Scientific Notation
Scientific notation is the way that scientists easily handle very large numbers or very
small numbers. For example, instead of writing 0.0000000056, we write 5.6 x 10 -9.
So, how does this work?
We can think of 5.6 x 10-9 as the product of two numbers: 5.6 (the digit term) and 10-
9
(the exponential term).
Here are some examples of scientific notation.
10000 = 1 x 104 24327 = 2.4327 x 104
1000 = 1 x 103 7354 = 7.354 x 103
100 = 1 x 102 482 = 4.82 x 102
10 = 1 x 101 89 = 8.9 x 101
1 = 100
1/10 = 0.1 = 1 x 10-1 0.32 = 3.2 x 10-1
1/100 = 0.01 = 1 x 10-2 0.053 = 5.3 x 10-2
1/1000 = 0.001 = 1 x 10-3 0.0078 = 7.8 x 10-3
1/10000 = 0.0001 = 1 x 10-4 0.00044 = 4.4 x 10-4
As you can see, the exponent of 10 is the number of places the decimal point must be
shifted to give the number in long form. A positive exponent shows that the decimal
point is shifted that number of places to the right. A negative exponent shows that the
decimal point is shifted that number of places to the left.
In scientific notation, the digit term indicates the number of significant figures in the
number. The exponential term only places the decimal point. As an example,
46600000 = 4.66 x 107
This number only has 3 significant figures. The zeros are not significant; they are only
holding a place. As another example,
0.00053 = 5.3 x 10-4
This number has 2 significant figures. The zeros are only place holders.
How to do calculations:
On your scientific calculator:
Make sure that the number in scientific notation is put into your calculator
correctly.
Read the directions for your particular calculator. For inexpensive scientific
calculators:
1. Punch the number (the digit number) into your calculator.
2. Push the EE or EXP button. Do NOT use the x (times) button!!
3. Enter the exponent number. Use the +/- button to change its sign.
4. Voila! Treat this number normally in all subsequent calculations.
To check yourself, multiply 6.0 x 105 times 4.0 x 103 on your calculator. Your answer
should be 2.4 x 109.
Addition and Subtraction:
All numbers are converted to the same power of 10, and the digit terms are
added or subtracted.
Example: (4.215 x 10-2) + (3.2 x 10-4) = (4.215 x 10-2) + (0.032 x 10-2) = 4.247
x 10-2
Example: (8.97 x 104) - (2.62 x 103) = (8.97 x 104) - (0.262 x 104) = 8.71 x 104
Multiplication:
The digit terms are multiplied in the normal way and the exponents are added.
The end result is changed so that there is only one nonzero digit to the left of
the decimal.
Example: (3.4 x 106)(4.2 x 103) = (3.4)(4.2) x 10(6+3) = 14.28 x 109 = 1.4 x 1010
(to 2 significant figures)
Example: (6.73 x 10-5)(2.91 x 102) = (6.73)(2.91) x 10(-5+2) = 19.58 x 10-3 =
1.96 x 10-2
(to 3 significant figures)
Division:
The digit terms are divided in the normal way and the exponents are subtracted.
The quotient is changed (if necessary) so that there is only one nonzero digit to
the left of the decimal.
Example: (6.4 x 106)/(8.9 x 102) = (6.4)/(8.9) x 10(6-2) = 0.719 x 104 = 7.2 x 103
(to 2 significant figures)
Example: (3.2 x 103)/(5.7 x 10-2) = (3.2)/(5.7) x 103-(-2) = 0.561 x 105 = 5.6 x
104
(to 2 significant figures)
QUIZ:
Question 1 Write in scientific notation: 0.000467 and 32000000
Question 2 Express 5.43 x 10-3 as a number.
Question 3 (4.5 x 10-14) x (5.2 x 103) = ?
Question 4 (6.1 x 105)/(1.2 x 10-3) = ?
Answers: (1) 4.67 x 10-4; 3.2 x 107 (2)0.00543 (3) 2.3 x 10-10 (2 significant
figures) (4) 5.1 x 108 (2 significant figures)
