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Augmented Reality
Ms. Shraddha C. Chauhan1, Mr. Santosh Londhe2
P.G. Student, Computer Science & Engineering, Everest Educational Society's Group of Institutions, Aurangabad, MH,India12.
Abstract Augmented reality, in which virtual content is Anywhere Augmentation away from the desktop has not yet
seamlessly integrated with displays of real-world scenes, been realized. In this paper, we describe how recent
is a growing area of interactive design. With the rise of developments in mobile and web technologies allow
personal mobile devices capable of producing interesting Augmented Reality applications to be deployed on a global
augmented reality environments, the vast potential of scale and used by hundreds of thousands of people at the same
AR has begun to be explored. This paper surveys the time.
current state-of-the-art in augmented reality. It
describes work performed in different application II AUGMENTED REALITY
domains and explains the exiting issues encountered A .Definition
when building augmented reality applications Augmented reality technology has its roots in the field
considering the ergonomic and technical limitations of of computer science interface research [3]. Many of the basic
mobile devices. Future directions and areas requiring concepts of AR have been used in movies and science fiction at
further research are introduced and discussed. least as far back as movies like the terminator (1984) and
RoboCop (1987). These movies feature cyborg characters
I INTRODUCTION whose views of the physical world are augmented by a steady
stream of annotation and graphical overlays in their vision
The term Augmented Reality (AR) is used to systems.
describe a combination of technologies that enable real-time The term augmented reality was first coined by
mixing of computer-generated content with live video researcher Tom Caudell, at Boeing in 1990, who was asked to
display. AR is based on techniques developed in VR [1] and improve the expensive diagrams and marking devices used to
interacts not only with a virtual world but has a degree of guide workers on the factory floor[4]. He proposed replacing
interdependence with the real world. the large plywood boards, which contained individually
Augmented Reality (AR) is an area of research that aims to designed wiring instructions for each plane, with a head
enhance the real world by overlaying computer-generated mounted apparatus that displays a planes specific schematics
data on top of it. Azuma identifies three key characteristics through high-tech eye ware and project them onto multipurpose,
of AR systems: reusable boards. Many authors agree to define AR in a way that
(1) Mixing virtual images with the real world, requires the use of Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) [5]. This
(2) Three-dimensional registration of digital data and definition aims to allow other technologies, such as mobile
(3) Interactivity in real time. technology, besides HMDs while preserving the essential
The first AR experience with these characteristics was components of AR [6]. 2-D virtual overlays on top of live video
developed over 40 years ago, but mainstream adoption has can be done at interactive rates, but the overlays are not
been limited by the available technologies. combined with the real world in 3-D [7]. However, this
Early Augmented Reality applications ran on definition does allow monitor based interfaces, monocular
stationary desktop computers and required the user to wear systems, see-through HMDs or mobile devices.
bulky head mounted displays (HMDs). Despite the B. Components
ergonomic shortcomings with this configuration, there have According to Bimber and Raskar [8], augmented
been successful applications developed in certain domain reality systems are built upon on three major buildings blocks:
areas, such as industrial assembly, surgical training or tracking and registration, display technology and real time
gaming. Recently, AR experiences have begun to be rendering. First, augmented reality is a technology that should
delivered on mobile phones. Researchers such as Mohring be interactive in real time and registered in three dimensions.
[Mh04] and Wagner [Wag08b] have shown how phones can When trying to achieve a plausible augmented image, accurate
be used for computer vision based AR tracking, while tracking and registration is important, this because when aiming
companies such as Layer are deploying compass and GPS to get a believable image across to the user, the real camera
based mobile outdoor AR experiences. However, should be mapped to the virtual one in such a way that that the
widespread use of AR-based mobile technology that allows perspectives of both environments precisely match. Especially
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for a moving user, the system needs to constantly determine D. Mobile augmented reality
the position within the environment of the user surrounding As computers increase in power and decrease in size,
the virtual object, this because the computer generated new mobile, wearable, and pervasive computing applications
object should appear to be fixed [8]. If such a form of are rapidly becoming feasible, providing people access to online
complete tracking with a global coordinate system is resources always and everywhere [10]. This new flexibility
required, one can distinguish between outside in and inside makes possible new class of applications that exploit the
out tracking [9]. The first refers to systems where sensors persons surrounding context [15]. Augmented reality already
are placed in the environment that track emitters on mobile presents a particularly powerful user interface (UI) to context
objects: for example using sensors based on Global aware computing environments. AR systems integrate virtual
Positioning System (GPS) to track where a mobile device is information into a persons physical environment so that he or
situated, or triangulating the position of a mobile device she will perceive that information as existing in their
between phone masts. The second type makes use of internal surroundings [16]. Mobile augmented reality systems provide
sensors fixed to mobile objects; a camera for vision based this service without constraining the individuals whereabouts
tracking, digital compass to track which way the phone is to a specially equipped area [17]. Ideally, they work virtually
facing, an accelerometer to track. anywhere, adding a palpable layer of information to any
C. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality environment whenever desired. By doing so, they hold the
The term virtual reality is commonly used by the potential to revolutionize the way in which information is
popular media to describe imaginary worlds that only exist presented to people [7].
in computers and our minds. However, let us more precisely Computer-presented material is directly integrated with
define the term. According to [11], virtual is defined to be the real world surrounding the freely roaming person, who can
being in essence or effect but not in fact. Reality is defined interact with it to display related information, to pose and
to be something that constitutes a real or actual thing as resolve queries, and to collaborate with other people. The world
distinguished from something that is merely apparent; becomes the user interface [10]. Hence, mobile AR relies on AR
something that exists independently of ideas conceiving it. principles in truly mobile settings; that is, away from the
Fortunately [12] has more recently defined the full term carefully conditioned environments of research laboratories and
virtual reality to be an artificial environment which is special-purpose work areas. Quite a few technologies must be
experienced through sensory stimuli (as sights and sounds) combined to make this possible: global tracking technologies,
provided by a computer and in which ones actions partially wireless communication, location-based computing (LBC) and
determine what happens in the environment. [13] further services (LBS), and wearable computing.
defines a virtual reality to be a computer-generated
environment that can be interacted with as if that
environment was real. A good virtual reality system will
allow users to physically walk around objects and touch
those objects as if they were real. Ivan Sutherland, the
creator of one of the worlds first virtual reality systems
stated The ultimate display would, of course, be a room
within which the computer can control the existence of
matter. A chair displayed in such a room would be good
enough to sit in. Handcuffs displayed in such a room would Figure 2: Mobile AR: (a) user with Mobile AR system backpack; (b)
be confining, and a bullet displayed in such a room would be example of AR application that uses mobile devices.
fatal sutherland68.
III APPLICATIONS OF AR
Augmented Reality enhances a users perception of
and interaction with the real world. The virtual objects display
information that the user cannot directly detect with his own
senses. The information conveyed by the virtual objects helps a
user perform real-world tasks. AR is a specific example of what
Fred Brooks called Intelligence Amplification (IA): using the
computer as a tool to make a task easier for a human to perform
[18]. At the time of writing this paper, at least 12 distinct classes
Figure 1: Adapted schema of a virtuality continuum. of AR application domains have been identified. These classes
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include well-established domains like medical, military, manufacturing processes, as well as product and process
manufacturing, entertainment, visualization, and robotics. development, leading to shorter lead-time, reduced cost and
They also include original and new domains such as improved quality [4]. The ultimate goal is to create a system
education, marketing, geospatial, navigation and path that is as good as the real world, if not better and more efficient.
planning, tourism, urban planning and civil engineering. The
following sub-sections describe recent research project that
have been done in each field. While these do not
exhaustively cover every application domain of AR
technology, they do cover the areas explored so far.
A. Medical
Medical augmented reality takes its main
motivation from the need of visualizing medical data and the
patient within the same physical space. This would require
real-time in-situ visualization of co-registered heterogeneous
data, and was probably the goal of many medical augmented Figure 3(b): Product Assembly
reality solutions proposed in literature Figure 3(a). In 1968, D. Visualization
Sutherland [19] suggested a tracked head-mounted display AR is a useful visualization technique to overlay
as a novel human-computer interface enabling viewpoint- computer graphics on the real world. AR can combine
dependent visualization of virtual objects. It was only two visualization method to apply to many applications [34]. A
decades later when Roberts et al. implemented the first vision-based AR system was presented for visualization
medical augmented reality system [20]. interaction in [35]. A device, Geo Scope, was developed to
support some applications such as city, landscape and
architectural visualization in [36]. AR visualization for
laparoscopic surgery was approached in [37]. AR also enables
visualization of invisible concepts or events by superimposing
virtual objects or information onto physical objects or
environments [38].
E. Entertainment and Games
Figure 3(a): Guided Surgery Augmented reality has been applied in the
B. Military entertainment industry to create games, but also to increase
AR can be used to display the real battlefield scene visibility of important game aspects in life sports broadcasting.
and augment it with annotation information [25]. Some In these cases where a large public is reached, AR can also
HMDs were researched and built by company Liteye for serve advertisers to show virtual ads and product placements.
military usage. In [26] hybrid optical and inertial tracker that Swimming pools, football fields, race tracks and other sports
used miniature MEMS (micro electro-mechanical systems) environments are well-known and easily prepared, which video
sensors was developed for cockpit helmet tracking. In [27] it see-through augmentation through tracked camera feeds easy
was described how to use AR technique for planning of [13]. One example is the Fox-Trax system, used to highlight the
military training in urban terrain. Using AR technique to location of a hard-to-see hockey puck as it moves rapidly across
display an animated terrain, which could be used for military the ice, but AR is also applied to annotate racing cars, snooker
intervention planning, was developed by company Arcane. ball trajectories, life swimmer performances, etc. Thanks to
The helicopter night vision system was developed by predictable environments (uniformed players on a green, white,
Canadas Institute for Aerospace Research (NRC-IAR) and brown field) and Chroma-keying techniques, the
using AR to expand the operational envelope of rotor craft annotations are shown on the field and not on the players.
and enhance pilots ability to navigate in degraded visual F. Robotics
conditions [28]. HMD was developed to display that can be AR is an ideal platform for human-robot collaboration.
coupled with a portable information system in military [29]. Medical robotics and image guided surgery based AR was
C. Manufacturing discussed in. Predictive displays for tele robotics were designed
Research on the manufacturing applications of AR based on AR. Remote manipulation of using AR for robot was
is strong and growing area. The challenge in the researched in. Robots can present complex information by using
manufacturing field is to design and implement integrated AR technique for communicating information to humans. AR
AR manufacturing systems that could enhance technique was described for robot development and
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experimentation in. In, authors describe the way to combine replace the real world with the virtual environment. In AR, the
AR technique with surgical robot system for head-surgery. virtual images only supplement the real world. Therefore, fewer
An AR approach was proposed to visualizing robot input, virtual objects need to be drawn, and they do not necessarily
output and state information. Using AR tools for the tele have to be realistically rendered in order to serve the purposes
operation of robotic systems was described. It was of the application. For example, in the annotation applications,
developed how to improve robotic operator performance text and 3-D wireframe drawings might suffice. Ideally,
using AR. It was explored for AR technique to improve photorealistic graphic objects would be seamlessly merged with
immersive robot programming in unknown environments. the real environment (see Section 7), but more basic problems
3D AR display during robot assisted Laparoscopic Partial have to be solved first.
Nephrectomy (LPN). 2) Display device: The display devices used in AR may have
G. Navigation and Path Planning less stringent requirements than VE systems demand, again
Navigation in prepared environments has been tried because AR does not replace the real world. For example,
and tested for some time. Rekimoto presented NaviCam for monochrome displays may be adequate for some AR
indoor use that augmented a video stream from a hand held applications, while virtually all VE systems today use full color.
camera using fiducially markers for position tracking. Optical see-through HMDs with a small field-of-view may be
Starner. Consider applications and limitations of AR for satisfactory because the user can still see the real world with his
wearable computers, including problems of finger tracking peripheral vision; the see-through HMD does not shut off the
and facial recognition. Narzt discuss navigation paradigms user's normal field-of-view. Furthermore, the resolution of the
for (outdoor) pedestrians and cars that overlay routes, monitor in an optical see-through HMD might be lower than
highway exits, follow-me cars, dangers, fuel prices. They what a user would tolerate in a VE application, since the optical
prototyped video see-through PDAs and mobile phones and see-through HMD does not reduce the resolution of the real
envision eventual use in car windshield heads-up displays. environment.
Tonnis investigate the success of using AR warnings to 3) Tracking and sensing: While in the previous two cases AR
direct a car drivers attention towards danger Kim describe had lower requirements than VE that is not the case for tracking
how a 2D traveller guidance service can be made 3D using and sensing. In this area, the requirements for AR are much
GIS data for AR navigation. stricter than those for VE systems. A major reason for this is the
Results clearly show that the use of augmented registration problem, which is described in the next section. The
displays result in a significant decrease in navigation errors other factors that make the tracking and sensing requirements
and issues related to divided attention when compared to higher.
using regular displays. Nokias MARA project31 researches
deployment of AR on current mobile phone technology. V CHALLENGES AND ISSUES
Despite the growing interest in AR and the large body
of advances and research, several challenges and issue still exist
and need to be addressed. In this section, we classify the limits
that characterize the current state of the art of AR based on the
following aspects: technology, social acceptance, usability.
Considerable advances made in each of the areas described in
this paper. However, there are still limitations with the
technology that needs to be overcome. AR system has to deal
with vast amount of information in reality. Therefore the
Figure 3(c): Navigation in urban environments.
hardware used should be small, light, and easily portable and
IV COMPARIOSION AGAINST VIRTUAL fast enough to display graphics.
ENVIRONMENT Also the battery life used by these complicated AR
devices is another limitation for ARs uses. Also, AR tracking
The overall requirements of AR can be summarized needs some system hardware such as GPS to provide accurate
by comparing them against the requirements for Virtual marker, ask them to be both accurate and reliable enough. These
Environments, for the three basic subsystems that they hardware obstacles need to be resolved for practical AR use.
require. AR systems usually obtain a lot of information, and need
1) Scene generator: Rendering is not currently one of the software to filter the information, retain useful information,
major problems in AR. VE systems have much higher discard useless data and display it in a convenient way.
requirements for realistic images because they completely
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VI CONCLUSION AND FUTURE TRENDS specified time budgets, rather than just "running as quickly as
possible." These are characteristics of flight simulators and a
Several possible future directions are speculated for few VE systems. Constructing and debugging real-time systems
further research. Many HMDs created specifically with AR is often painful and difficult, but the requirements for AR
in mind need to be developed. HMDs are still too clumsy demand real-time performance.
and have limited field of vision, contrast and resolution. Perceptual and psychophysical studies: Augmented Reality is
HMDs and other wearable equipments, such as data-gloves an area ripe for psychophysical studies. How much lag can a
and data suits, is a limitation for the user. All wearable user detect? How much registration error is detectable when the
equipments need be developed to be lighter, smaller and head is moving? Besides questions on perception, psychological
easier to work with the user. Also the AR system researchers experiments that explore performance issues are also needed.
need consider other challenges such as response time delays, How much does head-motion prediction improve user
hardware or software failures from AR systems. One performance on a specific task? How much registration error is
limitation of AR systems is registration error. Occlusion tolerable for a specific application before performance on that
detection is an active area of study of AR systems. task degrades substantially? Is the allowable error larger while
Analyzing various tracking methods, possible tracking the user moves her head versus when she stands still?
research directions are identified that allow researchers to Furthermore, not much is known about potential optical
effectively capitalize on knowledge in video frames, or illusions caused by errors or conflicts in the simultaneous
integrate vision-based methods with other sensors in a novel display of real and virtual objects. Few experiments in this area
way. It is important to incorporate a recognition system to have been performed. Jannick Rolland, Frank Biocca and their
acquire a reference representation of the real world. Further students conducted a study of the effect caused by eye
research on this direction could provide promising results, displacements in video see-through HMDs. They found that
but it is mostly a top-down process and hard to deal with users partially adapted to the eye displacement, but they also
objects dynamics, and evaluation of different hypotheses. had negative after-effects after removing the HMD. Steve Ellis'
The challenge is to construct a pervasive middleware to group at NASA Ames has conducted work on perceived depth
support the AR system. in a see through HMD. ATR has also conducted a study.
This section identifies areas and approaches that require Portability: Some potential AR applications require giving the
further research to produce improved AR systems. user the ability to walk around large environments, even
Hybrid approaches: Future tracking systems may outdoors. This requires making the equipment self-contained
be hybrids, because combining approaches can cover and portable. Existing tracking technology is not capable of
weaknesses. The same may be true for other problems in tracking a user outdoors at the required accuracy.
AR. For example, current registration strategies generally Multimodal displays: Almost all work in AR has focused on the
focus on a single strategy. Future systems may be more visual sense: virtual graphic objects and overlays. Augmentation
robust if several techniques are combined. An example is might apply to all other senses as well. In particular, adding and
combining vision-based techniques with prediction. If the removing 3-D sound is a capability that could be useful in some
fiducially are not available, the system switches to open- AR applications.
loop prediction to reduce the registration errors, rather than Social and political issues: Technological issues are not the
breaking down completely. The predicted viewpoints in turn only ones that need to be considered when building a real
produce a more accurate initial location estimate for the application. There are also social and political dimensions when
vision-based techniques. getting new technologies into the hands of real users.
Real-time systems and time-critical computing: Sometimes, perception is what counts, even if the technological
Many VE systems are not truly run in real time. Instead, it is reality is different. For example, if workers perceive lasers to be
common to build the system, often on UNIX, and then see a health risk, they may refuse to use a system with lasers in the
how fast it runs. This may be sufficient for some VE display or in the trackers, even if those lasers are eye safe.
applications. Since everything is virtual, all the objects are Ergonomics and ease of use are paramount considerations.
automatically synchronized with each other. AR is a Whether AR is truly a cost-effective solution in its proposed
different story. Now the virtual and real must be applications has yet to be determined. Another important factor
synchronized, and the real world "runs" in real time. is whether or not the technology is perceived as a threat to jobs,
Therefore, effective AR systems must be built with real time as a replacement for workers, especially with many corporations
performance in mind. Accurate timestamps must be undergoing recent layoffs. AR may do well in this regard,
available. Operating systems must not arbitrarily swap out because it is intended as a tool to make the user's job easier,
the AR software process at any time, for arbitrary durations. rather than something that completely replaces the human
Systems must be built to guarantee completion within worker. Although technology transfer is not normally a subject
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