UNIT I INTRODUCTION 6
Introduction to Landscape Architecture, Ecology, Ecological Balance,
Landscape Conservation, Reclamation and Landscaping of Derelict
Lands, Environmental Impact Assessment.
UNIT II ELEMENTS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN 10
Hard and soft landscape elements; Plant materials - classification,
characteristics, use and application in landscape design; Water and
Landform,
UNIT III GARDEN DESIGN 10
Landscape and garden design in history - Japanese, Italian Renaissance
and Moghul gardens in India, Study of notable examples, Spatial
development in landscape design.
UNIT IV SITE PLANNING 10
Organisation of spaces - circulation, built form and open spaces, site
planning and micro climate, site planning for neighbourhood parks,
childrens play area and campus development.
UNIT V LANDSCAPING OF FUNCTIONAL AREAS 9
Urban open spaces and principle of urban landscape; Street landscaping,
landscape design for waterfront areas and functional areas in urban
centres; green roofs.
City and pattern
Unplanned cities
Planned Cities
Intersections as nodes and streets as edges
City and pattern
Street patterns
Squares & open spaces
Spatial organizations & land uses
Road networks
Street Patterns
Street patterns are a feature of urban areas which we can't live
without. Street patterns can make it easy to travel around in the
city, it can cause heavy traffic congestion or make it very
difficult to locate a place.
There are THREE general types of street patterns -
Various types
of
street patterns
Street design approaches
Street hierarchy
The way people experience the place they live and work in as they
move through it has a crucial impact upon how it is perceived and
how people behave.
1 2
3
1. Path
2. Street
3. Boulevard
4
4. Square
Urban squares
Urban squares
India Gate Complex is a City Square of
New Delhi, India. This Square has an area
of 306,600 m and dimension of approx.
625m diameter. It is one of the largest city
square in India.
Road networks
FUNCTION AND THE
IMPORTANCE OF
MOVEMENT
CARRIAGEWAY WIDTHS
Carriageway widths for heavily- Standard lanes Standard
trafficked Arterial and Link streets widths for multi lane lane/carriageway
in boulevard configuration. Main carriageway for widths for multi lane
carriageway suitable for Arterial and Link Arterial and Link
moderate design speeds. streets in boulevard streets, including
Includes access lanes with a configuration, bus lanes. Range for
lower design speed. including bus lanes low to moderate
design speeds.
CARRIAGEWAY WIDTHS
Standard Carriageway
carriageway width for Local
widths for Arterial Carriageway Standard streets with a
and Link streets. width for Arterial carriageway shared surface
Range for low to and Link streets width for Local carriageway.
moderate design frequently used streets
speeds. by larger vehicles.
Spatial organization
Elements of the urban transport system, namely modes, infrastructures and
users, have a spatial imprint which shapes the urban form. Considering that
each city has different socioeconomic and geographical characteristics,
the spatial imprint of transportation varies accordingly.
Spatial organization
A street or road may pass through a number of different
contexts along its route. As context changes, the design of
streets and roads will need to change accordingly.
Spatial organization
Spatial organization
CENTRES NEIGHBOURHOODS SUBURBS
BUSINESS PARKS/
INDUSTRIAL ESTATES
Urban land uses
Urban land uses
1) Residential Land Use:
All places where people live from single family homes to huge
apartment towers
40% of a cities area, residential density is the number of housing
units per hectare.
Density refers to the number of people per unit of land area
Low density: detached houses on relatively large lots
Medium density: 20 to 80 units per hectare -low rise apartment buildings
and town houses
High density: more than 80 units per hectare -high rise apartment buildings
Low density Medium density High density
Two factors affect density of
residential housing:
Land value
Age of the neighborhood
Suburbs Harbourfront
2) Transportation Land Use:
nearly 32% of urban land for roads, highways railroads and electricity
transmission corridors
Three types of transportation land use: Vehicles, Travel Paths & Terminal
Facilities
The more people in a city, the more Vehicles, The more parking space
required.
Four categories of Roadways:
expressways: large volumes of traffic long distances quickly; limited access
(interchanges)
arterial roads: moderate volumes, shorter distances; link local roads to
expressways
collector roads: move (collect) traffic from local roads to arterial roads
local roads are smaller and carry smaller volumes of people between
peoples homes and arterial roads. local roads tend to be either on a grid or a
garden pattern
3) Commercial Land Use: About 5% of cities land use is for business like retailing,
wholesaling, offices, and services. really important to the economy.
4) Industrial Land Use: About 6% is used for factories usually located along the
railways or along water ways of the city.
5) Institutional Land Use: 10% is used for schools, hospitals, government
buildings, and places of worship.
6) Recreational Land Use: 7% of land is used for parks, playgrounds, golf
courses, and etcetera
links between
place, movement
and speed that
need to be taken
into account in
order to achieve
effective self-
regulating street
environments
Streetscape
CONTINUITY OF THE STREET WALL
BUILDING HEIGHT TO STREET WIDTH RATIO
Streetscapes Tree size and
street reserve
General guide to
the canopy width
and clearance
height for street
trees.
Streetscapes
Streets have both a place and movement
function, so streets should be connected,
enclosed, fronted onto and promote
pedestrian and cyclist activity.
Pedestrian activity and footway width
The amount of space
needed for pedestrians
to pass each other with
regard to pedestrian
activity levels.
Street Edges
Setback to the
pedestrian footway
OPEN SPACES
Main types of urban open spaces
Parks, public gardens and green
spaces
Roads and other transport routes
Residential open space and
Housing landscape
Historic open spaces
Water bodies and water courses
External spaces in relation to
buildings
Urban fringe
OPEN SPACES
