PNU REVIEWER (SUMMARY) AND FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM (pag binasa nyo po to hndi

kayo magsisisi
promise)

sana makatulong to sainyo

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

John Locke was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character (mental, physical, and
moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"

Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author. "Father of scientific method"
"Father of empiricism"

Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of the 18th century."Hollistic
education"(physical,moral, intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On Education; Human Development

Edgar Dale was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"

Erik Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on
"psychosocial development" of human beings.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his
approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere concept of life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand and
heart"

Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of modern education" based on
the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. "Father of kindergarten"

Johann Herbart was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline. ;

Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern educational psychology; connectionism; law of
effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants"

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to be
 REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
(experience) fully mastery of knowledge

BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior

EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

Focuses on self/individual

PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences through interaction to the
environment
Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins

focuses on unchanging/universal truths

ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge

Focuses on basic skills and knowledge

PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)

focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget

Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c
represents an epistemological stance.

SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George Counts - recognized that education was the means of preparing people for
creating his new social order
highlights social reform as the aim of education

ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through interaction and reading.

ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to the next generation

Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.

Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers and generate greater participation of
students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.

90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law

30 days - "lapse"

PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION

Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud

Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality
Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development
 Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
Edward Thorndike - connectionism
B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy
David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method
Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory
Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and potential development
Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness
hypothalamus - brain's stress center
Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love & belongingness; self-esteem; self-
actualization
John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"

Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"

Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"

Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is known as hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"

Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"

Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."

Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part to represent a whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche

Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.

Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."

Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word that is closely associated with it such as using
"Washington" to refer to the United States

REPUBLIC ACTS

RA ##7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994

RA ##7796 - TESDA Act of 1994

Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is the very fundamental legal basis of
education in thr philippines.
 Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for the Establishment & Maintenance of an
Integrated System of Education
RA ##4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
RA ##6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and Employees
RA ##7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995
RA ##9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education
RA ##7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence
K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum
RA ##90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public Elementary & Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds
RA ##10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010

LITERATURE

Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature

Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth
Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work
Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
"Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface
Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's aspirations; narrates heroic deeds and
supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts
Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear
Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose
"The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles against agamemnon
"The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"
Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect
George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity of style.
Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories
Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings
Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.
Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature
Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
Charles Darwin - Origin of species
Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
Harry Potter - epic kind of story

VOCABULARY

Emulate imitate

Vouchsafe grant

Abeyance suspended

Denigrate malign

Furtive sneaky

Remonstrate protest
Corroborate confirm

Gullible easily deceived

Germane relevant

Plebeian common

Vulpine cunning

Spendthrift spender

Impolitic unwise

Terse concise

Parsimonious stingy

Stupefy make numb

Pariah outcast

Wizened shrivelled

Dubious doubtful

Incriminates accuse

Frivolous worthless

Susceptible inclined

Impertinent irrelevant

Ostracized excluded

Conglomeration diffusion
Cacophonous loud and unpleasant

Carnal worldly

Aplomb composure

Candor honesty

Contemptuous scornful

Feeble weak

Inevitable certain

FILIPINO

Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)

Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan

"Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas

Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog
Juan Luna - La Spolarium
"Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan
Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog

FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM

Do not change your answers. UNLESS you are very uncertain about your first answer. Kung sure na sure kayo na nabasa
nyo o nareview tlga ung tanong na un why not baguhin nyo pero sabi ng nagbriefing sa amin "YOUR FIRST ANSWER CHOICE"
USUALLY TAMA.

Make the most intelligent guess you can kung di nyo tlga alam ung tanong.

Find KEY WORDS or phrases in the question that will help you choose the correct answer.
 Make sure you understand what the question is asking.

Watch out for these words: (first,primary,initial,early,best,most/least,most important,priority,except)

LONG TIME PREPARATION - need po paghandaan ang board exam, malayo pa magreview na or magbasa basa ng
notebooks or mga xerox noong college, kung super bc yung simpleng pagbasa ng 1-2 pages sa isang araw makakatulong un :)

REVIEW CENTERS(RECOMMENDED) - kung kaya nmn ng budget nyo maghanap kayo ng reviewcenter sa lugar nyo kasi
iba din po ung weekly may nagtuturo, at merong handouts silang bnibigay na makakatulong sa pagrereview ninyo. Meron rn libreng
mga reviewcenter na pinapatupad ng gobyerno sa ibang lugar tulad dto samin maging resourceful po kayo. Kung di kaya ng budget ok

lang naman mag self review

BE RESOURCEFUL(WAG MAHIHIYANG MAGHANAP) - maghanap kayo ng maraming reviewers , books, or mga xerox

copies sa mga kakilala wag mahihiyang maghanap Mas maraming mababasa, mas marami matututunan nyo malaki pa

chance mo makapasa kasi mrami ka alam.

PRAY (WAG MASASAWANG MAGDASAL)

Wag kalimutan magdasal dahil lagi nanjan ang Diyos para satin, wag sabihin sakanya na sana makapasa kayo , but instead " Bigyan
nyo po ako ng linaw ng pag iisip upang maunawaan ko lahat ng tanong sa exam upang makuha ko ang tamang sagot at matapos ko
ito sa takdang oras"

THINK POSITIVE/POSITIVE MINDSET

wag kayo mawalan ng pag asa lalo na sa repeaters tandaan nyo lang po to
" WINNERS NEVER QUIT, AND QUITTERS NEVER WIN" kailangan lakasan nyo loob nyo mahal tayo ng Diyos hndi nya tayo
papabayaan

GOOD LIFESTYLE (BE HEALTHY & SMART)

wag pabayaan ang sarili, kung hndi kakain sa tamang oras, balewala ung pag aaral ninyo, kumain muna bago mag aral at matulog ng
maaga, Kumain lagi ng maraming prutas at gulay esp nuts and dark chocolate recommended ko yan pampatalas ng isip.

PS: IWASAN ang junk foods nakakatuyo po ng utak yun hndi kayo makakafocus mag aral

MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW NG MAGREVIEW - wag po susuko, may awa ang Diyos basta mag effort lang tayo, "PAG
GUSTO LAGING MAY PARAAN PAG AYAW LAGING MAY DAHILAN."
" PAG MAY TYAGA MAY NILAGA" Pag desidido at matyaga kayo, makakaya nyo yan, lahat naman ng bagay dinadaan sa TIYAGA ,
right po? Para hndi maistress, relax lang chill lang ienjoy nyo lang ang pagrereview,
IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT, PERSEVERANCE and TIME. Lagi natin isipin na kaya natin.
ANOTHER TIPS PO TO BUT THIS IS EXCEPTIONAL Depende sainyo kung gagawin nyo to or hndi pero ako ginawa ko to lahat

naniniwala kasi kami sa pamahiin. Wala naman mawawala kung gagawin right ? saka testimonies po ito ng mga nauna na sa

amin na nakapasa sa reviewcenter na pinag enrollan ko

GO TO CHURCH (few days before exam)

Una, few days before the exam , dalhin lahat ng gagamitin sa exam like pencils,envelopes,calculators etc sa church at after ng mass
ipabless o pababasbasan sa pari ung mga gagamitin sa exam day (for catholics only po to)

BAWAL MAGPAGUPIT NG BUHOK (few months before exam)

Wag mag gupit or wag magpagupit ng buhok girls/boys habang naghhntay ng big day until examination day why? Kasi mawawala daw
ung mga pinag aralan mo kasi connected daw po un sa utak pero after exam day pde na magpagupit :)

WEAR SOMETHING RED (during exam day)

Pdeng red ponytail, red na panyo, red bracelet, socks, basta anthing na kulay red, lucky color daw po kasi ang red and fighting color rin

ang red

RIGHT FOOT FIRST

Bago ka maghanap ng seat # Kanan na paa daw po unang ihahakbang papasok sa mismong room kung saan ka mag eexam. At
pagkapasok mo sa room upuan mo agad ung mismong upuan mo after makita ung seat # mo

(During examination day) Bring 2 pencils (para hndi hassle putulin na ung isa sa bahay bago exam day) Bago lumabas ng
room, icheck lahat ng gamit kung nsa bag na then after mo maipasa answer sheet, idonate sa watcher ung ginamit mong lapis,(ung
hndi putol ang idonate)ruler,eraser etc

tapos sipain ng mahina ung mismong inupuan mo pag exam sabay labas ng room diretso palabas ng campus Wag ng tumigin ulit
pabalik sa room na pinag examan mo, why? Para hndi ka na daw bumalik ulit sa rum na yun kasi papasa kna.

tapos ung isang extrang lapis na putol na, itapon mo naman sa madadaanan na trashcan sa loob ng campus.

During exam day, wag kalimutan magdasal syempre bago magsagot then maglagay ng coin/s sa right pocket and rosary (for
catholics) naman sa kaliwang part pampaswerte daw po yun.

PINAKABEST SA LAHAT AY MAG ARAL PA RIN PO :) "NASA DIYOS ANG AWA, NASA TAO ANG GAWA"

hndi kayo magsisisi basta tyaga lang po kayo magreview, wag kayo mag alala
kasi..

KAYO NAMAN ANG SUSUNOD NA PAPASA

Godbless po sainyo, maraming salamat sa matyaga na nagbasa ng nobela ko