Implementation of IoT based smart
lighting system with wireless sensor
networks
Introduction
The street lighting is one of the largest energy expenses for a city. An
intelligent street lighting system can cut municipal street lighting costs as
much as 50% - 70%. An intelligent street lighting system is a system that
adjusts light output based on usage and occupancy, i.e., automating
classification of pedestrian versus cyclist, versus automotive. An intelligent
street light management proposes the installation of the wireless based
system to remotely track and control the actual energy consumption of the
street lights and take appropriate energy consumption reduction measures
through power conditioning and control.
The street light controller should be installed on the pole lights which
consist of microcontroller along with various sensor and wireless module.
The street light controller installed on the street light pole will control LED
street lighting depending on traffic flow, communicate data between each
street light. The data from the street light controller can be transferred to
base station using wireless technology to monitor the system.
The mode of operation of the system can be conducted using auto mode
and manual mode. The control system will switch on-off the lights at
required timings and can also vary the intensity of the street light according
to requirement.
ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in
IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete
the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application
layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer defined application
objects which allow for customization and favor total integration.
Requirements of the system
Sensors such as LDR, PIR, Hall, ambience, ultrasonic, temperature etc.
Microcontroller- We can use Arduino having Atmega microcontroller. It
provides IDE for programming the Arduino uno board.
Zigbee module is wireless communication medium for exchange of
information from/to street lights and control unit.
Solar panels and a rechargable battery feed the system with power.
Street light transmitter is hardware based system. Control system works
based on software.
Relays to switch on/off the street light.
G3-PLC and RS485 can also be used in place of Zigbee module for exchange
of information.
LEDs as the light source.
Design of Remote Monitoring and
Controlling System
A client can access the home server through a web service or smartphone.
The client can monitor home status through a real-time monitoring sub-
system and control the lights through the On/off control panel.
The real-time monitoring sub-system captures images of the area of the
home to be monitored and serves the client who accesses the server
through the web or a smartphone.
A client using the web or a smartphone generates the session manager and
connects to the server. Then, it receives media data and displays the video.
In this way, the client can monitor the in-home status in real-time.
Light control sub-system is composed of a server which works as a gateway,
ZigBee coordinator, end-device, switch node and a light .
The operation of the sub-system is as follows.
A client program maintains a user interface which contains an on/off control
panel.
A server which works as a gateway receives control commands from the
client and relays the command to the ZigBee coordinator through the RS-
232C serial communication.
The coordinator relays the control command which is received form the
server to the end device through RF communication.
The end device receives the command from the coordinator and controls
the port of the switch node.
The switch node controls the switch of the light.
Literature review
Soyoung Hwang proposed a remote monitoring and controlling system
which is based on zigbee networks. Real time monitoring is implemented
with JMF. It is a multimedia extension API of java.
Richu Sam Alex proposed a system which reduces the power consumption
of the street lighting system about 30% compared to conventional design.
This system is fully automated. It also uses Zigbee so that control station can
also analyze all the performances of the system.
Raja R worked on the energy saving concepts. Here, smart sensor networks
in DC electrical appliances like lighting, helps for monitoring of energy
usage. Conventional lamps are powered by AC grid but for LED DC supply is
sufficient. Dimming of light can also be achieved by using appropriate
protocol helps in energy saving. Replacing the traditional lamp by LED
makes 44% energy saving.
Daeho Kim worked on smart LED lighting system by using Infrared and
Ultrasonic sensors together. Here they proposed a model which
continuously tracks the human motion. Output based on the human
tracking data which is obtained by these sensors are responsible for
determining the On-Off control of the LED lighting. Previously existing
system fails in continuously monitoring the motion of an object by using
each sensors separately. For the same reason, the efficiency of the existing
system is low. By the hardware implementation they developed a model to
improve the efficiency which helps in smart lighting. The proposed
approach make use of sensors in which IR sensor sends the sensed data to
the MCU board which in turn sends the same data to the LED control layer.
Depending on the results of the sensed data LED control layer turns on the
lighting system. Human presence is detected by IR sensor and continuous
tracking is possible by the Ultrasonic (US) sensor. As before the sensed
values are sent to the MCU board by US sensor which controls the On-Off of
the lighting.
B. K. Subramanyam has developed a model which provides smart lighting
system on streets which is mainly solar based. At the PC side, graphical user
interface (GUI) takes part in controlling the street light. For monitoring and
controlling the lamps on streets, Zigbee technology is used. More power
and energy is saved by using LDR and IS sensors. Basically this proposed
model works on the two operational modes. They are Auto and Manual
mode. In Auto mode On-Off of the light are done by using LDRs which
measures the intensity of light. Controlling is by use of relays. In the Manual
mode, the controlling and monitoring of the street lights is made successful
by using the specially designed GUI and by using the Zigbee technology.
Michele Mango proposed a low cost, wireless, adaptable sensor based
smart lighting system which makes use of PIR sensors and motion sensors. It
is helpful for controlling the light intensity and power consumption using
LED light. Dimming of light is achieved using PIR sensor only in presence of
obstacles around. Main advantage of this system is energy conservation.
Kuo-Hsiung Tseng and Chin-Liang Hsieh used a three-phase G3-PLC
connection architecture, meaning whichever phase the street lamp terminal
controller G3-PLC Slave is connected to, it can be connected to the G3-PLC
Master. When a street lamp is condition is abnormal, the street lamp
terminal controller G3-PLC Slave can send an Alarm signal via G3-PLC, which
informs the persons concerned by short message or Mail, and the abnormal
condition of the street lamp can be promptly handled. In addition, the
street lamp main control end can control the street lamp on/off via power
line by G3-PLC Master in order to save energy.
Hwajeong Seo, Jongseok Choi, Hyunjin Kim, Taehwan Park presented a novel
light sensor based surveillance system. This method is simple and low-cost
solution than traditional CCTV based surveillance system. We evaluate
system by collecting light information in different time domains and regions.
We collected light information using light sensor installed in smartphone by
visiting each destination. On the basis of the information , the safe path in
each time domain was determined. The parameter luminance is used for
making a decision on condition of street.
Working of the system
Street lights are powered by solar energy. Sensors senses the data,
collect the information and sends to microcontroller.
Microcontroller controls the signal and runs the software to analyze
the system.
Initially, motion sensor activates the micro-controller only when
vehicle or pedestrian enters into the detection region and activates
light sensor.
Light sensor gets activated if light illumination is achieved less than
fixed threshold to switch the lights ON, else OFF. For example in
rainy or winter season automatically control takes action over
DIMMING. (i.e., low illumination, acts as supporting feature for
natural light).
Now, ZigBee device (at transmission side) is ready to receive
information from streetlight and communicate with ZigBee
device (at receiver side), then sends to terminal via USB cable.
ZigBee device communicates point-to-point to detect the
faulty lights in the system.
Through GUI, technician can identify the faults and can easily
maintain the system.
ZigBee device communicates point to point to detect the
faulty lights in the system.
System model using WSN and PIR sensor
This system model consists of monitoring center and WSNs. The basic work
of Monitoring center is that it communicates with sensor networks with the
help of wire or wireless approaches. By monitoring this, the parameters of
every street lamp, the information about pedestrian and vehicular
movement can be obtained. The activities like detecting and controlling are
performed by illumination sensors, PIR and other sensors.
Take 3 lamp posts (n,n+1,n+2) , each lamp have there individual sensing
area .The LED light sources can be used in the lamps as they are more power
efficient and level of light intensity by lamps can be adjusted very smoothly.
The lamps can also very easily be adapted to different weather conditions.
1) If there are no pedestrians or vehicles in the sensing area, street light will
remain less bright as PIR will not get triggered.
2) If there are any pedestrians or vehicles in the sensing area then the nth
lamp will glow bright as the PIR sensor on the lamp will be triggered.
Simultaneously a message is also sent to the next street lamp through WSN
in order to inform the pedestrians and vehicles coming.
3) The pedestrians as well as vehicles will take some time to leave the
sensing area of first street light and enter the sensing area of (n+1)th street
light. So as soon as the second lamp receives the message, it adjusts the
brightness accordingly after a delay of say x seconds.
4) The same procedure is followed for the (n+2)th street light . This light
does not glow after the delay time; this indicates the pedestrians or vehicles
have left the sensing area. The (n+2)th one lowers its brightness as no
vehicles or pedestrians are sensed by the PIR sensor in the sensing area.
5) Further these street lights can be used to give the information about
present and future weather conditions, humidity conditions, noise present
on the road and pollution content in the environment.
Information exchange process between
control unit and street lamps
The management system comprises street lamps and:
Street lamp monitoring server.
Street lamp monitoring client-side.
Concentrator: connecting GPRS interface to the master control system
Server, and providing regional control ability and temporary data storage
when GPRS is obstructed.
Zigbee Coordinator: receives the command from the Concentrator, which is
sent via RF to the Zigbee Slave, or the message of the Zigbee Slave is
uploaded to the Coordinator.
Zigbee Slave: receives the command of the Zigbee Coordinator to control
the operation of street lamps. If a street lamp has an open maintenance
hole, leaks electricity, or does not light, the warning is sent via power lines
to the Zigbee Coordinator, Concentrator, to the server via GPRS, or a SMS
short message is sent via Concentrator to related personnel. The Zigbee
Slave must have the automatic routing function in order to meet the
requirement of extensive street lamp management.
Technical specifications
Solar Panel 12 V, 50 W
Battery Lead acid, 12 V, 26 Ah
Lamp 8 W, Focus LED
PIR Sensor #555-28027 5 V, Range : 3 m
Light Sensor TEPT5700,Phototransistor
X-BEE 3.3 V, 25 m, 2.4 GHz,
9.6 kbps
Pole height 9 feet from ground
Advantages of the proposed system
Automatic Switching of Street lights
Maintenance Cost Reduction
Reduction in CO emission
Reduction of light pollution
Wireless Communication
Energy Saving
Reduction of manpower
Future applications
Flashlights to assist emergency vehicles.
Lights that turn on in a certain pattern to guide emergency vehicles to a
particular location.
Audio detection in streetlights to help identify where gunshots are
coming from. The streetlight would be able to help law enforcement
triangulate an incident and respond quicker.
Stoplight camera integration.
Videos for crime detection and prevention.
Occupancy sensors can be coordinated for heating and cooling profiles.
They also could be a valuable complement to security systems
Future work will concentrate on such incremental improvements of the
solution as fine tuning of the lighting scenes and optimization of control
application, optimized device and application configuration, as well as
its further integration with tools for holistic energy management.
Network Options
Cellular is an option because the endpoints (typically light
poles) are powered, so battery life isnt an issue.
Z Wave, ZigBee, and other 802.15.4 mesh networks are also
possibilities for outdoor lighting, but increased latencyin this
case, waiting for a signal to bounce around the web
formation and back to a main hubcan be an issue here.
Star topology networks like Symphony Link are great options,
because LPWAN is much less expensive than cellular and more
reliable than mesh.
References
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Intelligent Street Lighting System using Zigbee and Sensors,
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology
(IJEAT), Vol-3, Issue 4, april 2014.
[3]. Daeho Kim, Junghoon Lee, Yeongmin Jang and Jaesang
Cha. Smart LED lighting system implementation using Human
tracking US/IR sensor 2011 IEEE (ICTC 2011).
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