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R Software Basics: Calculations & Functions

This document provides an introduction to basic calculations and functions in R software. It discusses integer and modulo division, maximum and minimum values, and common mathematical functions like absolute value, square root, rounding, summation, and logarithms. It also demonstrates how to perform assignments by saving values in variables to reuse calculations. The key functions and operations introduced are %/% for integer division, %% for modulo division, max() and min() for extrema, and assignments using <- and = to save values to variables.

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Vageesha Shantha Veerabhadra Swamy
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48 views13 pages

R Software Basics: Calculations & Functions

This document provides an introduction to basic calculations and functions in R software. It discusses integer and modulo division, maximum and minimum values, and common mathematical functions like absolute value, square root, rounding, summation, and logarithms. It also demonstrates how to perform assignments by saving values in variables to reuse calculations. The key functions and operations introduced are %/% for integer division, %% for modulo division, max() and min() for extrema, and assignments using <- and = to save values to variables.

Uploaded by

Vageesha Shantha Veerabhadra Swamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to R Software

Basics of Calculations
::::
R as Calculator, Built in Functions and Assignments

Shalabh
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

1
Integer Division %/%
Integer Division: Division in which the fractional part
(remainder) is discarded
> c(2,3,5,7) %/% 2
[1] 1 1 2 3

2% / %2, 3% / %2, 5% / %2, 7% / %2

2
Integer Division %/%
Integer Division: Division in which the fractional part
(remainder) is discarded
> c(2,3,5,7) %/% c(2,3)
[1] 1 1 2 2

2% / %2, 3% / %3, 5% / %2, 7% / %3

3
Modulo Division (x mod y) %%:
x mod y : modulo operation finds the remainder
after division of one number by another
> c(2,3,5,7) %% 2
[1] 0 1 1 1

2%%2, 3%%2, 5%%2, 7%%2

4
Modulo Division (x mod y) %%:
x mod y : modulo operation finds the remainder
after division of one number by another
> c(2,3,5,7) %% c(2,3)
[1] 0 0 1 1

2%%2, 3%%3, 5%%2, 7%%3

5
Maximum: max
> max(1.2, 3.4, -7.8)
[1] 3.4

> max( c(1.2, 3.4, -7.8) )


[1] 3.4

6
Minimum : min
> min(1.2, 3.4, -7.8)
[1] -7.8

> min( c(1.2, 3.4, -7.8) )


[1] -7.8

7
Overview Over Further Functions
abs() Absolute value

sqrt() Square root

round(), floor(), ceiling() Rounding, up and down

sum(), prod() Sum and product

log(), log10(), log2() Logarithms

exp() Exponential function

sin(), cos(), tan(), Trigonometric functions


asin(), acos(), atan()
sinh(), cosh(), tanh(), Hyperbolic functions
asinh(), acosh(), atanh()
8
Examples
> abs(-4)
[1] 4

> abs(c(-1,-2,-3,4,5))
[1] 1 2 3 4 5

9
Examples
> sqrt(4)
[1] 2

> sqrt(c(4,9,16,25))
[1] 2 3 4 5

10
Examples
> sum(c(2,3,5,7))
[1] 17

> prod(c(2,3,5,7))
[1] 210

> round(1.23)
[1] 1

> round(1.83)
[1] 2

11
Assignments
Assignments can be made in two ways:

> x<-6
> x
[1] 6

> mode(x)
[1] "numeric"

> x=8
> x
[1] 8

> mode(x)
[1] "numeric" 12
Assignments
An assignment can also be used to save values in variables:

> x1 <- c(1,2,3,4)

> x2 <- x1^2

> x2
[1] 1 4 9 16

ATTENTION: R is case sensitive (X is not the same as x) 13

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