Colonial

Settlement
1587–1770

W hy It Matters
As you study Unit 2, you will learn
that in the 1600s and 1700s the Eng-
lish established colonies in the Ameri-
cas—some for profit and others by
religious groups seeking freedom. In
time, a distinctly new American society
emerged. Pewter pitcher,
Plymouth plantation

Primary Sources Library

See pages 594–595 for primary source
readings to accompany Unit 2.
Use the American History
Primary Source Document Library
CD-ROM to find additional primary
sources about the European colonies.

Signing the
Mayflower Compact by
Edward Percy Moran

66 CHAPTER XX Chapter Title

“The Indians brought
us great store both
of Corne and bread
ready made. . . .”
— John Smith, 1608
 Colonial
America 1587–1770
Why It Matters
A new culture took root in North America. The values and beliefs of this new culture
developed as people from several parts of the world migrated to the continent.

The Impact Today

The colonies influenced values and beliefs many Americans cherish today. For example:
• Many people still come to the Americas in search of economic opportunity and religious
freedom.
• Representative government remains an important part of the American political system.

The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 3 video, “The Lost
Colony,” examines the colony of Roanoke and how conditions were much harsher
than settlers were led to believe.

1607 1620
• English establish first • Pilgrims land
permanent settlement at Plymouth Rock
at Jamestown
1630
• Puritans begin settling
Massachusetts Bay

1550 1600 1650

1588 c. 1605 1660

• England defeats • Shakespeare • King Charles II is
Spanish Armada writes King Lear restored to the
English throne

68 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 Comparison Study Foldable When you
group facts into categories, it is easier to make
comparisons. Make this foldable to compare
and contrast the 13 colonies and their regions.
Step 1 Collect 7 sheets of paper and place
them about 12 inch apart.
Keep the
edges straight.

Step 2 Fold up the bottom edges of the paper

to form 14 tabs.
This makes
all tabs the
same size.

Step 3 When all the tabs are the same size,

crease the paper to hold the tabs in place and
staple the sheets together. Label each tab with
the name of a colony and color-code each region.
The Thirteen Colonies Staple
Massachusetts together along

Northern Middle
New Hampshire the fold.
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
Delaware
New Jersey
Pennsylvania

Southern
Virginia
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia

Pilgrims Going to Church by George Boughton George Boughton painted Reading and Writing As you read, write what
many scenes about American colonial life. you learn about each of the 13 colonies under
each tab and compare the colonies.

1718 1769
• French establish port • Mission of San
of New Orleans Diego founded

1763
1675 • British tighten enforcement
• King Philip’s of Navigation Acts
War begins HISTORY

Chapter Overview
1700 1750 Visit tx.tarvol1.glencoe.com
and click on Chapter 3—
Chapter Overviews to pre-
view chapter information.

1670 1702
• Alafin Ajagbo founds • England and
Oyo Empire in Nigeria France go to war

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 69

 Early English
Settlements
Guide to Reading
Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn
Jamestown became the first success- Organizing Information As you read • what crop saved the people of
fully established English colony in Section 1, re-create the diagram Jamestown.
North America. below and describe the economy and • how the colonists received political
government of Jamestown. rights.
Key Terms
charter, joint-stock company, Jamestown Description Section Theme
burgesses Economy
Economic Factors Many settlers jour-
neyed to America with the hope of
Government making a fortune.

Preview of Events
✦1580 ✦1590 ✦1600 ✦1610 ✦1620
1583 c. 1590
1607 1619
Sir Humphrey Gilbert Settlers of Roanoke
Colonists settle House of Burgesses
claims Newfoundland Island vanish
at Jamestown meets in Jamestown
for Queen Elizabeth

In the summer of 1588, Spanish warships sailed toward the coast of England. King
Philip II of Spain had sent the armada, or war fleet, of 132 ships to invade England.
With 30,000 troops and 2,400 guns, the Spanish Armada was the mightiest naval force
the world had ever seen. Yet the smaller, swifter English ships won the battle. The
Spanish Armada fled north to Scotland, where violent storms destroyed and scattered
English soldier’s
helmet, Jamestown the fleet. Only about one-half of the Spanish ships straggled home.

England in America
England and Spain had been heading toward war for years. Trading rivalry
and religious differences divided the two countries. King Philip II, who ruled
Spain from 1556 to 1598, was a powerful monarch and a strong defender of the
Catholic faith. He wanted to put a Catholic ruler on the throne of England and
bring the country back to the Catholic Church. King Philip did not consider
Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, the rightful ruler of England.

70 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 Attacks on Spanish ships and ports by such recruit more settlers. Although he had hoped to
English adventurers as Sir Francis Drake be back within a few months, the war with Spain
angered Philip. He thought that Queen Eliza- delayed his return for nearly three years.
beth should punish Drake for his raids. Instead, When White finally returned to Roanoke, he
she honored Drake with a knighthood. Philip found it deserted. The only clue to the fate of
sent the Spanish Armada to conquer England— the settlers was the word Croatoan carved on a
but it failed completely. gatepost. White thought the colonists must
Although war between England and Spain have gone to Croatoan Island, about 50 miles
continued until 1604, the defeat of the armada to the south. Bad weather kept White from
marked the end of Spanish control of the seas. investigating. The Roanoke colonists were
Now the way was clear for England and other never seen again.
nations to start colonies in North America.
Describing Why did Raleigh choose
Roanoke as the site for the colony?
The Lost Colony of Roanoke
The English had made several attempts to
establish a base on the other side of the Atlantic
before their victory over Spain. In 1583 Sir
Jamestown Settlement
Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for Roanoke was Sir Walter Raleigh’s last attempt
Queen Elizabeth. Then he sailed south along the to establish a colony. For a time his failure dis-
coast looking for a place to establish a colony. couraged others from planning English colonies
Before finding a site, he died at sea. in North America. However, the idea emerged
The following year, Queen Elizabeth gave Sir again in 1606. Several groups of merchants
Walter Raleigh the right to claim land in North sought charters, the right to organize settle-
America. Raleigh sent an expedition to look for a ments in an area, from King James I.
good place to settle. His scouts returned with an
enthusiastic report of Roanoke Island, off the The Virginia Company
coast of present-day North Carolina. One group of merchants, the Virginia Com-
In 1585 Raleigh sent about 100 men to settle pany of London, received a charter to “make
on Roanoke Island. After a difficult winter on habitation . . . into that part of America, com-
the island, the unhappy colonists decided to monly called Virginia.” The Virginia Company
return to England. In 1587 Raleigh tried again, was a joint-stock company. Investors bought
sending 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children to stock, or part ownership, in the company in
Roanoke. John White, a mapmaker and artist, return for a share of its future profits.
led the group. Shortly after arriving on the The company acted quickly. In December
island, White’s daughter gave birth. This baby, 1606, it sent 144 settlers in 3 ships to build a new
named Virginia Dare, was the first English child colony in North America. The settlers were sup-
born in North America. White explored the area posed to look for gold and attempt to establish
and drew pictures of what he saw. He and other trade in fish and furs. Forty of them died during
explorers described the towns of the Native the voyage.
Americans who lived in the area: In April 1607, the ships entered Chesapeake
Bay and then sailed up a river flowing into the
“ Their towns are small and few . . . a village
may contain but ten or twelve houses—some
bay. The colonists named the river the James and
their new settlement Jamestown to honor their
king. The settlers built Jamestown on a penin-
perhaps as many as twenty. . . .
” sula so they could defend it from attack. The site
The new settlers began building a colony. had major drawbacks, however. The swampy
They needed many supplies, however, and land swarmed with mosquitoes that carried dis-
White sailed to England for the supplies and to ease. Jamestown also lacked good farmland.

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 71

 explored the area, and managed to
The First English Settlements get corn from the local Native
Americans led by Chief Powhatan.
80°W In August 1609, 400 new settlers
arrived. Two months later, John
20 Plymouth, 1620 Smith returned to England. Without
16
MASSACHUSETTS Cape
Adults 70% strong leadership, the colony could
Hudson Rw.are R . Plymouth
Wampanoag
Cod not feed so many people. The winter
De Narraganset of 1609–1610 became known as “the
S

l
IN

starving time.” Fighting broke out

TA

40°N
UN

Susquehanna Children 30% with the Native Americans. When

MO

Leni-Lenape more settlers arrived in the spring

tomac they found only 60 survivors.
AN

Po R Atlantic
.
Jamestown, 1607
HI

Nanticoke
Ocean
VIRGINIA
AC

Powhatan Chesapeake Adults 96% $ Economics

AL

James R . Bay 16 0 7
APP

Jamestown
Roa 1585
, 158
7
Farming the Land
noke
R. Although the Virginia colonists
0 100 miles Tuscarora Roanoke N
Island Children 4% did not find any gold or silver, they
0 100 kilometers E
W
Lambert Equal-Area did discover another way to make
projection S
70°W money for the investors. One
colonist, John Rolfe, learned to
grow a type of tobacco using seeds
from the West Indies. The first crop
Many Native American groups lived near the first English settle- was sold in England in 1614. Soon planters all
ments in the late 1500s and early 1600s. along the James River were raising tobacco, and
1. Location Which colony was located farthest north? the colony of Virginia began to prosper and
2. Location Which Native American groups lived nearest to grow. Relations with the Native Americans also
the Jamestown colonists?
improved after Rolfe married Pocahontas, the
daughter of Chief Powhatan.
In 1614 some of the colonists were allowed to
rent plots of land. Most of what they grew on
The colonists faced more hardships over the their plots was their own. This move toward
next several months. Many of them were not private ownership encouraged the colonists to
accustomed to hard labor. Because the London grow food crops to sell—and work harder. One
investors expected a quick profit from their of the colonists explained that the colonists often
colony, the settlers searched for gold and silver avoided work when
when they should have been growing food. In
addition, disease and hunger took a huge toll
on the colonists. By spring 1608, when ships
“ our people were fed
out of the common store,
arrived with supplies and more settlers, only and labored jointly
38 of the Jamestown colonists remained alive.
”
together.

Captain John Smith Now that the colonists

Governing Jamestown was perhaps the could farm their own
biggest obstacle the colonists faced. The colony land and operate for profit
survived its first two years because of 27-year- in a competitive system,
old Captain John Smith, an experienced soldier they made greater efforts
and explorer. Smith forced the settlers to work, to succeed. Pocahontas

72 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 Private land ownership was expanded in planted, and the respect of wives and children
1618. All the colonists who had paid their own fix the people on the soil.” Colonists who
way to America were granted 100 acres of land. wanted to marry one of the women had to pay a
In order to attract more colonists, the company fee of 120 pounds of tobacco. Men still outnum-
gave a land grant called a headright of 50 acres bered women in the colony, but marriage and
to those who paid their own way. A settler also children became a part of life in Virginia.
received 50 acres for each family member over A Dutch ship brought another group of new-
15 years of age and for each servant brought to comers to Jamestown in 1619—twenty Africans
Virginia. This system convinced thousands of who were sold to Virginia planters to labor in
people to move to Virginia. the tobacco fields. These first Africans may have
come as servants—engaged to work for a set
Citizenship period of time—rather than as slaves.
Until about 1640 some African laborers in
Representative Government Jamestown were free and even owned property.
At first nearly all of Jamestown’s settlers were
William Tucker, the first African American born
men. They worked for the Virginia Company
in the American colonies, was a free man. In the
and lived under strict rules. As the colony grew,
years to follow, however, many more shiploads
the settlers complained about taking orders
of Africans would arrive in North America, and
from the Virginia Company in London. In 1619
those unwilling passengers would be sold as
the company agreed to let the colonists have
slaves. Slavery was first recognized in Virginia
some say in their government. Ten towns in
law in the 1660s.
the colony each sent two representatives called
In the early 1620s, the Virginia Company faced
burgesses to an assembly. The assembly had the
financial troubles. The company had poured all
right to make local laws for the colony. On July
its money into Jamestown, but little profit was
30, 1619, the House of Burgesses met for the
returned. The colony also suffered an attack by the
first time in a church in Jamestown.
Native Americans. In 1624 King James canceled
the company’s charter and made Jamestown the
New Arrivals in Jamestown first royal colony for England in America.
In 1619 the Virginia Company sent 90 women
to Jamestown. As a company report noted: “The Analyzing Why was the House of
plantation can never flourish till families be Burgesses important?

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph 4. Making Inferences Why do you 6. Geography Skills Study the map
in which you use the following key think the king of England was willing and graphs on page 72. What per-
terms: charter, burgesses, joint- to let a group of merchants try to centage of settlers in Plymouth were
stock company. establish a colony in North America? children?
2. Reviewing Facts Why did the Vir- 5. Determining Cause and Effect
ginia Company establish settlements Re-create the diagram below and list
in North America? two effects of Jamestown’s growth. Geography Create a poster that
Reviewing Themes might have attracted early colonists
Growth of Jamestown to the area where you live. Focus
3. Economic Factors What economic
on the location as well as natural
activity helped save the Jamestown
features in your area such as good
settlement?
farmland, forests, waterways, and
mineral resources.

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 73

 GEOGRAPHY
&
HISTORY

FOOTHOLD IN THE
NEW WORLD
Jamestown
Native American settlement
Powhatan's territory

Expeditions
JAMESTOWN: THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH May 1607

COLONY In the spring of 1607, three ships carrying more December 1607 –
January 1608
than a hundred English settlers sailed into the Chesapeake January – July 1608
July – September 1608
Bay to establish a colony and find gold. The settlers built a
0 25 miles
fort on a marshy island in the James River and named it in
0 25 kilometers
honor of King James I.
THE EXPEDITIONS
Captain John Smith emerged as a leader of the group.
An avid explorer, he led four expeditions in the area:

• Shortly after arriving, he and Captain Christopher Newport

sailed up the James River to search for gold. Powhatan’s

n
followers made them turn back at the falls.

ia
h
• In December 1607 Smith and a small band of settlers
c
la
set out looking for gold and food along the Chickahominy
River. According to Smith, he was captured and about to be a
clubbed to death by Powhatan’s followers when Pocahontas p
(the chief ’s daughter) saved him. p
A
• In 1608 Smith headed up two voyages to explore the north-
ern reaches of Chesapeake Bay. He searched futilely for
gold and an outlet to the Pacific Ocean.
THE SETTLEMENT
The colonists endured many terrible hardships. Bad
water, disease, starvation, and conflict with the Native The Native Americans
Americans took a heavy toll. By early 1608 only 38 hardy taught the settlers to
souls remained alive. cultivate native crops
such as corn, beans,
Settlers learned to grow crops in the new land. When and squash. Corn
tobacco from the West Indies was introduced, it became quickly became the
a commercial success and guaranteed Jamestown’s future. staple food.

L E A R N I N G from G E O G R A P H Y

1. Compare the dwellings of the colonists and the

Native Americans.
2. How did the introduction of tobacco affect
the development of the colony?

74
 Sasquesahannock

Tockwough

D
el
aw
s

ar
in

eB
ay
ta

N
un

The Native Americans

A
lived in houses made of
o
M

bent branches covered

E
with woven reed mats.

C
O
C

Potom
ac
h e

R
Pa
iv

m e
un Toppahannock r

C
ke
s a

y
Ri
ve Wighcocomoco
r

I
p e a k e

T
Powhatan Ch
ick E
ah
N
May 1607 om W
in
y
Ri Werowocomo S
ve
A

Arrohatoc r Accomac
Chickahominy
B a y

Waenoc
L

December 1607
T

Jamestown
May 1607 Ja
A

m
e
s
R
iv
er

Nansemond
September 1608

NORTH England
December 1606
AMERICA
Area EUROPE
enlarged Atlantic
Jamestown
May 1607 Ocean
Canary
The first English settlers con- Islands
structed simple timber-frame
houses with mud walls and
thatched roofs. arle Sound
AFRICA
Alberm
0 1000 miles

0 1000 kilometers

75
 New England
Colonies
Guide to Reading
Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn
Settlers begin to form the New Eng- Classifying Information As you read • why the Pilgrims and the Puritans
land Colonies. Section 2, re-create the diagram came to America.
below and explain why different • how the Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Key Terms colonies in New England were settled. and New Hampshire colonies began.
dissent, persecute, Puritan,
Separatist, Pilgrim, Mayflower Reasons the colony Section Theme
Colony
Compact, toleration was settled Civic Rights and Responsibilities
Massachusetts Puritan and Pilgrim colonists settled in
Connecticut America in search of religious freedom.
Rhode Island
Preview of Events
✦1620 ✦1630 ✦1640
1620 1630 1636 1638
Pilgrims land at Puritans settle the Thomas Hooker Anne Hutchinson
Plymouth Massachusetts Bay Colony founds Hartford founds Portsmouth

The young man looked around at the other passengers aboard the Mayflower. He
and the other passengers sailed to the new world not knowing what they would find.
Shoes, Plymouth Colony They had muskets but knew little about shooting. They planned to fish but knew noth-
ing about fishing. They had hoped to settle in Virginia but instead landed in New Eng-
land without enough supplies to last the winter. The only thing these people had plenty
of was courage. They would need it.

Religious Freedom
Unlike the Jamestown settlers, the next wave of colonists would arrive in
search of religious freedom. England had been a Protestant country since 1534,
when King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and formed
the Anglican Church. Not everyone in England was happy with the new church,
however. Many people dissented—they disagreed with the beliefs or practices of
the Anglicans. English Catholics, for example, still considered the pope the head
of the church, and they were often persecuted, or treated harshly, for that reason.

76 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 At the same time, some Protestants wanted to
change—or reform—the Anglican Church, while
The New England
others wanted to break away from it altogether.
Colonies
The Protestants who wanted to reform the Angli-
can Church were called Puritans. Those who MAINE
wanted to leave and set up their own churches Area claimed (part of Mass.)
were known as Separatists. by New York
and New
The Separatists were persecuted in England, Hampshire
and some fled to the Netherlands. Though they 44°N
found religious freedom there, the Separatists

.
ut R
still had problems. They had difficulty finding

ctic
N

Conne
work and worried that their children would not W E

follow the English way of life. NEW S

HAMPSHIRE Portsmouth

The Pilgrims’ Journey Salem Atlantic

Some Separatists in the Netherlands made an MASSACHUSETTS Boston Ocean
arrangement with the Virginia Company. The Plymouth
Separatists could settle in Virginia and practice CONNECTICUT
their religion freely. In return they would give Newport
the company a share of any profits they made. New
Haven 0 100 miles
The Separatists considered themselves RHODE
Pilgrims because their journey had a religious ISLAND 0 100 kilometers
Lambert Equal-Area projection
purpose. Only 35 of the 102 passengers who 40°N

boarded the Mayflower in September 1620 were Products

Pilgrims. The others were called “strangers.” Grain Fish Ships
They were common people—servants, crafts- Cattle Whales Iron
people, and poor farmers—who hoped to find a
Lumber Furs Rum 68°W
better life in America. Because Pilgrim beliefs
shaped life in the Plymouth colony, however, all
the early settlers are usually called Pilgrims.

The Mayflower Compact The Atlantic waters and thick forests proved valuable for
The Mayflower’s passengers planned to settle fishing and shipbuilding in New England.
in the Virginia colony. The first land they sighted 1. Region What were the four New England Colonies?
was Cape Cod, well north of their target. 2. Analyzing Information What did Connecticut
produce?
Because it was November and winter was fast
approaching, the colonists decided to drop
anchor in Cape Cod Bay. They went ashore on a ordering and preservation.” The signers also
cold, bleak day in December at a place called promised to obey the laws passed “for the
Plymouth. William Bradford, their leader and general good of the colony.” The Mayflower
historian, reported that “all things stared upon Compact was a necessary step in the develop-
them with a weather-beaten face.” ment of representative government in America.
Plymouth was outside the territory of the Vir- ; (See page 612 of the Appendix for the entire text of the Mayflower
ginia Company and its laws. Before going ashore, Compact.)
the Pilgrims drew up a formal document called
the Mayflower Compact. The compact pledged Help From the Native Americans
their loyalty to England and declared their inten- Their first winter in America, almost half
tion of forming “a civil body politic, for our better the Pilgrims died of malnutrition, disease, and

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 77

 The First
Thanksgiving
In the autumn of 1621 the Pilgrims invited the
Native Americans to celebrate the peace between
them. After the struggle through the first winter, the
Pilgrims also felt relieved to be raising food. During
the feast the Pilgrims thanked God for the harvest
and for their survival.
First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe

Who took part? About 50 men, women, and chil- What did they do? Dancing, singing, and playing
dren colonists and 90 Wampanoag Native Americans games were part of the celebration. The Wampanoag
took part in the three-day feast. demonstrated their skills with the bow and arrow.

When was it held? Exactly when the festival took What did they eat? They most likely ate wild fowl,
place is uncertain, but it is believed the celebration duck, and turkey shot by the colonists and deer pro-
occurred sometime between September 21 and vided by the Wampanoag.
November 9.

cold. In the spring a few Native Americans

approached the settlement. Two of them,
New Settlements
Squanto and Samoset, befriended the colonists. In 1625 the English throne passed to Charles I.
Squanto was a Pawtuxet who had been kid- Charles objected to the Puritans’ calls for reform
napped to Europe and had learned English. in the Anglican Church, and persecution of Puri-
Squanto and Samoset showed the Pilgrims tans increased again. Some Puritans looked for a
how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins and way to leave England.
where to hunt and fish. Without their help the In 1629 a group of Puritans formed the
Pilgrims might not have survived. Squanto Massachusetts Bay Company and received a
and Samoset also helped the Pilgrims make a royal charter to establish a colony north of
treaty with the Wampanoag people who lived Plymouth. This was the Puritans’ chance to cre-
in the area. Massasoit, a Wampanoag leader, ate a new society in America—a society based
signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in March 1621, on the Bible.
and the two groups lived in harmony. The company chose a well-educated Puritan
named John Winthrop to be the colony’s gover-
Summarizing Why was the nor. In 1630 Winthrop led about 900 men,
Mayflower Compact an important step toward represen- women, and children to Massachusetts Bay.
tative government? Most of them settled in a place they called Boston.

78 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 Citizenship than was the stony soil around Boston. In the
1630s colonists began to settle in this area.
Growth and Government
A minister named Thomas Hooker became
During the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritans
dissatisfied with Massachusetts. He did not like
journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious
the way that Winthrop and the other Puritan
persecution and economic hard times in Eng-
leaders ran the colony. In 1636 Hooker led his
land. This movement of people became known
congregation through the wilderness to Con-
as the Great Migration.
necticut, where he founded the town of Hart-
At first, John Winthrop and his assistants
ford. Three years later Hartford and two other
made the colony’s laws. They were chosen by the
towns, Windsor and Wethersfield, agreed to
General Court, which was made up of the
form a colony. They adopted a plan of govern-
colony’s stockholders. In 1634, settlers demanded
ment called the Fundamental Orders of Con-
a larger role in the government. The General
necticut. This was the first written constitution
Court became an elected assembly. Adult male
in America, and it described the organization of
church members were allowed to vote for the
representative government in detail.
governor and for their town’s representatives to
Good land drew colonists to Connecticut, but
the General Court. In later years, they also had to
Rhode Island was settled by colonists who were
own property to vote.
forced out of Massachusetts. The first of these was
The Puritans came to America to put their
Roger Williams, a minister. Williams felt that peo-
religious beliefs into practice. The Puritans had
ple should not be persecuted for their religious
little toleration—they criticized or persecuted
practices. In his view the government should not
people who held other religious views. This lack
force people to worship in a certain way. Williams
of toleration led to the creation of new colonies.
also believed it was wrong for settlers to take land
away from the Native Americans.
Connecticut and Rhode Island The ideas of Roger Williams caused Massa-
The fertile Connecticut River valley, south of chusetts leaders to banish him in 1635. He took
Massachusetts, was much better for farming refuge with the Narraganset people, who later

Anne Hutchinson came colony’s stability. In 1637 God spoke only through
to Massachusetts with the Massachusetts lead- the Bible. Her accusers
her husband in 1634. ers put her on trial for found her guilty and
She began questioning speaking false ideas. ordered her to leave the
the religious authority of Hutchinson defended colony. With her family
the colony’s ministers. herself well, but she and some followers,
As Hutchinson gained claimed God spoke to her Hutchinson moved to
followers, she was seen directly. This disagreed Rhode Island.
as a danger to the with Puritan beliefs that

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 79

 sold Williams land where he founded the town of In 1636 war broke out HISTORY
Providence. Williams received a charter in 1644 between the settlers and
for a colony east of Connecticut called Rhode the Pequot people. After Student Web Activity
Island and Providence Plantations. With its pol- two traders were killed Visit tx.tarvol1.glencoe.com
icy of religious toleration, Rhode Island became a in Pequot territory, and click on Chapter 3—
safe place for dissenters. It was the first place in Massachusetts sent Student Web Activities
for an activity on King
America where people could worship freely. troops to punish the
Philip’s War.
Others followed Williams’s example, forming Pequot. The Pequot
colonies where they could worship as they then attacked a town in
pleased. In 1638 John Wheelwright led a group of Connecticut killing nine people. In May 1637,
dissidents from Massachusetts to the north. They troops from Connecticut attacked the main Pequot
founded the town of Exeter in New Hampshire. fort with the help of the Narraganset people. They
The same year, a group of Puritans settled Hamp- burned the fort, killing hundreds.
ton. The colony of New Hampshire became fully In 1675 New England went to war against the
independent of Massachusetts in 1679. Wampanoag people and their allies. Metacomet,
the Wampanoag chief, was known to settlers as
Conflict With Native Americans King Philip. He wanted to stop the settlers from
Native Americans helped the settlers adapt to moving onto Native American Lands. The war
the land. They also traded with the settlers, began after settlers executed three Wampanoags
exchanging furs for goods such as iron pots, for murder. Metacomet’s forces attacked towns
blankets, and guns. In Virginia the colonists had across the region, killing hundreds of people.
frequent encounters with the many tribes of the The settlers and their Native American allies
Powhatan confederacy. In New England the set- fought back. King Philip’s War, as the conflict
tlers met the Wampanoags, Narragansets, and was called, ended in defeat for the Wampanoag
other groups. and their allies. The war destroyed the power of
Conflicts arose, however. Usually settlers the Native Americans in New England, leaving
moved onto Native American lands without the colonists free to expand their settlements.
permission or payment. Throughout the colo-
nial period, English settlers and Native Ameri- Evaluating Describe the signifi-
cans competed fiercely for control of the land. cance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Maps

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph 4. Comparing What did the Mayflower 6. Geography Skills Study the map
in which you use the following terms: Compact and the Fundamental on page 77. What products came
dissent, persecute, Puritan, Orders of Connecticut have in from New Hampshire?
Separatist, Pilgrim, Mayflower common?
Compact, toleration. 5. Determining Cause and Effect
2. Reviewing Facts Identify the rea- Re-create the diagram below and
sons why the Separatists left Europe describe the effects as colonists inter- Government Research and write
for the Americas. acted with Native Americans. a one-page paper about the life of
Reviewing Themes The colonists interact Roger Williams. Explain why he
with the Native Americans left Massachusetts to found a new
3. Civic Rights and Responsibilities
colony. Describe how his religious
What freedom did Rhode Island offer
ideals contributed to the growth of
that other colonies did not?
the representative government in
Rhode Island.

80 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 Social Studies

Reading a Bar Graph

Population of Six English Colonies, 1700
60
55
50
Population (in thousands)

45
40
Total African American
35 Population Population
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Massachusetts Connecticut New York Pennsylvania Maryland Virginia
Colonies
Source: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Why Learn This Skill? Practicing the Skill

A bar graph presents numerical information in a Study the bar graph on this page and answer the
visual way. Bars of various lengths stand for different following questions.
quantities. A bar graph lets you see a lot of informa- 1 Which colony had the largest total population
tion in an organized way. Bars may be drawn verti- in 1700? The smallest?
cally—up and down—or horizontally—left to right.
Labels along the left axis and the bottom axis explain 2 Did Virginia or Maryland have a larger African
what the bars represent. American population?

Learning the Skill Applying the Skill

To read a bar graph: Reading a Bar Graph Create a bar graph to
•Read the title to learn the subject of the graph. represent the number of students in each Ameri-
•Look at the horizontal and vertical axes to find can history class in your school.
out what information the graph presents.
•Compare the lengths of the bars on the graph. Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive
Workbook CD-ROM, Level 1, provides
instruction and practice in key social
studies skills.

CHAPTER XX Chapter Title 81

 Middle Colonies
Guide to Reading
Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn
People from many different countries Classifying Information As you read • why the Middle Colonies had the
settled in the Middle Colonies for a the section, re-create the diagram most diverse populations in colo-
variety of reasons, including religious below and describe how the Middle nial America.
freedom. Colonies were founded. • who was America’s first town
planner.
Key Terms Colony Founder Why settlers came
patroon, proprietary colony, New York Section Theme
pacifist New Jersey Individual Action Leaders such as
Pennsylvania Peter Stuyvesant and William Penn
helped the Middle Colonies grow.
Preview of Events
✦1600 ✦1650 ✦1700
1626
Manhattan Island 1664 1681 1702
purchased from the New Amsterdam William Penn founds New Jersey becomes
Manhates people becomes New York Pennsylvania a royal colony

In 1649, 17-year-old Philip Henry stood near the back of the crowd gathered around
a public platform near Whitehall Palace in London. There he watched Charles I, the
king of England, prepare to die. The king made a short speech, prayed silently, and
then knelt with his head on the block.
With just one blow, the executioner severed the king’s head from his body. At that
moment, the crowd uttered “such a groan as I never heard before, and desire I may
English royal plate
never hear again,” Henry wrote in his diary.

England and the Colonies

In England the Puritans who controlled Parliament were engaged in a strug-
gle for power against King Charles I. In 1642 a civil war began. Led by Oliver
Cromwell, a Puritan, the Parliamentary forces defeated the king. Charles I was
beheaded in 1649 after a parliamentary court declared him guilty of treason.
A new government was established with Cromwell as Protector. During these
years of unrest, many Puritans left New England and returned to England to
fight with Parliament’s forces. After the war ended, English men and women
loyal to the king went to royal colonies like Virginia.

82 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliament
brought back the monarchy, but placed new lim- The Middle Colonies
its on the ruler’s powers. Charles II, son of
Area claimed
Charles I, became king in 1660. His reign is by New York
and New
called the Restoration because the monarchy had Hampshire

been restored.
In 1660 England had two clusters of colonies
in what is now the United States—Massachu-
setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode
Island in the north and Maryland and Virginia
Albany
in the south. Between the two groups of English
colonies were lands that the Dutch controlled. NEW YORK

In 1621 a group of Dutch merchants had

formed the Dutch West India Company to trade
in the Americas. Their posts along the Hudson New York City
72°W
River grew into the colony of New Netherland. PENNSYLVANIA Perth Amboy
N 40°N
The main settlement of the colony was New
W E
Amsterdam, located on Manhattan Island. In Wilmington Philadelphia
S
1626 the company bought Manhattan from the NEW
JERSEY
Manhates people for small quantities of beads Atlantic
DoverOcean
and other goods. Blessed with a good seaport, DELAWARE
0 100 miles
the city of New Amsterdam soon became a cen-
100 kilometers
ter of shipping to and from the Americas. 0
Lambert Equal-Area projection 76°W
To increase the number of permanent settlers
Products
in its colony, the Dutch West India Company sent
Grain Fish Rum
over families from the Netherlands, Germany,
Cattle Lumber Iron
Sweden, and Finland. The company gave a large 36°N
estate to anyone who brought at least 50 settlers
to work the land. The wealthy landowners who
acquired these riverfront estates were called
patroons. The patroons ruled like kings. They The Middle Colonies were settled by people from many different
could charge whatever rents they wanted to the countries and ethnic backgrounds.
farmers and other laborers on their estates.
1. Region What were the four Middle Colonies and what
were their main products?
2. Drawing Conclusions What geographic features
England Takes Over made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?
New Netherland boasted an excellent harbor
and thriving river trade. The English wanted to
acquire the valuable Dutch colony that lay King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,
between England’s New England and Southern the Duke of York, who renamed it New York.
Colonies. In 1664 the English sent a fleet to New York was a proprietary colony, a colony in
attack New Amsterdam. which the owner, or proprietor, owned all the
At the time Peter Stuyvesant was governor of land and controlled the government. It differed
the colony. His strict rule and heavy taxes from the New England Colonies, where voters
turned many of the people in New Netherland elected the governor and an assembly.
against him. When the English ships sailed into Most of New York’s settlers lived in the Hud-
New Amsterdam’s harbor, the governor was son River valley. The Duke of York promised the
unprepared for a battle and surrendered the diverse colonists freedom of religion and
colony to the English forces. allowed them to keep their property. As a result,

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 83

 History Through Art
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians In 1682 William Penn
made his first treaty with the Delaware people. Why did
Penn see Pennsylvania as a “holy experiment”?

most of the Dutch colonists decided to remain in To attract settlers, the proprietors offered
New York. In 1664 New York had about 8,000 large tracts of land and generous terms. They
inhabitants. Most were Dutch, but Germans, also promised freedom of religion, trial by jury,
Swedes, Native Americans, and Puritans from and a representative assembly. The assembly
New England lived there as well. The popula- would make local laws and set tax rates.
tion also included at least 300 enslaved Africans. Like New York, New Jersey was a place of
New Amsterdam, which was later called New ethnic and religious diversity. Because New Jer-
York City, was one of the fastest-growing loca- sey had no natural harbors, however, it did not
tions in the colony. develop a major port or city like New York.
By 1683 the colony’s population had swelled The proprietors of New Jersey did not make
to about 12,000 people. A governor and council the profits they had expected. Berkeley sold his
appointed by the Duke of York directed the share, West Jersey, in 1674. Carteret’s share, East
colony’s affairs. The colonists demanded a rep- Jersey, was sold in 1682.
resentative government like the governments of By 1702 New Jersey had passed back into the
the other English colonies. The duke resisted hands of the king, becoming a royal colony. The
the idea, but the people of New York would not colonists still continued to make local laws.
give up. Finally, in 1691, the English govern-
ment allowed New York to elect a legislature. Explaining Why did no major port
develop in New Jersey?
New Jersey
The Duke of York gave the southern part of
his colony, between the Hudson and Delaware Pennsylvania
Rivers, to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George In 1680 William Penn, a wealthy English gen-
Carteret. The proprietors named their colony tleman, presented a plan to King Charles. Penn’s
New Jersey after the island of Jersey in the Eng- father had once lent the king a great deal of
lish Channel, where Carteret was born. money. Penn had inherited the king’s promise to

84 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

repay the loan. Instead of money, however, Penn
asked for land in America. Pleased to get rid
“ any government is free to the people under
it . . . where the laws rule, and the people are a
of his debt so easily, the king gave Penn a tract
of land stretching inland from the Delaware
party to those laws.
”
River. The new colony, named Pennsylvania, Penn had designed the city himself, making
was nearly as large as England. him America’s first town planner. Penn also
William Penn belonged to a Protestant group wrote Pennsylvania’s first constitution.
of dissenters called the Society of Friends, or Penn believed that the land belonged to the
Quakers. The Quakers believed that every indi- Native Americans and that settlers should pay
vidual had an “inner light” that could guide him for it. In 1682 he negotiated the first of several
or her to salvation. Each person could experience treaties with local Native Americans.
religious truth directly, which meant that church To encourage European settlers to come to
services and officials were unnecessary. Every- Pennsylvania, Penn advertised the colony
one was equal in God’s sight. Though firm in throughout Europe with pamphlets in several
their beliefs, the Quakers were tolerant of the languages. By 1683 more than 3,000 English,
views of others. Welsh, Irish, Dutch, and German settlers had
Many people in England found the Quakers’ arrived. In 1701, in the Charter of Liberties, Penn
ideas a threat to established traditions. Quakers granted the colonists the right to elect represen-
would not bow or take off their hats to lords and tatives to the legislative assembly.
ladies because of their belief that everyone was The southernmost part of Pennsylvania was
equal. In addition they were pacifists, people called the Three Lower Counties. Settled by
who refuse to use force or to fight in wars. Swedes in 1638, the area had been taken over by
Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executed the Dutch and the English before becoming part of
for their beliefs. Pennsylvania. The Charter of Privileges allowed
William Penn saw Pennsylvania as a “holy the lower counties to form their own legislature,
experiment,” a chance to put the Quaker ideals which they did in 1703. Thereafter the counties
of toleration and equality into practice. In 1682 functioned as a separate colony known as
he sailed to America to supervise the building of Delaware, supervised by Pennsylvania’s governor.
Philadelphia, the “city of brotherly love.” Penn Summarizing How did William
believed that Penn encourage self-government?

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph 4. Compare and Contrast How was 6. Geography Skills Review the map
in which you use the following key the Quaker religion different from on page 83. What is the title of the
terms: patroon, proprietary colony, that of the Puritans? map? What items are shown in the
pacifist 5. Organizing Information Re-create key? What products were important
2. Reviewing Facts What did the Char- the diagram below and describe how to Pennsylvania?
ter of Liberties grant to Pennsylvania each of the Middle Colonies was
colonists? governed.
Reviewing Themes Colony Type of government
Art Design a flag for one of the
3. Individual Action How did William New York Middle Colonies. Decide what sym-
Penn earn the respect of Native New Jersey bols and colors would be appropri-
Americans? Pennsylvania ate to represent that colony.
Display your flags in class.

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 85

 Southern Colonies
Guide to Reading
Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn
The Southern Colonies relied on cash Classifying Information As you read • how the Southern Colonies were
crops to survive, while the French and the section, re-create the diagram established.
Spanish tried to establish their own below and identify the main crops of • how French and Spanish colonies
settlements. three of the Southern Colonies. differed from the English colonies.
Key Terms Colony Main crop Section Theme
indentured servant, constitution, Maryland Groups and Institutions Spanish and
debtor, tenant farmer, mission North Carolina French settlements developed in dif-
South Carolina ferent ways from English settlements.

Preview of Events
✦1600 ✦1650 ✦1700 ✦1750
c. 1610 1676 1718 1733
Spanish establish Bacon’s Rebellion French establish city First settlers
Santa Fe occurs of New Orleans arrive in Georgia

How did it feel to be enslaved on the plantations of the South? In the 1930s, inter-
viewers put this question to African Americans once under slavery. Many of them
Slave drum, were approaching 100 years old, and some still carried deep scars on their backs from
Virginia whippings. To be a slave meant to have no human rights. Elderly Roberta Mason
remembered, “Once they whipped my father ‘cause he looked at a slave they killed,
and cried.”

Coming to America
By 1660, while tobacco prices fell, large plantations continued to prosper
because they were better able to maintain high profits than were small farms.
Along with the growth of plantations, there was an increasing need for work-
ers in the newly settled Southern Colonies.
Establishing colonies in North America involved a great deal of work. The set-
tlers had to clear the land, construct homes and churches, plant crops, and tend
the fields. As the colonies expanded, the demand for capable workers grew.

86 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

 Not all people came to work in the colonies of their workers. Baltimore, founded in 1729, was
their own free will. English criminals and Scottish Maryland’s port. Before long Baltimore became
and Irish prisoners of war were also shipped to the colony’s largest settlement.
the colonies. They could earn their release by
working for a period of time—often seven years. Aristocrats and Farmers
Some colonists complained that their settlements Lord Baltimore gave large estates to his rela-
were dumping grounds for “His Majesty’s seven- tives and other English aristocrats. By doing so
year passengers.” Africans were seized and he created a wealthy and powerful class of
brought to the colonies as slaves. landowners in Maryland.
Other men, women, and children came to the The colony needed people to work in the plan-
colonies as indentured servants. In return for tation fields. To bring settlers to the colony, Lord
the payment of their passage to America, they Baltimore promised land—100 acres to each
agreed to work without pay for a certain period
of time.
The Southern Colonies
Establishing Maryland

N S
Maryland arose from the dream of Sir Po
t om M
Baltimore
AR
George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic. ac

TAI
R. YL
AN
Calvert wanted to establish a safe place for his D

UN
St. Marys
fellow Catholics, who were being persecuted in VIRGINIA

MO
England. He also hoped that a colony would
bring him a fortune. Williamsburg Norfolk

N
N
Calvert’s dream came true in 1632 when King

IA
E
Charles I gave him a proprietary colony north of W
H
36°N
S C
Virginia. Calvert died before receiving the grant.
LA

NORTH
A

His son Cecilius Calvert inherited the colony. It CAROLINA

P

P
was named Maryland either after the English A
queen, Henrietta Maria, or after the Virgin Mary.
The younger Calvert—the new Lord Balti- SOUTH
Wilmington
Sa
v

more—never lived in Maryland. Instead, he CAROLINA

an

ah
n

sent two of his brothers to run the colony. They R. Atlantic

Ocean
reached America in 1634 with two ships and GEORGIA Charles Town
more than 200 settlers. Entering the Chesa- 32°N
Savannah 0 100 miles 76°W
peake Bay, they sailed up the Potomac River
through fertile countryside. A priest in the A l t a maha R. 0 100 kilometers
Lambert Equal-Area projection
party described the Potomac as “the sweetest
Products
and greatest river I have ever seen.” The
Rice Grain Lumber
colonists chose a site for their settlement, which
they called St. Marys. Indigo Tobacco Iron
Knowing that tobacco had saved the Virginia Cattle Fish Rum
colony, the Maryland colonists turned first to
84°W 80°W 28°N
tobacco farming. To keep the colony from
becoming too dependent on one crop, however,
a Maryland law declared that “every person The climate in the Southern Colonies allowed colonists to grow
planting tobacco shall plant and tend two acres rice and tobacco.
of corn.” In addition to corn, most Maryland 1. Region What were the five Southern Colonies?
tobacco farmers produced wheat, fruit, vegeta- 2. Analyzing Information What rivers acted as colonial
borders in the Southern Colonies?
bles, and livestock to feed their families and

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 87

 Born in England, Mar- a rebellion from neighbor- the assembly. She
garet Brent moved to ing Virginia, and she took demanded two votes,
Maryland in 1638. She charge of paying Mary- one for herself as a
quickly accumulated sev- land’s troops. Refusing to landowner and one as
eral thousand acres of follow the restricted life Lord Baltimore’s legal
land and became one of of most colonial women, representative. After the
the largest landowners. she later served as attor- government denied her
According to colonial ney for Lord Baltimore, claim, she moved to a
records, she was also the Maryland’s proprietor. large plantation in Vir-
first woman to own land In January 1648 Brent ginia. There, America’s
in her own name. came into conflict with first woman lawyer lived
Brave and forceful, the colonial government the rest of her life.
Brent helped to put down when she appeared before

male settler, another 100 for his wife, 100 for each tension between Protestants and Catholics,
servant, and 50 for each of his children. As the however. In 1692 the colony’s Protestant major-
number of plantations increased and additional ity repealed the act.
workers were needed, the colony imported
indentured servants and enslaved Africans. Explaining Why did George Calvert
establish the colony of Maryland?
The Mason-Dixon Line
For years the Calvert family and the Penn
family argued over the boundary between Virginia Expands
Maryland and Pennsylvania. In the 1760s they While other colonies were being founded, Vir-
hired two British astronomers, Charles Mason ginia continued to grow. Wealthy tobacco
and Jeremiah Dixon, to map the line dividing planters held the best land near the coast, so
the colonies. It took the two scientists many new settlers pushed inland. Sir William Berke-
years to lay out the boundary stones. Each stone ley, the colony’s governor, sent explorers over
had the crest of the Penn family on one side and the Blue Ridge Mountains to open up the back-
the crest of the Calverts on the other. country of Virginia to settlement.
Another conflict was even harder to resolve. As the settlers moved west, they found the
The Calverts had welcomed Protestants as well lands inhabited by Native Americans. In the
as Catholics in Maryland. Protestant settlers 1640s, to avoid conflicts, Berkeley worked out an
outnumbered Catholics from the start. arrangement with the Native Americans. In
exchange for a large piece of land, he agreed to
Act of Toleration keep settlers from pushing farther into their lands.
To protect the Catholics from any attempt to
make Maryland a Protestant colony, Baltimore Bacon’s Rebellion
passed a law called the Act of Toleration in Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy young planter,
1649. The act granted Protestants and Catholics was a leader in the western part of Virginia. He
the right to worship freely. It failed to end the and other westerners opposed the colonial

88 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

government because it was domi- king. The name later became
nated by easterners. Many of the Charleston.
westerners resented Governor John Locke, an English politi-
Berkeley’s pledge to stay out of cal philosopher, wrote a constitu-
Native American territory. Some tion for the Carolina colony. This
of them settled in the forbidden constitution, or plan of govern-
lands and then blamed the gov- ment, covered such subjects as
ernment in Jamestown for not land distribution and social
protecting them from Native ranking. Locke was concerned
American raids. with principles and rights. He
In 1676 Bacon led the angry argued that
westerners in attacks on Native
American villages. Governor “every man has a property in his
own person. This nobody has any
Berkeley declared Bacon “the
greatest rebel that ever was in right to but himself. The labour of his
Virginia.” Bacon’s army marched body, and the work of his hands, we
to Jamestown, set fire to the capi-
tal, and drove Berkeley into exile.
may say, are properly his. . . .
”
Only Bacon’s sudden illness and Carolina, however, did not
death kept him from taking develop according to plan. The
charge of Virginia. England then people of northern and southern
recalled Berkeley and sent troops Carolina soon went their sepa-
to restore order. rate ways, creating two colonies.
Nathaniel Bacon
Bacon’s Rebellion had shown
that the settlers were not willing
to be restricted to the coast. The colonial gov- $ Economics
ernment created a militia force to control the Northern and Southern Carolina
Native Americans and opened up more land The northern part of Carolina was settled
to settlement. mostly by farmers from Virginia’s backcountry.
They grew tobacco and sold forest products
Analyzing Why did Bacon oppose
such as timber and tar. Because the northern
the colonial government?
Carolina coast did not have a good harbor, the
farmers relied on Virginia’s ports and merchants
to conduct their trade.
Settling the Carolinas The southern part of the Carolinas was more
In 1663 King Charles II created a large propri- prosperous, thanks to fertile farmland and a
etary colony south of Virginia. The colony was good harbor at Charles Town. Settlements
called Carolina, which means “Charles’s land” spread, and the trade in deerskin, lumber, and
in Latin. The king gave the colony to a group of beef flourished. In the 1680s planters discovered
eight prominent members of his court who had that rice grew well in the wet coastal lowlands.
helped him regain his throne. Rice soon became the colony’s leading crop.
The Carolina proprietors carved out large In the 1740s a young Englishwoman named
estates for themselves and hoped to make Eliza Lucas developed another important Car-
money by selling and renting land. The propri- olina crop—indigo. Indigo, a blue flowering
etors provided money to bring colonists over plant, was used to dye textiles. After experi-
from England. Settlers began arriving in Car- menting with seeds from the West Indies, Lucas
olina in 1670. By 1680 they had founded a city, succeeded in growing and processing indigo,
which they called Charles Town after the the “blue gold” of Carolina.

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 89

Slave Labor in the Carolinas Georgia
Most of the settlers in southern Carolina came
Georgia, the last of the British colonies in
from another English colony—the island of Bar-
America to be established, was founded in 1733.
bados in the West Indies. In Barbados the colonists
A group led by General James Oglethorpe
used enslaved Africans to produce sugar. The
received a charter to create a colony where Eng-
colonists brought these workers with them.
lish debtors and poor people could make a fresh
Many enslaved Africans who arrived in the
start. In Great Britain, debtors—those who are
Carolinas worked in the rice fields. Some of
unable to repay their debts—were generally
them knew a great deal about rice cultivation
thrown into prison.
because they had come from the rice-growing
The British government had another reason
areas of West Africa. Growing rice required
for creating Georgia. This colony could protect
much labor, so the demand for slaves increased.
the other British colonies from Spanish attack.
By 1708 more than half the people living in
Great Britain and Spain had been at war in the
southern Carolina were enslaved Africans.
early 1700s, and new conflicts over territory in
By the early 1700s, Carolina’s settlers were
North America were always breaking out.
angry at the proprietors. They wanted a greater
Located between Spanish Florida and South Car-
role in the colony’s government. In 1719 the set-
olina, Georgia could serve as a military barrier.
tlers in southern Carolina seized control from its
proprietors. In 1729 Carolina became two royal
Oglethorpe’s Town
colonies—North and South Carolina.
Oglethorpe led the first group of “sober,
Explaining Who was John Locke? industrial, and moral persons” to Georgia in
What did he do for Carolina? 1733. They built a town called Savannah, as well
as forts to defend themselves from the Spanish.
Oglethorpe wanted the people of Georgia to
History be hardworking, independent, and Protestant.
A rice plantation included the owner’s large house He kept the size of farms small and banned slav-
surrounded by the small dwellings of enslaved Africans. ery, Catholics, and rum.
Why did rice cultivation increase the demand for
enslaved labor?
 Founding the Thirteen Colonies
1st Permanent
Colony Settlement Reasons Founded Founders or Leaders
New England Colonies
Massachusetts
Plymouth 1620 Religious freedom John Carver, William Bradford,
Mass. Bay Colony 1630 Religious freedom John Winthrop
New Hampshire c. 1620 Profit from trade and fishing Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason
Rhode Island 1636 Religious freedom Roger Williams
Connecticut 1635 Profit from fur trade, farming; Thomas Hooker
religious and political freedom
Middle Colonies
New York 1624 Expand trade Dutch settlers
Delaware 1638 Expand trade Swedish settlers
New Jersey 1638 Profit from selling land John Berkeley, George Carteret
Pennsylvania 1682 Profit from selling land; William Penn
religious freedom
Southern Colonies
Virginia 1607 Expand trade John Smith
Maryland 1634 To sell land; religious freedom Cecil Calvert
North Carolina c. 1660s Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats
South Carolina 1670 Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats
Georgia 1733 Religious freedom; protection James Oglethorpe
against Spanish Florida; safe
home for debtors

The thirteen colonies

colonies were
were founded
founded over
over aa
span of 125
125 years.
years.
Although Georgia had been planned as a Sequencing What colony was the first
first to
to be
be
debtors’ colony, it actually received few debtors. settled? Which was
was the
the last?
last?
Hundreds of poor people came from Great
Britain. Religious refugees from Germany and Oglethorpe grew frustrated by the colonists’
Switzerland and a small group of Jews also set- demands and the colony’s slow growth. He
tled there. Georgia soon had a higher percentage agreed to let people have larger landholdings
of non-British settlers than any other British and lifted the bans against slavery and rum. In
colony in the Americas. 1751 he gave up altogether and turned the
colony back over to the king.
The Colony Changes By that time British settlers had been in what
Many settlers complained about the limits on is now the eastern United States for almost a
the size of landholdings and the law banning century and a half. They had lined the Atlantic
slave labor. They also objected to the many rules coast with colonies.
Oglethorpe made regulating their lives. The
colonists referred to Oglethorpe as “our perpet- Explaining How did Georgia serve
ual dictator.” as protection for the English colonies?

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 91

 New France to the colony. Known as tenant farmers, the
settlers paid their lord an annual rent and
The British were not the only Europeans who worked for him for a fixed number of days
were colonizing North America, however. Else- each year.
where on the continent, the Spanish and the The French had better relations with the
French had built settlements of their own. Native Americans than did other Europeans.
The French had founded Quebec in 1608. At French trappers and missionaries traveled deep
first they had little interest in large-scale settle- into Indian lands. They lived among the Native
ment in North America. They were mainly con- American peoples, learned their languages, and
cerned with fishing and trapping animals for respected their ways.
their fur. French trappers and missionaries went Although the missionaries had come to convert
far into the interior of North America. French fur Native Americans to Catholicism, they did not try
companies built forts and trading posts to pro- to change the Indians’ customs. Most important,
tect their profitable trade. the French colony grew so slowly that Native
In 1663 New France became a royal colony. Americans were not pushed off their lands.
King Louis XIV limited the privileges of the fur
companies. He appointed a royal governor who Describing What region did
strongly supported new explorations. La Salle explore?

Down the Mississippi River

In the 1670s two Frenchmen—a fur trader, New Spain
Louis Joliet, and a priest, Jacques Marquette— In the early 1600s, England, France, and the
explored the Mississippi River by canoe. Joliet Netherlands began their colonization of North
and Marquette hoped to find gold, silver, or America. The Spanish, however, still controlled
other precious metals. They were also looking most of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and
for a water passage to the Pacific Ocean. The South America. They also expanded into the
two explorers reached as far south as the junc- western and southern parts of what would one
tion of the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers. day be the United States.
When they realized that the Mississippi flowed Spain was determined to keep the other Euro-
south into the Gulf of Mexico rather than west pean powers from threatening its empire in
into the Pacific, they turned around and headed America. To protect their claims, the Spanish
back upriver. sent soldiers, missionaries, and settlers north
A few years later, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur into present-day New Mexico.
de La Salle, followed the Mississippi River all the In late 1609 or early 1610, Spanish missionar-
way to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the ies, soldiers, and settlers founded Santa Fe.
region around the river for France. He called this Another group of missionaries and settlers went
territory Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. to what is now Arizona in the late 1600s. When
In 1718 the French governor founded the port of France began exploring and laying claim to
New Orleans near the mouth of the Mississippi lands around the Mississippi River, the Spanish
River. Later French explorers, traders, and mis- moved into what is now Texas. Spain wanted to
sionaries traveled west to the Rocky Mountains control the area between the French territory
and southwest to the Rio Grande. and their own colony in Mexico. In the early
1700s, Spain established San Antonio and seven
Growth of New France other military posts in Texas.
French settlement in North America
advanced very slowly. Settlement in New Missions in California
France consisted of a system of estates along Spanish priests built a string of missions
the St. Lawrence River. The estate holders along the Pacific coast. Missions are religious
received land in exchange for bringing settlers settlements established to convert people to a

92 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

particular faith. The missions enabled the Span-
ish to lay claim to California. “[The natives] treated
The Spanish did more than convert Native
Americans to Christianity. Spanish missionaries us with much
and soldiers also brought them to the mis-
sions—often by force—to serve as laborers in confidence
fields and workshops.
In 1769 Junípero Serra, a Franciscan monk, and good-
founded a mission at San Diego. Over the next
15 years, Father Serra set up eight more mis- will.”
sions in California along a route called El
—Junípero Serra, 1769
Camino Real (The Royal Highway)—missions
that would grow into such cities as Los Angeles
and Monterey.
The distance from one mission to the next
was usually a day’s walk, and Serra traveled on
foot to visit each one and advise the missionar-
ies. Serra also championed the rights of the
Native Americans. He worked to prevent Span-
ish army commanders in the region from mis-
treating them. France and Great Britain were the principal
rivals of the colonial period. Both nations were
European Conflicts in North America expanding their settlements in North America.
The rivalries between European nations car- In the late 1700s and early 1800s, wars in Europe
ried over into the Americas. Britain and Spain between the British and the French would shape
fought several wars in the early 1700s. When the events across the Atlantic even more decisively.
two countries were at war in Europe, fighting
often broke out between British colonists in Explaining Why did Spain establish
Georgia and Spanish colonists in Florida. missions in California?

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals

1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph 4. Analyzing Information Do you 6. Geography Skills Review the map
in which you use all of the following think uprisings such as Bacon’s on page 87. Which of the Southern
terms: indentured servant, constitu- Rebellion were a sign of more unrest Colonies included the city of Norfolk?
tion, debtor, tenant farmer, mission. to come? Explain your answer. What were the main products in
2. Reviewing Facts Explain why French 5. Organizing Information Re-create Georgia? What was the major city in
settlement in North America was the diagram below and describe the South Carolina?
slower than in the English colonies. regions that these countries con-
trolled in North America.
Reviewing Themes
3. Groups and Institutions What role Country Region Art Work with a group to create a
did Margaret Brent play in the gov- Spain bulletin board display titled “The
ernment and economy of Maryland? France Southern Colonies.” Include slo-
gans and pictures to show the
colonies’ origins, climate, natural
resources, and products.

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 93

 Reviewing Key Terms
Examine the pairs of words below. Then write a sentence
explaining what each of the pairs have in common.
1. charter, joint-stock company
Colonial America 2. dissent, persecute
1587–1650 3. patroon, proprietary colony
• English settle Roanoke Island, 1587 4. indentured servant, debtor
• First permanent English colony at 5. Pilgrim, Mayflower Compact
Jamestown, 1607
• Champlain founds Quebec, 1608
Reviewing Key Facts
• Spanish settlers found Santa Fe,
c. 1610 6. Why did settlers choose a peninsula on which to build
Jamestown?
• House of Burgesses meet, 1619
7. Why did the Virginia Company create the House of
• First Africans arrive at Jamestown, 1619 Burgesses?
• Mayflower Compact
8. How did the Puritans’ and the Pilgrims’ view of the
signed, 1620
Anglican Church differ?
• Puritans settle Massa-
chusetts Bay Colony, 9. How did the Native Americans help the Pilgrims?
1630 10. What is important about the year 1607?
• Thomas Hooker founds 11. Name two things that colonial leaders offered to
Hartford, 1636 attract settlers.
• Anne Hutchinson 12. What were Sir George Calvert’s two main reasons for
founds Portsmouth, establishing Maryland?
1638 13. Why was there a high demand for slave labor in the
• Maryland passes religious Carolinas?
Toleration Act, 1649
14. Describe the relationship between the French and the
Native Americans.
1650–1700 15. Why did Spain send missionaries to the Pacific coast
• Marquette and Joliet explore and the Southwest?
Mississippi River, 1673
• King Philip’s War, 1675
• Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 Critical Thinking
• William Penn receives charter 16. Comparing How did the economic activities of the
for Pennsylvania, 1681 French differ from those of the English in North
America?
1700–1769 17. Analyzing Themes: Civic Rights and Responsibili-
• French found city of New
Orleans, 1718 ties What role did religious freedom play in the
founding of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania?
• Carolina is divided into sepa-
rate colonies, 1729 18. Synthesizing Information Re-create the diagram
• Georgia settled, last of 13
below. List three religious groups that left England and
English colonies, 1733 describe their beliefs.
• Father Serra establishes mis- Religious groups
sion at San Diego, 1769

94
 HISTORY
Self-Check Quiz
Visit tx.tarvol1.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 3—
Geography and History Activity Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.
Study the map below and answer the questions that follow.

Settlement of the Citizenship Cooperative Activity

British Colonies 24. When you become 18 years old, you can begin to exer-
cise one of your most important rights—the right to vote.
First, however, you must register. Work with a partner to
MAINE find out where you can obtain a voter registration card.
(Part of MASS.)
N Make a list of the information you will need for the card.
NEW N.H. W
E Share your information with the class.
YORK S
MASS. Boston
Hartford Providence
R.I.
Economics Activity
CONN. 40°N 25. Most societies use a medium of exchange—something
PENNSYLVANIA New York City accepted in return for goods and services. Money is one
Philadelphia N.J.
medium of exchange. In the colonies, however, the peo-
MD.
DEL. ple never had a form of money that had the same value
ATLaNTIC everywhere and was accepted by everyone. Since using
OCEaN
VIRGINIA money presented problems, colonists often traded goods
Jamestown without the use of money. This is called barter. Research
0 200 miles
to find out more about barter. Then answer: What are the
NORTH advantages of barter?
0 200 kilometers
CAROLINA Lambert Equal-Area projection

SOUTH
CAROLINA Alternative Assessment
Charles Before 1660 26. Portfolio Writing Activity Examine the painting on page
GEORGIA Town
Between 1660 and 1700 84. What ideas is the artist presenting? Write a paragraph
Savannah
Between 1700 and 1760 that answers the question.
80°W 70°W
Town or city

19. Location Which colonies had the largest areas of settle-

ment before 1660?
20. Place During what time period was Boston settled? Directions: Choose the best
answer to the following question.

Practicing Skills Which colony was founded to put Quaker ideas

into practice?
Reading a Bar Graph Study the bar graph on page 81; then
answer these questions: A Plymouth C Georgia
21. Which colonies had passed 35,000 in population by 1700? B Virginia D Pennsylvania
22. Which colony had the largest African American population?
Test-Taking Tip:
As you read the stem of each multiple-choice
Technology Activity question, try to anticipate the answer before you look
23. Using the Internet Search the Internet for information
at the choices. If your answer is one of the
about the Canadian cities of Quebec and Montreal. Find
choices, it is probably correct.
historical sites that show the French presence in these
cities. Then, create a travel brochure.

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 95

 Navigate or Get Lost!
Sailing techniques were mastered long before sailors
knew the earth was round. Chinese sailors probably first
developed and used the compass—an instrument that
shows north, south, east, and west—in the early 1000s or
1100s to guide their ships. The Arabs then used this tech- In the late 1800s, some shipbuilders
nology and passed it on to the Europeans. The Europeans
built ships with iron and steel.
improved the magnetic compass, and during the Age of
However, these metals interfered with
Exploration, European sailors used it to navigate their way
across the unknown seas. the magnetic compasses sailors used.
Eventually navigators learned to make
Analyzing the Issue the necessary adjustments to the
Imagine standing on board your ship. You are the captain compass so it would work
and are in charge of the lives of about 150 crewmembers. properly.
Now your ship is in the middle of the ocean, and you have
to navigate. All you can see is water—water everywhere.
How in the world will you know where to find land? You
are facing the same navigation problem that Christopher
Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and other explorers faced. What
is the solution? One way to navigate would be to use a com-
pass to find direction. Are there other ways?
Landing of Columbus

Compasses

96
 After you have organized into groups of six,
follow the directions to explore different meth-
ods of navigation. You will need one compass per
group. Each team will write three methods of get-
ting across the classroom and then challenge
classmates to follow and evaluate those methods.

1 Each group of students should pick 3 destinations

across the classroom.

2 Within the group, one pair of students will write

directions to one of the destinations using com-
pass directions. These directions must include
direction and distance, such as “go north four
steps, then west three steps,” and so on until the
destination is reached.

3 Another pair of students will write directions to a

second destination using landmarks for direction.
Use large objects in your classroom as landmarks,
such as “go to the brown bookshelf and turn left,”
and so on.
World map, 1507
4 Another pair of students will write directions using
direction words such as “left,” “right,” and “straight”
and number of steps. An example might be “go
straight for 3 steps and turn left,” and so on.

5 Next, exchange directions with another group and

navigate the room using them. Navigational tools as they developed
made sailing a ship easier, but they were
Presentation not foolproof. Even the explorer
Christopher Columbus made some ques-
6 Once all of the teams have finished, each group
tionable navigational conclusions. His
should discuss the advantages and disadvantages
flawed measurements put China rough-
of each navigation method. Then have one person
ly where the city of San Diego,
per group give a report to the class of what they
California, is now. Research information
decided was the best method and why. Keep track
about different navigational tools that
on the board which of the three methods got the
have been used. Create a chart describ-
best results.
ing the various tools, including the astro-
labe, sextant, and gyrocompass. Add
illustrations and present your chart to
the class.

97