
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Theory: Hookes law states the up to some maximum load (known as the limit of
proportionality) the extension of a wire or spring is proportional to the applied load.
Hooke's law can be written as:
F = ke
Where F = force applied to the spring
k is the spring constant
e is extension = new length - original length
There are two different types of deformation
1. Elastic deformation where the material returns to its original length when the
force applied is removed.
2. Plastic deformation where the material retains some of the extension even after
the force is removed.
By plotting a force extension graph (F vs e) and finding the gradient of the line produced
one can find the spring constant, k.
Archimedes principle states that when a body is completely or partly submerged in a fluid
it experiences an upthrust (a force) which is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
Therefore it is possible to find the weight of the fluid displaced if the upthrust produced
by a weight placed into a fluid was known.
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Method 1:
1. Apparatus was set up as shown in Diagram 1.
2. Readings were taken at pointers A and B without any weights attached.
3. The 50 g mass holder was then added and the new values of A and B recorded.
4. 50 g masses were then continually added one by one and readings were taken for
the resulting values of A and B.
Method 2:
1. All the masses were placed onto the mass holder (total mass = 300 g) and mass
holder was placed onto the spring. The readings at pointers A and B were
recorded.
2. A beaker was half filled with water and placed under the mass as shown in
Diagram 2.
3. The depth, d, of the submerged part of the mass and the length, l, between the
pointers were measured and recorded.
4. The position of the boss was adjusted and this procedure was repeated until 6 sets
of values for d and corresponding values of l were collected and recorded.
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Results 1: Table 1 showing values of mass and corresponding readings at pointers A and
B along with calculated values of force and extension.
Mass/kg Pointer A/m Pointer B/m Force/N Extension/m
0.00 0.40 0.28 0 0.00
0.05 0.40 0.26 0.49 0.02
0.10 0.40 0.24 0.98 0.04
0.15 0.40 0.22 1.47 0.06
0.20 0.40 0.20 1.96 0.08
0.25 0.40 0.18 2.45 0.10
0.30 0.40 0.16 2.94 0.12
Results 2: Table 2 showing values of depth and corresponding values of length between
pointers A and B.
d/m l/m
0.010 0.237
0.018 0.235
0.027 0.232
0.031 0.231
0.038 0.229
0.045 0.227
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Variables:
Manipulated:
1. Mass
2. Depth
Responding:
1. Distance between pointers A and B
2. Length
Constant: Acceleration due to gravity
Treatment of results 1:
2 1
Gradient =
2 1
3.00 0.25
=
0.12230.0103
= 24.6 Nm-1
Therefore the spring constant of the spring is 24.6 Nm-1.
Error Calculation:
k F e
= +
k F e
0.5 0.02
20 10
k = ( + ) x 24.6
2.75 0.112
Name: Jivan Raghoo
= (0.01 + 0.02) x 24.5
= 0.74 Nm-1
Therefore, k = (24.5 0.74) Nm-1
Diameter of mass = 0.0317 0.00005 m
Error Calculations
0.00005 100
% error in diameter =
0.0317 1
= 0.16%
D2
Area = 4
= 7.89 104 m2
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Treatment of results 2:
2 1
gradient =
2 1
0.23790.2280
=
0.00700.0415
= 0.29
Consider the equation:
= +
Where,
A = cross sectional area of mass
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 ms-2)
d = diameter of mass
k = spring constant
c = a constant
A graph was plotted of l vs d
Gradient of line =
This can be rearranged to make,
Name: Jivan Raghoo
gradient
=
Therefore,
0.29 24.6
=
7.89 104 9.8
= 922.6 kgm3
Associated error in density of water,
2
= + + +
0.0001 0.74 0.00005 2 x 0.00005
= ( + + + ) x 918.9
0.236 24.6 0.0317 7.89 104 m2
= 146.1 3
Name: Jivan Raghoo
Precautions:
1. All readings during experiment were taken at eye level to avoid parallax error.
2. It was ensured that the beaker was not filled with too much water as this could
cause the water to overflow once the masses are lowered into the beaker.
Sources of error:
1. When taking reading for depth at which masses were placed in beaker of water,
the light from the pencil is refracted as it passes from the water to the glass to air,
causing it to be displaced. This may lead to inaccurate measurements being taken.
2. Some changes in length when the masses are lowered into the beaker were very
subtle and were not recorded as there went unnoticed.
Conclusion:
1. Spring constant is found to be 24.50 0.74 1
2. Density of water was found to be 918.9 146.1 3
