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The 3D Wave Equation: Plane Wave Spherical Wave

The document discusses planar and spherical wavefronts. Planar wavefronts propagate without changing shape, while spherical wavefronts expand outward as they propagate, preserving energy. Rays are normals to wavefronts and represent trajectories of light particles. Wave vectors describe waves and are assigned to each point on a wavefront. The 3D wave vector can be derived from the wave equation. Spherical waves originate from a point source and have outgoing spherical wavefronts. Dispersive waves have different propagation speeds at different frequencies. Group velocity describes energy propagation while phase velocity describes the propagation of crests. Spatial frequencies describe wavefront shapes at an observation plane.

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554 views21 pages

The 3D Wave Equation: Plane Wave Spherical Wave

The document discusses planar and spherical wavefronts. Planar wavefronts propagate without changing shape, while spherical wavefronts expand outward as they propagate, preserving energy. Rays are normals to wavefronts and represent trajectories of light particles. Wave vectors describe waves and are assigned to each point on a wavefront. The 3D wave vector can be derived from the wave equation. Spherical waves originate from a point source and have outgoing spherical wavefronts. Dispersive waves have different propagation speeds at different frequencies. Group velocity describes energy propagation while phase velocity describes the propagation of crests. Spatial frequencies describe wavefront shapes at an observation plane.

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The 3D wave equation

Plane wave Spherical wave

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/11/09 wk6-b- 13
Planar and Spherical Wavefronts

Planar wavefront (plane wave):

The wave phase is constant along a


planar surface (the wavefront).

As time evolves, the wavefronts propagate


at the wave speed without changing;
we say that the wavefronts are invariant to
propagation in this case.

Spherical wavefront (spherical wave):

The wave phase is constant along a


spherical surface (the wavefront).

As time evolves, the wavefronts propagate


at the wave speed and expand outwards
while preserving the waves energy.

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/11/09 wk6-b- 14
Wavefronts, rays, and wave vectors

Rays are:

k 1) normals to the wavefront surfaces


2) trajectories of particles of light

Wave vectors:

At each point on the wavefront, we may


assign a normal vector k

This is known as the wave vector;


k it magnitude k is the wave number and it
is defined as

k
MIT 2.71/2.710
03/11/09 wk6-b- 15
3D wave vector from the wave equation

wa
x ve
fro
nt
kx
k
ector
wa ve v
kz z
ky
y

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/11/09 wk6-b- 16
3D wave vector and the Descartes sphere

The wave vector represents the


momentum of the wave.
Consistent with Geometrical Optics,
its magnitude is constrained to be
proportional to the refractive index n
(2/free is a normalization factor)

In wave optics, the Descartes sphere


is also known as Ewald sphere
or simply as the k-sphere.
(Ewald sphere may be familiar to you
from solid state physics)

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/11/09 wk6-b- 17
Spherical wave

point
source
Outgoing
rays

Outgoing
wavefronts
(spherical)

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/11/09 wk6-b- 18
Dispersive waves

Dispersion curves for glass


Fig. 9X,Y in Jenkins, Francis A., and Harvey E. White.
Fundamentals of Optics. 4th ed. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 1976. ISBN: 9780070323308.
(c) McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. This content
is excluded from our Creative Commons license.
For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse .
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cut-off a=1m
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Superposition of waves at different frequencies

Fig. 7.16a,b,c in Hecht, Eugene. Optics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,


2001. ISBN: 9780805385663. (c) Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
This content is excluded from ourCreative Commons license.
For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse .

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/16/09 wk7-a- 2
Group and phase velocity

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MIT 2.71/2.710
03/16/09 wk7-a- 3
Spatial frequencies

We now turn to a monochromatic (single color) optical field.

The field is often observed (or measured) at a planar surface along the optical axis z.

The wavefront shape at the observation plane is, therefore, of particular interest.

x observation planes x

Plane wave Spherical wave

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/16/09 wk7-a- 4
Spatial frequencies

Plane wave Spherical wave


MIT 2.71/2.710
03/16/09 wk7-a- 5
Today

Electromagnetics
Electric (Coulomb) and magnetic forces
Gauss Law: electrical
Gauss Law: magnetic
Faradays Law
Ampre-Maxwell Law
Maxwells equations Wave equation
Energy propagation
Poynting vector
average Poynting vector: intensity
Calculation of the intensity from phasors
Intensity

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 1
Electric and magnetic forces

r
q q
F
+ + dl
free charges F
r

I
Coulomb force Magnetic force

(dielectric) permitivity (magnetic) permeability

of free space of free space

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 2
Electric and magnetic fields

Observation Generation

F velocity
E
v
static charge:
electric E
field
q +
electric field
+
electric

magnetic B charge

induction

B v moving charge
+ (electric current):

Lorentz force + magnetic field

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 3
Gauss Law: electric field

E E
da
da
+ +
V

Gauss theorem

: charge density

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 4
Gauss Law: magnetic field

da
there are no
magnetic
charges
B
V

Gauss theorem

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 5
Faradays Law: electromotive force

E
dl
B(t) (in/de)creasing

A
C

Stokes theorem

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 6
Ampre-Maxwell Law: magnetic induction

B B

dl dl

E
I

current capacitor
A
A C C

Stokes theorem

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 7
Maxwells Equations (free space)

Integral form Differential form

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 8
Wave Equation for electromagnetic waves

MIT 2.71/2.710
03/18/09 wk7-b- 9
MIT OpenCourseWare
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2.71 / 2.710 Optics


Spring 2009

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