Chapter 1 Revision of fractions, decimals and percentages ‘When 2s divided by 3, it ay be written as ¥ of 2/3 2/3. $ is called a fraction, The number above the line, ice. 2 is called the numerator and the number below the line, ic. 3, i called the denominator. ‘When the value of the numerator is less than the value ofthe denominator, the fraction is called a proper fraction; thus } is a proper fraction, When the value of the numerator is greater than the denominator, the fraction is called an improper fraction. Thus is an improper fraction and can aso be expressed as a mixed number, that i, an integer and a proper fra tion. Thas the improper fraction 7 is equal tothe mixed number ‘When a fraction is simplified by dividing the numer- stor and denominator by the same number, the pro- cess is called cancelling, Cancelling by 0 is not perisible. Probe simpy +2 ‘The lowest common multiple (ie. LCM) of the two denominators is 3 x7, Le. 21 Expressing each fraction so that their denominators are 21, gives: Alternatively: Step (2) Step @) tot (x1) +Bx2) a + Step (1) Step 1: the LCM of the two denominators; Step 2: for the fraction 4, 3 into 21 goos 7 times, Txt numerator is 7%; Step’: forthe fraction 3, 7 into 21 goes 3 times, 3 x the numerator is 3 x 2 1/2746 13 3¢7> 2 a as obtained previously. 2 1 Problem 2. Find the value of 35 — 2 ‘One method is to split the mixed numbers into integers and their fractional parts. Then ‘Another method is to express the mixed numbers as improper fractions.4. Engineering Mathematics (im as obtained previously. Problem 3, Determine the value of 142 g-3g tls 2510416 a2 ay iat tg 3.4 lem 4. value of 2x Problem 4. Find the alus of = 6 Dividing numerator and denominator by 3 gives Wo 4 dx 7B TS 7x5 Dividing numerator and denominator by 7 gives Ix? 1x22 xs 1s 75 This process of dividing both the numerator and denom- inator of a fraction by the same factor(s) is called cancelling 3041 33 Problem 5, Evaluate 15 x 25 % 35 ‘Mixed numbers must be expressed as improper frac- tions before multiplication can be performed, Thus, 3 7 (+3)-6-5)-@9) wx2t 3, 5*73* 8 268 _8xixs xx 64 5 3.2 Problem 6. Simplify 3 + 22 6 Simplity 7+ 5 3 3 BLT 7a 21 ‘Multiplying both numerator and denominator by the reciprocal of the denominator gives: Tis ro canbe remembered bythe ulin he Tevud inion sa chagut eno ow den tcmlbpicaon Thar 3B ae 57 an ap ey 7 4S omsined previously. Pron? Pads ance 587 ‘The mixed numbers must be expressed as improper fractions. Thus, Problem 8 Simplify a G2) (3) ‘The order of precedence of operations for problems containing fractions is the same as that for integers, i.e. remembered by BODMAS (Brackets, Of, Division, ‘Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction). Thus, 1-6+)-G)Revision of fractions decimals and percentages. 5 ® 4 oO) (™) 3. (Ss) 4 Problem 9, Determine the valve of To fel!) pg) 31 54-3) *55276-3 5. @ixixi? wBxarxst 5X g XG v7" * 739 3 [o 3 (b) u] ® 6 (0) ©) 7. (M) 8. a“ 9. Ps A) 2 L 201 3 28° w Gag)-G++3 Pe] (s) 11. Ifastorage tank is holding 450 litres when itis three-quarters fll, ow sch wil it contin ioviremcaeby ary [400 lites} tz. Tiree», and contribute toa fund Now try the following exercise P provides 3/5 of the total, Q provides 2/3 of the remainder, and R provides £8, Determine (a) the total of the fund, (b) the contributions [Exercise’1)) Finthat problems on fractions. of PandQ [a £60 () £36, £16) Etna erfal re 1.207 ery L @5+2 OF ‘The ratio of one quantity to another is a fraction, and is the number of times one quantity is contained in another quantity of the same kind, If one quantity is Sa(im 6 Engineering Mathematics directly proportional to another, then as one quantity doubles, the other quantity also doubles. When a quan- tity is inversely proportional to another, then as one ‘quantity doubles, the other quantity is halved. Problem 10. A piece of timber 273 em long is. ccut into thtee pieces in the ratio of 3 to 7 to 11. Determine the lengths of the three pieces ‘The total number of parts is 37411, that is, 21 Hence 21 parts correspond to 273.em 2 1 part corresponds to 7° = 18cm 3 parts correspond to 3 x 13 = 39cm 7 parts correspond to 7 x 13 = 91em 1 parts correspond to 11 x 13 = 143em i.e. the lengths of the three pieces are 39cm, 91cm, and 143m, (Check; 39491 + 143=273) Problem 11. A gear wheel having 80 teeth is in ‘mesh with a 25 tooth gear, What is the gear ratio? 80 16 Gear ratio = 80:25 = 52 = ice, gear ratio= 16:5 of 3.2:1 32 Problem 12 Analloy is made up of metals A and B in the ratio 2.5: I by mass. How much of A has to be added to 6kg of B to make the alloy? Ratio A:B: :2.5:1 (ie. A is to B as 2.5 is to 1) or AUIS 4, =6x25=15kg Problem 13. 1f3 people can complete a task in 4 hours, how long will it take 5 people to complete the same task, assuming the rate of work remains constant ‘The more the number of people, the more quickly the task is done, hence inverse proportion exists. 3 people complete the task in 4 hours 1 person takes three times as long, ie. 4x 3=12 hours, 5 pepe a nos Hf eine at ne pene ats hou 2 hur 2 mits Now try the following exercise Exercise 2 Further problems on ratio and proportion 1, Divide 621 cm in the ratio of 3 to 7 to 13. [81cm to 189cm to 351 em] 2. When mixing a quantity of paints, dyes of four different colours ae used inthe ratio of 7:3:19:5. If the mass of the frst dye used is 34 g, determine the total mass of the dyes used. 7g) Determine how much copper and how much zinc is needed to make a 99 kg brass ingot if they have to be in the proportions copper zine: :8 +3 by mass. [72kg : 27 kg] 4, It takes 21 hours for 12 men to resurface a stretch of road. Find how many men it takes to resurface a similar stretch of road in 50 hours 24 minutes, assuming the work rate remains ‘constant. (51 5. Ittakes 3 hours 15 minutes to fly from city A to city B at a constant speed. Find how long the journey takes if (@) the speed is 1 times that ofthe original speed and (©) ifthe speed is three-quarters of the orig- inal speed. [@) 2h 10min (b) 4h 20min} ‘The decimal system of numbers is based on the digits 0 to 9. A number such as 53.17 is called a decimal fraction, a decimal point separating the integer part, i.e. 53, from the fractional part, ie. 0.17. ‘A number which can be expressed exactly as a deci ‘mal fraction is called a terminating decimal and those ‘which cannot be expressed exactly as a decimal fraction1s 1.33333... is a non: can be written as 1.3, are called non-terminating decimals. Thus, is a terminating decimal, but terminating decimal. 1.33333. called ‘one point-three recurring” ‘The answer to a non-terminating decimal may be expressed in two ways, depending on the accuracy required: @_comect to a number of significant figures, that is, figures which signify something, and Gi) correct to a number of decimal places, that is, the number of figures after the decimal point. ‘The last digit in the answer is unaltered if the next digit on the right is in the group of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 (or 4, but is increased by 1 if the next digit on the right is in the group of numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. Thus the non- terminating decimal 7.6183. .. becomes 7.62, correct to 3 significant figures, since the next digit on the right is 8, which i in the group of numbers 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9. Also 7.6183. .. becomes 7.618, correct to 3 decimal places, since the next digit on the tight is 3, which is in the group of numbers 0, 1, 2,3 or 4 Problem 14, Evaluate 42.7+3.04-+8.7 +0.06 ‘The numbers are written so that the decimal points are under each other. Each column is added, starting from the right. 427 3.04 87 0.06 54.50 Thus 42.7 +3.04 + 8.7 +0.06. 4.50 Problem 15. Take 81.70 from 87.23 ‘The numbers are written with the decimal points under ceach other. 87.23 81.70 ‘Thus 87.23 ~ 81.70=: 53 Problem 16. Find the value of 23.4 — 17.83 — 57.6 + 32.68 Revision of fractions decimals and percentages 7 The sum of the positive decimal fractions is 23.4 432.68 = 56.08 Sa ‘The sum of the negative decimal fractions is 17.83 + 57.6 = 75.43 Taking the sum of the negative decimal fractions from the sum of the positive decimal fractions gives: 56.08 - 75.43 ie, —(75.43 — 56.08) = -19.35 Problem 17. Determine the value of 74,3 x 3.8 ‘When multiplying decimal fractions: (i) the numbers are smultiplied as if they are integers, and (ii the position of | the decimal point in the answer is such that there are as ‘many digits (o the right of it as the sum of the digits to the right ofthe decimal points ofthe two numbers being multiplied together. Thus @ 743 38 5948 22.290 28234 Gi) As there are (1+1)=2 digits to the right of the decimal points of the two numbers being ‘multiplied together, (74.3 x 3.8), then 743 x 3.8= 282.34 Problem 18. Evaluate 37.81 ~ 1,7, correct to (i) 4 significant figures and (ii) 4 decimal places 37.81 17 ‘The denominator is changed into an integer by multi- plying by 10. The numerator is also multiplied by 10 to keep the fraction the same. Thus 3781 = 1. 37.81 x 10 17x10 _ 378.1 17 37812178 Engineering Mathematics The long division is similar to the long division of — (b) For mixed numbers, itis only necessary to convert integers and the frst four steps are as shown: the proper fraction part of the mixed number to a s 22. 24117. decimal fraction. Thus, dealing with the ] gives: 4 17) 378.100000 0875 M 8)7.000 ie, 2 =0.875 8 7 x wesZ 5975 4 3 a u 5 Now ry the olin exerci & 20 esp aoe eee 6 s781417=2024, cone to 4 siicant Tn robes 1 6, emi te vaso he figures, and expressions given: ( S781517=222412, correct to 4 decimal 1, 23641471-189-7421 (11.989) pa " 2. 73.84 — 113.247 + 8.21 — 0.068 Problem 19. Ce (a) 0.4375 Cae om 8, Con A875 aoe fraction and (b) 4.285 to a mixed number 33324 107 (10.906) 4, 374.1 x 0.006 [2.2446] (04375 ante rien ss 27752200 sigoue 5, 421.8217, @)eonetod spin gue cena snd (cone decal fa 4375 [(a) 24.81 (b) 24.812) $= 04975 = 99 ee emeerac ete By cancelling (b) correct to 2 significant figures. 8 _ 15 a Teste? 6 00054 10000 "2000 1s 7. Convert to proper fractions: ve ass (06s (308 © OOUES (0 0282 and IM (©) 0.024 285 _ 4 57 13 2 1 iL 3 0) Sina, 4285 425 4 2 otototod ly, 7000 4300 [os O% OG Oy ol 8, Convert to mixed numbers: (a) 1.82 (b) 4.275 (€) 14.125 (@) 15.35 and (©) 162125 Problems 20, Express as decimal fractions: 9 7 2 ands? ws ‘ oF wat wit O15 85 3 (0) To convert a proper fuction to decimal fection, 1 wit the numeraoriseivided bythe denomunater Divi 157 ©1655 Sionby locanbedoneby telong division method eee eae treet aes Ta Problms 9 to 12 expres us Gocimal fractions erence 450 0.8695 yo00 —8)43000 4 2)9.00 8)4.5000 9. > correct (o 5 significant figures. thus 2 noses cost10. 2 comecto 5 decimal places a [0.62963] ra fee eect [1.563] 1 12 138 mew spe [13.84] 13, Determine the dimension marked x in the length of shaft shown in Figure 1.1 ‘The dimensions are in millimetres. [12.52mm] Figure 11 14, A tank contains 1800 lites of oil. How many tins containing 0.75 litres can be filed from this tank? [2400] Pees Percentages are used to give a common standard and are fractions having the number 100 as their denomina- 231 tors, For example, 25 per cent means = ie. 7 andis written 25%. ‘Problem 21. Express as percentages: (1875 and (6) 0.0125 'A decimal fraction is converted to a percentage by multiplying by 100. Thus, (@) 1875 corresponds to 1,875 x 100%, ie, 187.5% (b) 0.0125 corresponds to 0.0125 x 100%, ie. 1.25% ‘Problem 22, Express as percentages: 5 2 @ ie and OIE Revision of fractions decimals and percentages 9 To convert fractions to percentages, they are (i) con- verted to decimal fractions and (ji) multiplied by 100 Sa fa) By division, >. = 0,3125, hence cor (@)_ By division, [5 = 0.3125, hence += corresponds 10 0.3125 x 100%, i. 31.25% (Sin 1214 wn eps sin tevin 2 Hence 12 = 1.4 x 100% = 140% 3 ‘Problem 23. It takes 50 minutes to machine a certain part, Using a new type of tool, the time can. bbe reduced by 15%. Calculate the new time taken 15 750 100 **°= 00 5 minutes. hence the new time taken is 50-75 = 425 minutes. Alternatively, if the time is reduced by 15%, then (00 **°= “400 42.5 minutes, as above. Problem 24. Find 12.5% of £378 125 12.566 of £378 means == x 378, since pereent means ‘per hundred’ ast 1 Hence 12.566 of £378= 72> x 378 = 2 x 378= 378 . ‘ AB a saras Problem 25. Express 25 minutes as a percentage of Zhours, correct to the nearest 1% ‘Working in minute units, 2 hours = 120 minutes, 25 Hence 25 minutes is ths of 2 hours. By cancellin tes is [ths of 2 hours. By cancelling, 25 120 24 Expressing > as a decimal fraction gives 0.2084