Mathematical Modeling of

Chemical Processes
Mathematical Model (Eykhoff, 1974)

a representation of the essential aspects of an existing system

(or a system to be constructed) which represents knowledge of
that system in a usable form

Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no

simpler.
 General Modeling Principles
The model equations are at best an approximation to the real
process.
Adage : All models are wrong, but some are useful.
Modeling inherently involves a compromise between model
accuracy and complexity on one hand, and the cost and effort
required to develop the model, on the other hand.
Process modeling is both an art and a science. Creativity is
required to make simplifying assumptions that result in an
appropriate model.
Dynamic models of chemical processes consist of ordinary
differential equations (ODE) and/or partial differential
equations (PDE), plus related algebraic equations.
 A Systematic Approach for Developing Dynamic Models
1. State the modeling objectives and the end use of the model.
They determine the required levels of model detail and model
accuracy.
2. Draw a schematic diagram of the process and label all process
variables.
3. List all of the assumptions that are involved in developing the
model. Try for parsimony; the model should be no more
complicated than necessary to meet the modeling objectives.
4. Determine whether spatial variations of process variables are
important. If so, a partial differential equation model will be
required.
5. Write appropriate conservation equations (mass, component,
energy, and so forth
A Systematic Approach for Developing Dynamic Models

6. Introduce equilibrium relations and other algebraic equations

(from thermodynamics, transport phenomena, chemical
kinetics, equipment geometry, etc.).
7. Perform a degrees of freedom analysis (Section 2.3) to ensure
that the model equations can be solved.
8. Simplify the model. It is often possible to arrange the
equations so that the dependent variables (outputs) appear
on the left side and the independent variables (inputs) appear
on the right side. This model form is convenient for computer
simulation and subsequent analysis.
9. Classify inputs as disturbance variables or as manipulated
variables
 Modeling Approaches
Physical/chemical (fundamental, global)
Model structure by theoretical analysis
Material/energy balances
Heat, mass, and momentum transfer
Thermodynamics, chemical kinetics
Physical property relationships
Model complexity must be determined (assumptions)
Can be computationally expensive (not real-time)
May be expensive/time-consuming to obtain
Good for extrapolation, scale-up
Does not require experimental data to obtain (data
required for validation and fitting
 Conservation Laws
Theoretical models of chemical processes are based on
conservation laws.
Conservation of Mass
rate of mass rate of mass rate of mass
(2-6)
accumulation in out
Conservation of Component i
rate of component i rate of component i

accumulation in

rate of component i rate of component i

(2-7)
out produced
 Conservation of Energy
The general law of energy conservation is also called the First Law
of Thermodynamics. It can be expressed as:
rate of energy rate of energy in rate of energy out

accumulation by convection by convection

net rate of heat addition net rate of work

to the system from performed on the system (2-8)
the surroundings by the surroundings

The total energy of a thermodynamic system, Utot, is the sum of its
internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy:

Utot Uint U KE U PE (2-9)

 Black box (empirical)
Large number of unknown parameters
Can be obtained quickly (e.g., linear regression)
Model structure is subjective
Dangerous to extrapolate
Semi-empirical
Compromise of first two approaches
Model structure may be simpler
Typically 2 to 10 physical parameters estimated
(nonlinear regression)
Good versatility, can be extrapolated
Can be run in real-time
 linear regression
y c0 c1x c2 x2
nonlinear regression

y K 1 e t /
number of parameters affects accuracy of model, but
confidence limits on the parameters fitted must be
evaluated
objective function for data fitting minimize sum of squares
of errors between data points and model predictions (use
optimization code to fit parameters)
nonlinear models such as neural nets are becoming popular
(automatic modeling)
 Number of
births (West
Germany)

Number of sightings of storks

Uses of Mathematical Modeling

to improve understanding of the process
to optimize process design/operating conditions
to design a control strategy for the process
to train operating personnel
 Development of Dynamic Models
Illustrative Example: A Blending Process

An unsteady-state mass balance for the blending system:

rate of accumulation rate of rate of

(2-1)
of mass in the tank mass in mass out
 d V
or w1 w2 w (2-2)
dt
where w1, w2, and w are mass flow rates.

The unsteady-state component balance is:

d Vx
w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-3)
dt

The corresponding steady-state model was derived in Ch. 1 (cf. Eqs.

1-1 and 1-2).
0 w1 w2 w (2-4)
0 w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-5)
 The Blending Process Revisited

For constant , Eqs. 2-2 and 2-3 become:

dV
w1 w2 w (2-12)
dt
d Vx
w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-13)
dt
Equation 2-13 can be simplified by expanding the accumulation
term using the chain rule for differentiation of a product:

d Vx dx dV
V x (2-14)
dt dt dt
Substitution of (2-14) into (2-13) gives:

dx dV
V x w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-15)
dt dt
Substitution of the mass balance in (2-12) for dV/dt in (2-15)
gives:
dx
V x w1 w2 w w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-16)
dt
 After canceling common terms and rearranging (2-12) and (2-16),
a more convenient model form is obtained:
Chapter 2

dV 1
w1 w2 w (2-17)
dt
dx w1 w2
x1 x x2 x (2-18)
dt V V
EXAMPLE 2.1

A stirred-tank blending process with a constant liquid holdup of 2 m3 is

used to blend two streams whose densities are both approximately 900
kg/m3. The density does not change during mixing.
a) Assume that the process has been operating for a long period of time
with flow rates of w1 = 500 kg/min and w2 = 200 kg/min, and feed
compositions (mass fractions) of x1 = 0.4 and x2 = 0.75. What is the
steady-state value of x ?
b) Suppose that w1 changes suddenly from 500 to 400 kg/min and
remains at the new value. Determine an expression for x(t) and plot it.
c) Repeat part (b) for the case where w2 (instead of w1) changes suddenly
from 200 to 100 kg/min and remains there.
d) Repeat part (c) for the case where x1 suddenly changes from 0.4 to 0.6.
Matlab Script for Case (b) Solution :
 exit composition
0.52

0.518

0.516

0.514

0.512

0.51
x

0.508

0.506

0.504

0.502

0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

Case (b)
 exit composition
0.64

0.62

0.6

0.58

0.56

0.54
x

0.52

0.5

0.48

0.46

0.44
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

Matlab Simulation Case (b)-(d) Text book