Cinema Therapy

With

Children and their Families

Presented
at the
Minnesota Association
of
Childrens Mental Health
Child & Adolescent
Mental Health Conference
May 2, 2006
Duluth MN
By

Michelle L. Byrd, MA, LMHC

Child and Family Therapist
Center for Human Services
Shoreline, WA

and

Bill Forisha, Ph.D., LMFT (WA), LP (MN)

Chair of Child, Couple, and Family Therapy Program
Department of Psychology
Antioch University: Seattle
Clinical Member and Approved Supervisor, AAMFT
Contact: bforisha@[Link]

and

Cathlene Ramsdell, MA
Family Therapist in Private Practice
Auburn, WA
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ABSTRACT

Cinematherapy has emerged as an efficacious intervention for adults and

adolescents. By viewing and discussing films, clients and therapists can access
meaningful metaphorical content for the work in progress. However, this
intervention has not been readily utilized with younger children and their
families. This study seeks to demonstrate that Cinetherapy for children provides
an opportunity to utilize thematic material that is of personal concern to many
child clients. By referencing fascinating film characters and familiar dramatic
vignettes, a child may reveal his own internal process while having the
opportunity to keep an emotional distance from stressful or frightening topics.

Introduction

Cinema Therapy is linked to the practices of story telling which has been

appreciated by many human cultures to have transformative and healing power. An

AAMFT Journal article published in April, 2006; entitled, Changing Emotion: The Use of

Therapeutic Storytelling, has this to say,

One advantage that is afforded by the use of stories is their ability to fit
into multiple theoretical perspectives. As stories are a type of metaphor, this is
not surprising, given that metaphors are so pervasive in everyday language and
interactions. Metaphors can be helpful in therapy because metaphors access
associations, resources, and entertain novel experiences .Particularly in
Western society, stores are a primary way in which we organize our world and
our relationships. With stories so much a part of how individuals organize the
world, the power behind storytelling therapy become apparent. (P. 165).

During the past decade, Cinetherapy or the use of popular films in individual,

couples, and family therapy has emerged as an efficacious intervention for adults and

adolescents. By watching the films and then discussing the stories, character struggles,

and moral dilemmas presented in specific movies, clients and therapists can access

meaningful metaphorical content for clients (Solomon, 2001). Viewing specific films can

help validate a clients experience as he observes conditions and circumstances that

resonate with his own. A particular film may also symbolically suggest heretofore-

unimaginable solutions to dilemmas similar to those inherent in his/her own presenting

problems (Solomon, 1995).

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Cinetherapy as a therapeutic modality has been utilized primarily with adults and

older children. In their manual on how to use popular movies in psychotherapy, Hesley

and Hesley (2001) caution against including younger family members in the process

except in family therapy as a means of encouraging the family to do something positive

together (p. 36). In fact, most of the literature reviewed for the present study on the

uses of Cinetherapy either focuses on adult and adolescent clients exclusively or

actually advises against using this approach with younger children (Greenberg, 2000;

Haas, 1995; Solomon, 2001).

However, younger children do watch films and, like his or her older counterparts,

there is the potential that a child can make use of his own film watching as part of the

healing process. Sometimes a child wants to repeatedly watch the same movie, with or

without adults close by. This desire for repetition and current focus of attention on a

particular film can prompt a younger child to come to therapy ready to play out or to

describe the movie she has been watching. Indeed, the clinical experience of the

present investigators have taught us that if we are open, informed (about popular

childrens movies), and responsive, younger child clients will often independently initiate

a client-directed play therapy style of Cinetherapy.

Recent research also suggests that the learning process is accelerated and the

rates of retention increase when meaningful metaphorical content (i.e. stories) are

employed during the learning process. Gardner (1993) suggests that each person has

multiple intelligences and the more of these intelligences we access the faster we learn.

(p 12)

The effects of the movie viewing experience can be profound. One researcher

postulated that the reason films are a powerful tool which can be utilized quite effectively

in the therapeutic process.

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Movies affect us powerfully because the synergistic impact of

music, dialogue, lighting, camera angles, and sound effect enables a film
to bypass ordinary defensive censors in [Link] draw us into the
viewing experience, but at the same time often more easily than in real
life afford a unique opportunity to retain a perspective outside the
experience, the observers view (Wolz, 2005; P 3).

The Need for Caution

There are several concerns that must be attended to when utilizing films in

therapy with small children. Popular films are not inherently therapeutic. Hesley and

Hesley (2001) identify the purpose of Cinetherapy or videowork as a potential means to

opening up discussion in therapy. Films can show ordinary life and let clients (in

conversation with therapists) find guidelines that work for them (p.7). Additionally, films

are occasionally assigned to reinforce an idea introduced in therapy sessions, but they

are more often intended to encourage internal search and insight by the client (p.8).

Films about families and the struggles of children such as Parenthood or Ordinary

People are not appropriate viewing for younger members of a family. Furthermore,

Hesley and Hesleys style of intervention prescribes the films utilized in therapy to be

viewed at home then discussed a week later; they describe such a process as being

developmentally inappropriate for younger children (p. 8).

The concern that increased media exposure is harmful to children must also be

addressed by any therapist contemplating the use of Cinetherapy with their child clients.

A review of research conducted over the past decade, (Villani, 2001) examined

hundreds of articles and research findings in order to assess the impacts of exposing

children to violent and explicit television and movies, music videos, video games, and

unsupervised internet access. The review concluded that most research demonstrates

that for children the primary effects of media exposure are increased violent and

aggressive behavior, increased high-risk behaviors, including alcohol and tobacco use,

and accelerated onset of sexual activity (p.403).

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Villani (2001) further concluded: The challenge to adults who deal with children,

either personally as parents or professionally, will be to monitor media use in ways that

foster curiosity and the positive aspects of the ability of media to teach, yet

simultaneously protect children from spending too much time with media at the expense

of human interactions, from being overexposed to material that cannot be adequately

processed or understood, and from having their value systems shaped in negative ways

by media content (p.403).

The Need for Guided Exploration

Though media exposure can be harmful for children, there exists, nevertheless,

the potential to counteract the passive acquisition of information from movies and

television by engaging children in dialog and/or play. As in other forms of play therapy, a

challenging but productive aspect of Cinetherapy with children is to encourage critical

and active expressions regarding their film experiences. A child may be choosing to

repeatedly watch a film or become focused on a character because she is playing out a

significant developmental task, such as figuring out how to overcome her fear of an

anxious situation. According to Ericksons (1968), stages of development, young

children are hard at work (as in play) on the linked tasks of independence and shame.

C.E. Schaeffer (1980), the author of several manuals for play therapists, notes, one of

the most firmly established principles of psychology is that play is a process of

development for a child. (p.95). As therapists who work with children often find

themselves explaining to skeptical parents and colleagues who question the purpose of

mucking around in a sand tray; play is a childs work. Hence, for modern childrenwith

or without the guidance afforded by Cinetherapy for childrento paraphrase the Bard

himself, the play, that is, the screen play, really is the thing.

Young clients can play out or retell the stories of movies they have seen as part

of therapy. Sometimes these children are repeating ideas that really excite them.
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Sometimes they are portraying themselves as a character from the film. Sometimes a

child has repeatedly watched a movie not so much to master a fear, but to seek a

stimulation or comfort that he craves. Talking to a child about the movies he loves can

reveal the child's current focus of attention. This process can reveal the internal tasks

and preoccupations that the child is currently engaged in.

Schachtel (1950) examined the relevance of repetition in a child developing a

capacity for what he defined as focal attention, "man's capacity to center his attention

on an object fully, so that he can understand it as clearly as possible" (p.251). Schachtel

explained a child's desire to read the same story exactly the same way as a necessary

process for attaining mastery and attention. This work, which takes place through ever

repeated acts of focal attention, is of truly staggering proportions during childhood

(p.258). Citing the Bible, fairy tales, 1001 Arabian Nights, and the sermons of Buddha,

Schachtel observed that human beings have been listening to the same stories repeated

throughout human history (p.261).

Schachtel attends in particular to the quality of what a child wants and needs

from repetition: Furthermore, it is of great importance to the child that he can rely on the

story that it does not suddenly disappear, that it is still there (p. 261). Schachtel

focused on stories because he was writing before the invention of the VCR. Now,

technology provides the opportunity for a reliable narration that children can and do

return to repeatedly.

The Means for Guided Exploration in Cinetherapy

In the interest of exploring and supporting film interventions with younger children, this

paper is accompanied in Appendix A with a plot summary and fictional case assessment of one

of the more popular and therapeutically relevant of recent children's films-- The Lion King

(1994). Suggestions will be made as to how this film may be used to explore with a child

potentially devastating changes in the life of the childparticularly, of course, having to do with
 7

divorce or loss of a parent. For the purpose of therapeutic utility, the plot summary and case

assessment of the film family is organized accordingly: synopsis, family relationship issues,

recommendations for sub-system viewing (i.e. by whom at home), fictional case assessment, and

recommended interventions. In addition, this paper is accompanied in Appendix B with a brief

case study that demonstrates the actual use of another film with a child client who is presently

being treated by one of the presenters.

Conclusion

Cinetherapy for children provides an opportunity to direct therapy towards

themes that are of interest to most child clients. For therapists who work with children

and their families, incorporating the use of films can prove beneficial not only for joining

the client in their life and imagination experience, but also for creating a therapeutic and

psychoeducational context for actively and critically responding to media. By referencing

fascinating film characters and familiar dramatic vignettes, a child can reveal his own

internal process while having the opportunity to keep an emotional distance from

stressful or frightening topics. The material presented in the Appendixes is meant to

support ongoing work with child clients who are viewing contemporary films independent

of therapy and/or child clients for whom it may be appropriate to suggest they view a

particular film and/or as a supplement to other interventions in on-going family therapy

that is inclusive of younger children.

References

American Association of Marriage & Family Therapy Journal (April, 2006)

Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Norton

Florsheim, P., Henry, W.P., & Benjamin, L.S. (1996). Integrating Individual and
 8

Interpersonal Approaches to Diagnosis is The Structural Analysis of Social Behavior and

Attachment Theory in F.W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of Relational Diagnosis and

Dysfunctional Family Patterns. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Gill, E. (1991). The Healing Power of Play. New York: The Guildford Press.

Greenberg, H.P. (2000). A Field Guide to Cinetherapy: On Celluloid

Psychoanalysis and Its Practitioners. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 60, 239-339.

Haas, J.W. (1995). The Application of Cinema in the Practice of Psychotherapy.

Dissertation Abstracts International, Sciences and Engineering, 56, 2327.

Hesley, J.W. & Hesley, J.G. (2001). Rent Two Films and Lets Talk In the

Morning: Using Popular Movies in Psychotherapy. (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley and Sons.

Kalter, N. (1991). Growing up with Divorce. New York: Fawcett Columbine.

Konigsberg, I. (2000). Children Watching Movies. Psychoanalytic Review, 87,

277-303.

Satir V., Banmen J., Gerber, J. & Gomori M. (1991). The Satir Model: Family

Therapy and Beyond. Palo Alto: Science and Behavior Books, Inc.

Schachtel, E. (1959). Metamorphosis. New York: Basic Books.

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Schaefer, C.E. (1983). Play therapy. In C. Schaefer & K. OConner (Eds.),

Handbook of play therapy, 95-106, New York: Wiley.

Solomon, G. (1995). The Motion Picture Prescription: Watching This Movie and

Call Me In The Morning: 200 Movies to Help You Heal Lifes Problems. Fairfield: Aslan.

Solomon, G. (2001). Reel Therapy: How Movies Inspire You to Overcome Lifes

Problems. New York: Lebhar-Friedman Books.

Tanner, L. R., Haddock, S.A., Zimmerman, T.S. & Lund, L.K. (2003). Images of

Couples and Families in Disney Feature Length Animation. American Journal of Family

Therapy, 31 (5), 335-373.

Villani, S. (2001) The Impact of Media on Children and Adolescents: A 10-year

Review of the Research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent

Psychiatry, (40), 14, 392-399.

Webb, N. B. (Ed.) (1993). Helping Bereaved Children: A Handbook for

Practitioners. New York: The Guilford Press.

Wolz, (2005).

APPENDIX A

The Lion King :88 minutes, Rated G

Synopsis:

Simba, a young lion cub, lives with his father Mufasa, king of the lion pride, his

mother Sarabi, and the other members of their extended family (including lions and other
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creatures) on Pride Rock. Simba learns from his father that he has a distinct place in the

in the "circle of life." Part of his place includes a close bond with his father and the

assumption that Mufasa will always be present to guide Simba towards the adult

responsibilities required from the future king. However, malevolent forces disrupt

Simba's life through the intervention of Scar, Simbas uncle and Mufasa's brother.

Through Scar's deceit, Mufasa dies trying to save Simba's life and Simba runs away

believing that he is responsible for his father's death. While the avaricious Scar takes

over the family, Simba, in his self imposed exile, meets new friends who school him in

the ways of "Hakuna Matata" or "No Worries," a philosophy which encourages Simba to

avoid dealing with his problems and leave his past behind him although, as Simba grows

older, friends from the pridelands come to find him and lead him back to confront his

uncle, reunite with his family, and overcome his own guilt and shame.

Family Relationship Issues

*How established family rules in a securely attached family system can translate to

overwhelming expectations for a child client in time of crisis.

*How a child client's survival stance can shift as a result of experiencing the break up of

his/her family system as the result of the death of a loved one, divorce of parents or

intervention by outside forces such as a government agency.

*How a child client's survival style can be manifested in fantasy or acted upon desire to

run away/escape, reflecting the desires/fantasy of all members of the family system.

Subsystem Viewing Recommendations: Recommended for viewing by entire family.

Assessment of Simba's Family

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When we first meet Simba he is part of a structured but flexible family system,

with his father Mufasa as leader of the pride. In their interactions, we see Mufasa

temper his leadership style with affectionate and encouraging expectations of his son.

Simba, is a somewhat precocious though securely attached child. He "is confident that

the parent figure will be responsive, available, comforting, and protective, particularly

under distressful circumstances as defined by Ainsworth et al. (as cited by Florsheim,

William & Benjamin, 1996 p.84). Although Simba has learned that part of his family rule

structure is that he will one day become king and take over, he believes that his father

will always be available to him. Unfortunately for Simba, this sense of security is

extended to his uncle Scar, who has villainous motives for encouraging Simba and his

best friend Nala, a female lion cub, to explore the alluring but dangerous forbidden

elephant graveyard. When Mufasa arrives to save Simba and his playmate from hungry

hyenas, he disciplines Simba appropriately, recognizing part of Simba's motivation for

acting out is enthusiasm for exploring his environment and testing his developing

abilities in preparation for growing up. In contrast, Scar shames Simba for his behavior,

establishing Simba's insecurity around his self worth.

Scar uses Simba's trust to lure him to another dangerous situation, a wildebeest

stampede, and then calls Mufasa to Simba's rescue. Although Scar kills Mufasa himself,

he plays into Simba's sense of guilt and fear, convincing the cub that he is responsible

for his fathers death and Simba's only choice is to run away.

In this moment of crisis Simba shifts to a more fearful avoidant attachment,

which includes according to Ainsworth et al., "a negative attachment view of self and

others and anticipates betrayal, rejection, and criticism. Such a person is likely to protect

him- or herself from rejection or attack by avoiding involvement with others." (as cited by

Florsheim, William & Benjamin, 1996, p.84) Simba is convinced his remaining family

and pride (extended family) will blame and reject him, so he runs away.
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Simba's assumption that he will be rejected by his family is informed by the

overwhelming belief that he is responsible for the destruction of his family structure

which according to the family rules, he is supposed to one day govern. Because

Mufasa's parenting (and ruling) style has been so fundamentally hierarchical, Simba

does not have an internal construct to imagine how he or the pride will survive without

Mufasa.

According to the model of family therapy developed by experiential family

therapist Virginia Satir "Our coping process results from how we feel about ourselves. If

anything raises the question of our survival, we immediately feel defensive. In any

relationship, for example, if something leads us to question whether mutual love and

trust really exist, our survival responses automatically come into play." (1991, p. 35)

As luck would have it, running away actually ensures Simbas survival. While the

rest of the pride and their dependents suffer under the tyranny of Scar and his hyena

minions, Simba is befriended by Pumba, a warthog, and Timon, a meerkat, who allow

him to keep his past a secret while helping him to create a new way of living.

The primary tenant of Simba's new lifestyle is the song "Hakuna Matata" or No

Worries. The song instructs Simba to put his past behind him and live only for the

moment. In the Satir model Simba has adopted the communication/survival stance of

"being irrelevant, which while appearing jolly ,encourages Simba to direct attention

away from any "topics that carry any degree of stress", believing that this is how he will

survive" (1991, p. 49).

The film shows Simba growing into early adulthood in his self imposed exile.

While he appears to be happy, we see Simba expressing anguish by yearning to know

why Mufasa is no longer with him. While he outwardly maintains his irrelevant stance,

internally his experience is following the Satir model, as he feels "There is no place for

me" and "Nobody cares" (1991, p. 51).

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As Simba struggles with this incongruence, Nala, his childhood friend, and Rafiki,

a mandril shaman, find Simba and tell him of the family's suffering. Initially, Simba

refuses to return to his family. He is ashamed to face his family and is determined to

maintain his stance that his past is irrelevant. Rafiki helps Simba to transform his

survival stance to a more congruent mode of communication. He shows Simba how his

own reflection resembles Mufasa, speaking directly to Simba's yearning for his father's

unconditional love and Simba's fears around his expectations that he is supposed

become his father.

As Simba continues to insist that his past is irrelevant to his current

circumstances, Rafiki then thumps Simba on the head with a walking stick. When Simba

demands to know why, Rafiki replies, " It doesn't matter. It happened in the past." After

this action, Simba's perception of his past is transformed to the immediate and

congruent experience of pain which is operating in his current life.

Once his perception shifts, Simba finds he is ready to return to Pride Rock. His

survival stance begins to shift to a more congruent state. According to the Satir model,

"adding awareness of self, other, and context to the irrelevant stance releases our

flexibility, creativity, and openness to change within an appropriate context, and this

results in groundedness and presentness" (1991, p. 91).

As the rest of the film unfolds, Simba learns that many of the perceptions which

have ruled his behavior, that he was fundamentally responsible for his father's death,

that his family would reject him, were inaccurate. In allowing himself to return to the

context he has avoided, Simba discovers how much he has been missed. This emerging

sense of self and transformation of his survival stance enables Simba to heal himself

and his family.

Suggestions for Intervention

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Because the Lion King can be viewed and appreciated by very young children, it

is very useful in a conjoint family therapy context that includes a small child coping with

changes in his/her own family. By talking with a child client about Simba's actions, a

family therapist can evoke the client's own fantasy experience around his or her own

circumstances. By talking about Simba's feelings before and after Mufasa's death, a

family therapist can draw a young client into the conversation about how his or her own

family is changing and how he or she experiences that change. By being encouraged to

talk about or play out Simba's experience, a young child may be able articulate fears and

illustrate survival impulses which are presenting as problematic in his or her family's

therapy.

Simba's experience of losing a parent to death will resonate for a child working

through grief in conjoint family therapy. Additionally, Simba's experience can also

introduce a metaphorical intervention to a child experiencing the break up of his or her

family through an impending divorce or through the actions of an outside agency such as

Child Protective Services.

Using this film as an intervention, a family therapist can access the experience of

a child who has been told his or her family's changes are not his or her fault. While the

client may not acknowledge culpability for his or her family's break up, the client presents

with the onset of depressive symptoms which might include (as in Simba's case) low

self-esteem and self imposed social isolation as a result of the disruption of his or her

family attachment and an emerging incongruent survival stance.

A small child might experience great relief and comfort in Simba's escape from

the harsh reality of his father's death and his family's assumed rejection, into the

camaraderie of fun new friends and a new way of being. This relief is also reflective of

adult desires of escape. The Satir model recognizes that in coping with highly stressful

circumstances which have evoked survival stances, "magical thinking and escape
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fantasies are other ways we meet our needs" (1991, p. 63). In talking with a family who

is processing loss and change, the therapist would have the opportunity to give all family

members, including the youngest child, the opportunity to reflect upon Simba's escape

and how that experience might fit into her or his own escape fantasy desires and how

this plays out in her/his behaviors.

The film shows Simba maturing to a size and age where he is more capable of

processing his emotions. However, the therapeutic goal in using this film with a small

child would not be to force an inappropriate level of coping skill on the client. Simba's

growing up is an image that a child can internalize as a hopeful future; a way of growing

up that evolves out of circumstances similar to his or her own. In a conjoint family

therapy session, the film offers an easily understood metaphorical setting for the child to

discuss or play out his or her feelings. A therapist working with the entire family system

can use the film to provide a context for communicating because the youngest client in

the room has an interest in and grasp of the metaphorical language.

References

Florsheim,P., Henry, W.P., & Benjamin, L.S. (1996) Integrating Individual and

Interpersonal Approaches to Diagnosis: The Structural Analysis of Social Behavior and

Attachment Theory. In F.W. Kaslow (Ed.), Handbook of Relational Diagnosis and

Dysfunctional Family Patterns. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Satir V., Banmen J., Gerber, J., & Gomori M. (1991). The Satir Model: Family

Therapy and Beyond: Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, Inc.
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APPENDIX B

The Case of Jason

Fourteen-year-old Jason began therapy approximately six months ago. He

appears to be of above average intelligence and excels academically. However, he is

socially awkward, often neglecting manners and courteous behaviors that one might

expect an adolescent to have mastered by Jasons age. Jason has poor insight, often

blaming others for his problems and delinquent behavior. He usually appears as having

a flat affect, indifferent and detached, and has difficulty expressing himself openly and

honestly. When asked to explore his emotions or feelings, he resists introspection by

employing distractionary tactics such as jokes, unrelated humorous anecdotes, and

subject shifting. The possible impact of a familial history of mental disorders including

the following: Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Borderline Personality

Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder, has been considered in the development

of Jasons treatment plan (Micucci, 1998, P. 200, 201).

Jason started counseling shortly after his arrest for stealing a car. He was placed

in a foster home where he minimized his theft by saying it was, no big deal, really. He

claims no personal responsibility for the auto theft and blames his friends, because it

was their idea anyway. Jason and his 15-year-old sister, Ashley, have been in at least

four foster homes and one group home since their birth. His two older siblings were

permanently placed by Child Protective Services with their maternal grandfather before

the age of one. Pervasive mental illness coupled with entrenched patterns of drug and

alcohol addiction provided a fertile foundation in which abuse and neglect became the

norm. Compounding the situation, Jasons mother suffers with issues related to her own

neglected and abusive childhood that have intensely impaired her ability to successfully

parent her children. Jason has been diagnosed with ODD and PTSD. He has suffered
 17

from physical and emotional abuse as well as from abandonment and neglect by his

mother, father, step-father, and his mothers boyfriends. Establishing empathic insight for

himself and others emerged as a primary focus for Jasons ongoing treatment plan

(Micucci, 1998, P. 193, 194).

Viewing of a film seemed an ideal way for Jason to experience himself in relation

to the experience of another (Micucci, 1998, P. 13-14). Externalizing his problems

proved an effective way to bypass the defense mechanisms hindering Jasons growth

process (Hesley, 2001, p. 31). Jason was asked about his favorite movies and the

selection for our first film came from his list. Atop the short list was a movie called,

Secondhand Lions.

The film follows a young boy, Walter, through a difficult adolescence into

adulthood. Walter is abandoned by his mother to live with his great uncles Hub and

Garth whom he has never met. His uncles are reluctant to take in the youth; however,

they slowly begin to bond with their nephew as Garth tells Walter about their past. He is

fascinated and awed by the heroic adventures of his uncles. Walter finds a home with

his uncles who offer him the love, compassion, and guidance he desperately needs. The

three build a strong bond that helps Walter find the courage and strength to let his

mother know how he feels. He is eventually able to exonerate his mother and accept

that she is unable to provide the kind of life he truly needs. Walter accomplishes the

moral reasoning task of forming empathy for the experience of his uncles and then

eventually for his mother.

In one scene, Garth continues telling the story he began earlier in the movie

about their adventures in Africa. Garth elaborates on the special love Hub had found

with Jasmine, a princess. Garth claimed that Hub had heroically fought against the man

Jasmine was expected to marry and won. Walter questioned the authenticity of his

uncles story since Jasmine was obviously no where to be found. However, Garth
 18

refused to give Walter the end of the story telling him he had to go to Hub and ask.

Walter, still insecure and more than a little intimidated by his uncle, Hub, struggled to

find enough courage to approach him. Finally the young man asked his uncle what had

happened.

After viewing this scene, I asked Jason which character he most related to and

why. To my surprise he related to Hub more than any other character. He admired the

courage and sense of humor Hub displayed. A discussion about how one develops a

trait they wish to acquire commenced. Jason decided he could look for role models and

friends who displayed similar characteristics to those he wants to have (Hesley, 2001, p.

49).

Walters fear was a useful way for Jason to talk about his own fear and anger. By

discussing Walters struggle with strong emotions and feelings of anger, fear, betrayal,

loyalty, love, and insecurity Jason had found a neutral place from which to begin a

dialogue of his own feelings. Fear was a major roadblock for young Walter, and Jason

spoke easily of the ways the characters in the movie dealt with their fears. Jason even

began to speak about his own choices and the consequences of those choices.

Perhaps the most significant idea Jason mentioned while discussing the move

was that of looking for role models who posses the characteristics he wants to acquire.

According to Hesley (2001),

When clients do not have good role models in real life, film characters can

be an effective substitute. But in fact, dramatic role models can

sometimes be preferable. Real-life mentors often disappoint their

protgs when they display human limitations. But role models in films

almost always fall from grace and then work their way back. What clients

learn is that true heroes profit from their mistakes, and that they can, too.

(p. 49)
 19

References

Hesley, J.W. & Hesley, J.G. (2001). Rent Two Films and Lets Talk In the

Morning: Using Popular Movies in Psychotherapy. (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley and Sons.

Micucci, J. (1998). The Adolescent in Family Therapy; Breaking the Cycle of

Conflict and Control. New York: Guilford Press.

Secondhand Lions, New Line Cinema, 110 minutes, Rating: PG, Staring: Michael

Caine, Robert Duvall, and Haley Joel Osment

Wolz, B. (2005) Cinema Therapy: Using the Power of Imagery in Films for the

Therapeutic Process. [Link]

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