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MS Excel: Formulas and Functions - Listed by Category
Learn how to use all 300+ Excel formulas and functions including worksheet functions entered
in the formula bar and VBA functions used in Macros.
Worksheet formulas are built-in functions that are entered as part of a formula in a cell. These are
the most basic functions used when learning Excel. VBA functions are built-in functions that are
used in Excel's programming environment called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).
Below is a list of Excel formulas sorted by category. If you would like an alphabetical list of these
formulas, click on the following button:
Search Excel functions:
(Enter a value in the field above to quickly find functions in the list below)
Lookup/Ref Functions
ADDRESS (WS) Returns a text representation of a cell address
AREAS (WS) Returns the number of ranges in a reference
CHOOSE (WS, VBA) Returns a value from a list of values based on a given position
COLUMN (WS) Returns the column number of a cell reference
COLUMNS (WS) Returns the number of columns in a cell reference
Performs a horizontal lookup by searching for a value in the top
HLOOKUP (WS) row of the table and returning the value in the same column based
on the index_number
HYPERLINK (WS) Creates a shortcut to a file or Internet address
Returns either the value or the reference to a value from a table or
INDEX (WS)
range
INDIRECT (WS) Returns the reference to a cell based on its string representation
Returns a value from a range (one row or one column) or from an
LOOKUP (WS)
array
Searches for a value in an array and returns the relative position
MATCH (WS)
of that item
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Searches for a value in an array and returns the relative position
MATCH (WS)
of that item
Returns a reference to a range that is offset a number of rows and
OFFSET (WS)
columns
ROW (WS) Returns the row number of a cell reference
ROWS (WS) Returns the number of rows in a cell reference
Evaluates a list of expressions and returns the corresponding
SWITCH (VBA)
value for the first expression in the list that is TRUE
TRANSPOSE (WS) Returns a transposed range of cells
Performs a vertical lookup by searching for a value in the first
VLOOKUP (WS) column of a table and returning the value in the same row in the
index_number position
String/Text Functions
ASC (VBA) Returns ASCII value of a character
CHAR (WS) Returns the character based on the ASCII value
CHR (VBA) Returns the character based on the ASCII value
CLEAN (WS) Removes all nonprintable characters from a string
Returns the ASCII value of a character or the first character in a
CODE (WS)
cell
CONCAT (WS) Used to join 2 or more strings together
Used to join 2 or more strings together (replaced by CONCAT
CONCATENATE (WS)
Function)
CONCATENATE with & (WS,
Used to join 2 or more strings together using the & operator
VBA)
DOLLAR (WS) Converts a number to text, using a currency format
Compares two strings and returns TRUE if both values are the
EXACT (WS)
same
FIND (WS) Returns the location of a substring in a string (case-sensitive)
Returns a text representation of a number rounded to a specified
FIXED (WS)
number of decimal places
FORMAT STRINGS (VBA) Takes a string expression and returns it as a formatted string
Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a
INSTR (VBA)
string
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Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a
INSTR (VBA)
string
Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string in another
INSTRREV (VBA)
string, starting from the end of the string
LCASE (VBA) Converts a string to lowercase
Extract a substring from a string, starting from the left-most
LEFT (WS, VBA)
character
LEN (WS, VBA) Returns the length of the specified string
LOWER (WS) Converts all letters in the specified string to lowercase
LTRIM (VBA) Removes leading spaces from a string
MID (WS, VBA) Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)
Sets the first character in each word to uppercase and the rest to
PROPER (WS)
lowercase
Replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set of
REPLACE (WS)
characters
Replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set of
REPLACE (VBA)
characters
REPT (WS) Returns a repeated text value a specified number of times
Extracts a substring from a string starting from the right-most
RIGHT (WS, VBA)
character
RTRIM (VBA) Removes trailing spaces from a string
SEARCH (WS) Returns the location of a substring in a string
SPACE (VBA) Returns a string with a specified number of spaces
SPLIT (VBA) Used to split a string into substrings based on a delimiter
STR (VBA) Returns a string representation of a number
Returns an integer value representing the result of a string
STRCOMP (VBA)
comparison
Returns a string converted to uppercase, lowercase, proper case
STRCONV (VBA)
or Unicode
STRREVERSE (VBA) Returns a string whose characters are in reverse order
SUBSTITUTE (WS) Replaces a set of characters with another
T (WS) Returns the text referred to by a value
TEXT (WS) Returns a value converted to text with a specified format
TEXTJOIN (WS) Used to join 2 or more strings together separated by a delimiter
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TEXT (WS) Returns a value converted to text with a specified format
TEXTJOIN (WS) Used to join 2 or more strings together separated by a delimiter
TRIM (WS, VBA) Returns a text value with the leading and trailing spaces removed
UCASE (VBA) Converts a string to all uppercase
UPPER (WS) Convert text to all uppercase
VAL (VBA) Returns the numbers found in a string
VALUE (WS) Converts a text value that represents a number to a number
Date/Time Functions
DATE (WS) Returns the serial date value for a date
DATE (VBA) Returns the current system date
Returns a date after which a certain time/date interval has been
DATEADD (VBA)
added
Returns the difference between two date values, based on the
DATEDIF (WS)
interval specified
Returns the difference between two date values, based on the
DATEDIFF (VBA)
interval specified
DATEPART (VBA) Returns a specified part of a given date
DATESERIAL (VBA) Returns a date given a year, month, and day value
DATEVALUE (WS, VBA) Returns the serial number of a date
Returns the day of the month (a number from 1 to 31) given a date
DAY (WS, VBA)
value
DAYS (WS) Returns the number of days between 2 dates
Returns the number of days between two dates based on a
DAYS360 (WS)
360-day year
Adds a specified number of months to a date and returns the
EDATE (WS)
result as a serial date
Calculates the last day of the month after adding a specified
EOMONTH (WS)
number of months to a date
FORMAT DATES (VBA) Takes a date expression and returns it as a formatted string
HOUR (WS, VBA) Returns the hours (a number from 0 to 23) from a time value
ISOWEEKNUM (WS) Returns the ISO week number for a date
MINUTE (WS, VBA) Returns the minutes (a number from 0 to 59) from a time value
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MINUTE (WS, VBA) Returns the minutes (a number from 0 to 59) from a time value
MONTH (WS, VBA) Returns the month (a number from 1 to 12) given a date value
Returns a string representing the month given a number from 1 to
MONTHNAME (VBA)
12
Returns the number of work days between 2 dates, excluding
NETWORKDAYS (WS)
weekends and holidays
Returns the number of work days between 2 dates, excluding
NETWORKDAYS.INTL (WS)
weekends and holidays
NOW (WS, VBA) Returns the current system date and time
SECOND (WS) Returns the seconds (a number from 0 to 59) from a time value
Returns a decimal number given an hour, minute and second
TIME (WS)
value
TIMESERIAL (VBA) Returns a time given an hour, minute, and second value
TIMEVALUE (WS, VBA) Returns the serial number of a time
TODAY (WS) Returns the current system date
Returns a number representing the day of the week, given a date
WEEKDAY (WS, VBA)
value
Returns a string representing the day of the week given a number
WEEKDAYNAME (VBA)
from 1 to 7
WEEKNUM (WS) Returns the week number for a date
Adds a specified number of work days to a date and returns the
WORKDAY (WS)
result as a serial date
Adds a specified number of work days to a date and returns the
WORKDAY.INTL (WS)
result as a serial date (customizable weekends)
Returns a four-digit year (a number from 1900 to 9999) given a
YEAR (WS, VBA)
date value
YEARFRAC (WS) Returns the number of days between 2 dates as a year fraction
Math/Trig Functions
ABS (WS, VBA) Returns the absolute value of a number
ACOS (WS) Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number
ACOSH (WS) Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number
Apply functions such AVERAGE, SUM, COUNT, MAX or MIN and
AGGREGATE (WS)
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Apply functions such AVERAGE, SUM, COUNT, MAX or MIN and
AGGREGATE (WS)
ignore errors or hidden rows
ASIN (WS) Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number
ASINH (WS) Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number
ATAN (WS) Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number
ATAN2 (WS) Returns the arctangent (in radians) of (x,y) coordinates
ATANH (WS) Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number
ATN (VBA) Returns the arctangent of a number
CEILING (WS) Returns a number rounded up based on a multiple of significance
Returns a number rounded up to the nearest integer or to the
CEILING.PRECISE (WS)
nearest multiple of significance
Returns the number of combinations for a specified number of
COMBIN (WS)
items
Returns the number of combinations for a specified number of
COMBINA (WS)
items and includes repetitions
COS (WS, VBA) Returns the cosine of an angle
COSH (WS) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
DEGREES (WS) Converts radians into degrees
EVEN (WS) Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer
EXP (WS, VBA) Returns e raised to the nth power
FACT (WS) Returns the factorial of a number
FIX (VBA) Returns the integer portion of a number
Returns a number rounded down based on a multiple of
FLOOR (WS)
significance
FORMAT NUMBERS (VBA) Takes a numeric expression and returns it as a formatted string
INT (WS, VBA) Returns the integer portion of a number
LN (WS) Returns the natural logarithm of a number
LOG (WS, VBA) Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base
LOG10 (WS) Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number
MDETERM (WS) Returns the matrix determinant of an array
MINVERSE (WS) Returns the inverse matrix for a given matrix
MMULT (WS) Returns the matrix product of two arrays
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MMULT (WS) Returns the matrix product of two arrays
MOD (WS) Returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor
ODD (WS) Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer
PI (WS) Returns the mathematical constant called pi
POWER (WS) Returns the result of a number raised to a given power
PRODUCT (WS) Multiplies the numbers and returns the product
RADIANS (WS) Converts degrees into radians
Returns a random number that is greater than or equal to 0 and
RAND (WS)
less than 1
RANDBETWEEN (WS) Returns a random number that is between a bottom and top range
Used to change the seed value used by the random number
RANDOMIZE (VBA)
generator for the RND function
RND (VBA) Used to generate a random number (integer value)
ROMAN (WS) Converts a number to roman numeral
ROUND (WS) Returns a number rounded to a specified number of digits
ROUND (VBA) Returns a number rounded to a specified number of digits
ROUNDDOWN (WS) Returns a number rounded down to a specified number of digits
ROUNDUP (WS) Returns a number rounded up to a specified number of digits
SGN (VBA) Returns the sign of a number
SIGN (WS) Returns the sign of a number
SIN (WS, VBA) Returns the sine of an angle
SINH (WS) Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number
SQR (VBA) Returns the square root of a number
SQRT (WS) Returns the square root of a number
Returns the subtotal of the numbers in a column in a list or
SUBTOTAL (WS)
database
SUM (WS) Adds all numbers in a range of cells
SUMIF (WS) Adds all numbers in a range of cells based on one criteria
Adds all numbers in a range of cells, based on a single or multiple
SUMIFS (WS)
criteria
Multiplies the corresponding items in the arrays and returns the
SUMPRODUCT (WS)
sum of the results
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Multiplies the corresponding items in the arrays and returns the
SUMPRODUCT (WS)
sum of the results
SUMSQ (WS) Returns the sum of the squares of a series of values
SUMX2MY2 (WS) Returns the sum of the difference of squares between two arrays
Returns the sum of the squares of corresponding items in the
SUMX2PY2 (WS)
arrays
Returns the sum of the squares of the differences between
SUMXMY2 (WS)
corresponding items in the arrays
TAN (WS, VBA) Returns the tangent of an angle
TANH (WS) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
TRUNC (WS) Returns a number truncated to a specified number of digits
Statistical Functions
Returns the average of the absolute deviations of the numbers
AVEDEV (WS)
provided
AVERAGE (WS) Returns the average of the numbers provided
Returns the average of the numbers provided and treats TRUE as
AVERAGEA (WS)
1 and FALSE as 0
Returns the average of all numbers in a range of cells, based on a
AVERAGEIF (WS)
given criteria
Returns the average of all numbers in a range of cells, based on
AVERAGEIFS (WS)
multiple criteria
BETA.DIST (WS) Returns the beta distribution
Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density
BETA.INV (WS)
function
BETADIST (WS) Returns the cumulative beta probability density function
Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density
BETAINV (WS)
function
BINOM.DIST (WS) Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability
Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial
BINOM.INV (WS)
distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion
BINOMDIST (WS) Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability
CHIDIST (WS) Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution
Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared
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CHIDIST (WS) Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution
Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared
CHIINV (WS)
distribution
CHITEST (WS) Returns the value from the chi-squared distribution
Counts the number of cells that contain numbers as well as the
COUNT (WS)
number of arguments that contain numbers
Counts the number of cells that are not empty as well as the
COUNTA (WS)
number of value arguments provided
COUNTBLANK (WS) Counts the number of empty cells in a range
COUNTIF (WS) Counts the number of cells in a range, that meets a given criteria
Counts the number of cells in a range, that meets a single or
COUNTIFS (WS)
multiple criteria
Returns the covariance, the average of the products of deviations
COVAR (WS)
for two data sets
Returns a prediction of a future value based on existing values
FORECAST (WS)
provided
Returns how often values occur within a set of data. It returns a
FREQUENCY (WS)
vertical array of numbers
Returns the predicted exponential growth based on existing values
GROWTH (WS)
provided
Returns the y-axis intersection point of a line using x-axis values
INTERCEPT (WS)
and y-axis values
LARGE (WS) Returns the nth largest value from a set of values
Uses the least squares method to calculate the statistics for a
LINEST (WS)
straight line and returns an array describing that line
MAX (WS) Returns the largest value from the numbers provided
Returns the largest value from the values provided (numbers, text
MAXA (WS)
and logical values)
MEDIAN (WS) Returns the median of the numbers provided
MIN (WS) Returns the smallest value from the numbers provided
Returns the smallest value from the values provided (numbers,
MINA (WS)
text and logical values)
PERCENTILE (WS) Returns the nth percentile from a set of values
PERCENTRANK (WS) Returns the nth percentile from a set of values
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PERCENTRANK (WS) Returns the nth percentile from a set of values
Returns the number of permutations for a specified number of
PERMUT (WS)
items
QUARTILE (WS) Returns the quartile from a set of values
RANK (WS) Returns the rank of a number within a set of numbers
Returns the slope of a regression line based on the data points
SLOPE (WS)
identified by known_y_values and known_x_values
SMALL (WS) Returns the nth smallest value from a set of values
Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample
STDEV (WS)
of numbers
Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample
STDEVA (WS)
of numbers, text, and logical values
Returns the standard deviation of a population based on an entire
STDEVP (WS)
population of numbers
Returns the standard deviation of a population based on an entire
STDEVPA (WS)
population of numbers, text, and logical values
Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of
VAR (WS)
numbers
Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of
VARA (WS)
numbers, text, and logical values
Returns the variance of a population based on an entire
VARP (WS)
population of numbers
Returns the variance of a population based on an entire
VARPA (WS)
population of numbers, text, and logical values
Logical Functions
AND (WS) Returns TRUE if all conditions are TRUE
AND (VBA) Returns TRUE if all conditions are TRUE
CASE (VBA) Has the functionality of an IF-THEN-ELSE statement
FALSE (WS) Returns a logical value of FALSE
FOR...NEXT (VBA) Used to create a FOR LOOP
Returns one value if the condition is TRUE or another value if the
IF (WS)
condition is FALSE
IF (more than 7) (WS) Nest more than 7 IF functions
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IF (more than 7) (WS) Nest more than 7 IF functions
IF (up to 7) (WS) Nest up to 7 IF functions
Returns a value if a specified condition evaluates to TRUE or
IF-THEN-ELSE (VBA)
another value if it evaluates to FALSE
IFS (WS) Specify multiple IF conditions within 1 function
NOT (WS) Returns the reversed logical value
OR (WS) Returns TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE
OR (VBA) Returns TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE
TRUE (WS) Returns a logical value of TRUE
WHILE...WEND (VBA) Used to create a WHILE LOOP
Information Functions
Used to retrieve information about a cell such as contents,
CELL (WS)
formatting, size, etc.
ENVIRON (VBA) Returns the value of an operating system environment variable
ERROR.TYPE (WS) Returns the numeric representation of an Excel error
INFO (WS) Returns information about the operating environment
ISBLANK (WS) Used to check for blank or null values
ISDATE (VBA) Returns TRUE if the expression is a valid date
ISEMPTY (VBA) Used to check for blank cells or uninitialized variables
ISERR (WS) Used to check for error values except #N/A
ISERROR (WS, VBA) Used to check for error values
ISLOGICAL (WS) Used to check for a logical value (TRUE or FALSE)
ISNA (WS) Used to check for #N/A error
ISNONTEXT (WS) Used to check for a value that is not text
ISNULL (VBA) Used to check for a NULL value
ISNUMBER (WS) Used to check for a numeric value
ISNUMERIC (VBA) Used to check for a numeric value
ISREF (WS) Used to check for a reference
ISTEXT (WS) Used to check for a text value
N (WS) Converts a value to a number
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N (WS) Converts a value to a number
NA (WS) Returns the #N/A error value
TYPE (WS) Returns the type of a value
Financial Functions
Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest on a
ACCRINT (WS)
periodic basis
Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at
ACCRINTM (WS)
maturity
Returns the linear depreciation of an asset for each accounting
AMORDEGRC (WS)
period, on a prorated basis
Returns the depreciation of an asset for each accounting period,
AMORLINC (WS)
on a prorated basis
Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the fixed-declining
DB (WS)
balance method
Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the double-
DDB (WS, VBA)
declining balance method
FV (WS, VBA) Returns the future value of an investment
IPMT (WS, VBA) Returns the interest payment for an investment
IRR (WS, VBA) Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows
ISPMT (WS) Returns the interest payment for an investment
Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of cash
MIRR (WS, VBA)
flows
NPER (WS, VBA) Returns the number of periods for an investment
NPV (WS, VBA) Returns the net present value of an investment
PMT (WS, VBA) Returns the payment amount for a loan
PPMT (WS, VBA) Returns the payment on the principal for a particular payment
PV (WS, VBA) Returns the present value of an investment
RATE (WS, VBA) Returns the interest rate for an annuity
Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the straight-line
SLN (WS, VBA)
depreciation method
Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the sum-of-years'
SYD (WS, VBA)
digits depreciation method
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SYD (WS, VBA)
digits depreciation method
Returns the depreciation of an asset based on a variable declining
VDB (WS)
balance depreciation method
Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows that
XIRR (WS)
may not be periodic
Database Functions
Averages all numbers in a column in a list or database, based on
DAVERAGE (WS)
a given criteria
Returns the number of cells in a column or database that contains
DCOUNT (WS)
numeric values and meets a given criteria
Returns the number of cells in a column or database that contains
DCOUNTA (WS)
nonblank values and meets a given criteria
Retrieves from a database a single record that matches a given
DGET (WS)
criteria
Returns the largest number in a column in a list or database,
DMAX (WS)
based on a given criteria
Returns the smallest number in a column in a list or database,
DMIN (WS)
based on a given criteria
Returns the product of the numbers in a column in a list or
DPRODUCT (WS)
database, based on a given criteria
Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample
DSTDEV (WS)
of numbers
Returns the standard deviation of a population based on the entire
DSTDEVP (WS)
population of numbers
Sums the numbers in a column or database that meets a given
DSUM (WS)
criteria
Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of
DVAR (WS)
numbers
Returns the variance of a population based on the entire
DVARP (WS)
population of numbers
Engineering Functions
BIN2DEC (WS) Converts a binary number to a decimal number
BIN2HEX (WS) Converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number
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BIN2HEX (WS) Converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number
BIN2OCT (WS) Converts a binary number to an octal number
COMPLEX (WS) Converts coefficients (real and imaginary) into a complex number
Convert a number from one measurement unit to another
CONVERT (WS)
measurement unit
File/Directory Functions
CHDIR (VBA) Used to change the current directory or folder
CHDRIVE (VBA) Used to change the current drive
CURDIR (VBA) Returns the current path
Returns the first filename that matches the pathname and
DIR (VBA)
attributes specified
Returns the date and time of when a file was created or last
FILEDATETIME (VBA)
modified
FILELEN (VBA) Returns the size of a file in bytes
Returns an integer that represents the attributes of a file, folder, or
GETATTR (VBA)
directory
MKDIR (VBA) Used to create a new folder or directory
SETATTR (VBA) Used to set the attributes of a file
Data Type Conv. Functions
CBOOL (VBA) Converts a value to a boolean
CBYTE (VBA) Converts a value to a byte (ie: number between 0 and 255)
CCUR (VBA) Converts a value to currency
CDATE (VBA) Converts a value to a date
CDBL (VBA) Converts a value to a double
CDEC (VBA) Converts a value to a decimal number
CINT (VBA) Converts a value to an integer
CLNG (VBA) Converts a value to a long integer
CSNG (VBA) Converts a value to a single-precision number
CSTR (VBA) Converts a value to a string
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