Cestode Morphology LifeCycle ClinicalManifestations Diagnosis Treatment Prevention
IntestinalCestodes
Taeniasaginata Ova:thickembryophotewith Habitat:smallintestines Taeniasis(ifsymptomatic): Fecalysis:eggsor Praziquantel5 Adequatecooking
(Taeniarhynchus numeroustinypits;oncosphere FinalHost:Humans weightloss,dizziness, proglottids 10mg/kgsingle ofmeat(>56C)
saginataorBeef with3pairsofhooklets IntermediateHosts: abdominalpain,diarrhea, PCR dose Freezingthemeat
tapeworm) Scolex:norostellumorscolex cattle headaches,nausea, at5Cfor7days
armature;4suckerscuboidalin InfectiveStage:Cysteceri constipation,indigestion, Sanitarymeat
shape ModeofTransmission: lossofappetite inspection
Proglottid:(mature)contains ingestionofrawor
unbrancheduterus,ovary,genital undercookedbeef
pore,testesandvitellinegland;n infectedwitheggsor
digestivesystem;(gravid)contains gravidprogottids
brancheduterus
Adult:410minlength(upto25
m);1000to4000proglottidseach
withapproximately50000eggs
Taeniasolium Ova:sameasabove Habitat:smallintestines Taeniasis:sameasabove Fecalysis:eggs Praziquantel5 Adequatecooking
(Porktapeworm) Scolex:hasnonretractable Finalhost:humans Cysticercosis:bladder andproglottids 10mg/kgsingle ofmeat(>56C)
rostellumwith2rowsof2232 Intermediatehosts:pigs wormsmigrateinto Biopsy dose Freezingthemeat
hooks;4suckersspheroidalin Infectivestage:cystecerci varioushost Radiologic Surgeryfor at5Cfor7days
shape Modeoftransmission: tissues/organs> imagingtests: neurocysticercosis Sanitarymeat
Proglottid:(mature)hasan ingestionofrawor inflammation calcifiedlarvaein inspection
accessoryovarianlobe,novaginal undercookedpork Neurocysticercosis: subcutaneous,
sphincteranddigestivesystem; infectedwitheggsor cysticercosisinCNS> muscletissue,
(gravid)length>width,branched gravidproglottids epilepsy,seizures, ringenhancing
uterus blindness,headaches, brainlesons
Adult:24minlength;8000to dizziness,sensorydeficits,
10000proglottidseachwithapprox. involuntarymovements
30000to50000eggs
Taeniaasiatica Ova:sameasabove Habitat:smallintestines Usuallyasymptomatic PCR Praziquantel150 Adequatecooking
(AsianTaeniaor Scolex:distinctrostellumwithout Finalhost:humans Ifsymptomatic: EITB mg ofmeat(>56C)
Asian hooks;4simplesuckers Intermediatehosts: intermittentepigastric LAMP: Freezingthemeat
tapeworm) Proglottids:(mature)hasvaginal pigs>cattle pain confirmation at5Cfor7days
sphincters,brancheduterus; Infectivestage:cystecerci Sanitarymeat
(gravid)uterusfulloffertilizedeggs, Modeoftransmission: inspection
hasposteriorprotuberances ingestionofrawor
Adult:48minlength;yellowish undercookedporkor
whiteincolor beefinfectedwitheggs
orgravidproglottids
Hymenolepis Ova:innerthickmembranewith Habitat:smallintestines Usuallyasymptomatic Fecalysis:eggs Praziquantel Preventingfecal
nana bipolarthickeningswith48 Finalhost:ratsand Ifsymptomatic:enteritis, 25mg/kg contaminationof
(Dwarf filaments;outerthin,hyaline humans abdominalpain,diarrhea, Nitazoxanide foodandwaterin
tapeworm) membraneshell Intermediatehosts:flour lossofappetite, 500mg institutionsand
Scolex:singlecircleof2030Y beetles restlessness,irritability, crowdedareas
shapedhooklets;retractable Infectivestage: restlesssleep,analand Generalsanitation
rostelluminvaginatedinapexofthe embryonatedova, nasalpruritus androdentand
organ;4cupshapedsuckers;long cysticercoidlarva insectcontrol
andslenderneck Modeoftransmission: (especiallycontrol
Proglottid:(mature)width>length, ingestionofcysticercoid offleasandgrain
unilateralgenitalpores,3testesand infectedflourbeetles insects
1ovarypersegment;(gravid)
absenttestesandovary,uterus
hollowsoutfilledwitheggs
Hymenolepis Ova:thin,outerhyalinemembrane Habitat:smallintestines Usuallyasymptomatic Fecalysis:eggs Praziquantel Preventingfecal
diminuta shell,nostriatedembryophores,no Finalhost:ratsand 25mg/kg contaminationof
(rattapeworm) polarfilaments humans foodandwaterin
Scolex:rostellumhasnohooks Intermediatehosts:flour institutionsand
Proglottids:(mature)width>length, beetles crowdedareas
unilateralgenitalpores,3testesand Infectivestage:cyctecerci Generalsanitation
1ovarypersegment;(gravid)upto Modeoftransmission: androdentand
90cm ingestionofcysticercoid insectcontrol
infectedflourbeetle (especiallycontrol
offleasandgrain
insects
Railletina Ova:innerthinspherical Habitat:smallintestines Asymptomatic Fecalysis:eggs Praziquantel Eliminationof
garrisoni membrane,thinouterelongated Finalhost:cats,dogsand andproglottids intermediatehosts
(Madagascar membrane humans Properstorageof
tapewormor Scolex:severalspinesaroundthe Intermediatehosts:flour food
Commonrat rostellum,rostellumwith2 beetles Sanitarywaste
tapeworm) alternatingcircularrowsof90140 Infectivestage: disposal
hammershapedhooks,4 cysticercoidlarva
acetabula,subglobularscolex Modeoftransmission:
Proglottids:(mature)bilobedovary ingestionofcysticercoid
surroundedby3650ovoidtestes; infectedflourbeetles
(gravid)2mminlength,contains
200400eggcapsuleswhichcontain
14spindleshapedeggseach
Adult:60cminlength
Dipylidium Ova:embryonicmembrane(egg Habitat:smallintestines Ifheavyinfection:slight Fecalysis: Praziquantel510 Treatinfected
caninum packet)containing815eggs Finalhost:dogs,catsand intestinaldiscomfort, proglottids mg/kg animalsandtokill
(Cucumber Scolex:retractablepointed humans epigastricpain,diarrhea, dogfleas&lice
tapewormor rostellumwith17rowsofrose Intermediatehosts:fleas pruritusani,allergy, Dogsandcats
Doublepore thornshapedhooklets (Ctenocephalidescanis,C. moderateeosinophilia shouldbe
tapeworm) Proglottids:genitalporesonboth felis&Pulexirritans) dewormed
sides,eachsidehasasetofmale Infectivestage:cyctecerci periodically
andfemalereproductiveorgans Modeoftransmission:
ingestionofcysticercoid
infectedfleas
Diphyllobothrium Ova:oblong,goldenyellow, Habitat:smallintestines Diphyllobothriasis: Fecalysis,Kato Praziquantel5 Preventionof
latum unsegmented,operculatedwith Finalhost:humansand diarrhea,abdominalpain, technique:eggs 10mg/kg water
(Broadfish distinctterminalknob othermammals vomiting,weightloss, andproglottid contamination
tapeworm) Scolex:longneck,eachside(dorsal Intermediatehosts:(1st) fatigue,constipationand segments Screeningof
andventral)hasaslitlikesucking copepods,crustaceans, discomfort;mayleadto PCR successful
groove(bothriumortentacle)for (2nd)fish severevitaminB12 treatmentof
attachment Infectivestage: deficiencyand peopleinfected
Proglottids:midventralcommon plerocercoidlarva Megaloblasticanemia withtheparasite
genitalpore Modeoftransmission: Preventionof
Adult:10mlonginaverage ingestionofrawor infectionof
undercookedinfected humansvia
fish consumptionof
raw,infectedfish
ExtraintestinalCestodes
Echinococcus Ova:ovoidwithhexacanthembryo Habitat:smallintestines Hydatiddisease:liver History: Mebendazole40 Avoidingesting
granulosus with3pairsofhooks,without Finalhost:dogs enlargement,hookletsin residencein 50mg/kg/dayor foodorother
(Hydatidworm, operculum Intermediatehosts: sputumandpossible endemicarea, Albendazole10 substances
Hyperworm, Scolex:prominentrostellumwith sheep,pigs,cows, anaphylacticshock closeassociation 15mg/kg/day contaminatedwith
Dogtapeworm) doublerowof2840hooksand4 humans withdogs Surgicalremoval dogfeces
suckers,shortandthickneck Infectivestage: Radiography: ofhydatidcysts
Proglottids:midventralcommon embryonatedegg presenceofcysts USGguided
genitalpore Modeoftransmission: ELISA:Detection percutaneous
Adult:36mminlength,single, ingestionofrawor ofIgGinfeces aspiration
lateralequatorialgenitalpore, undercookedinfected PCR
irregularlateraluterussac,2 meat
ovaries,4660minutespherical
testes
Spirometraspp Ova:operculated Habitat:smallintestines Sparganosis:migrating Biopsy:recovery Surgicalremoval Boilingorfiltering
Proglottids:withspiraluterus Finalhost:dogs,cats, tumor,localindurations, ofplerocercoid oflarvaefrom drinkingwater
Adult:shorterthan humans edema,erythema,chills, larvaeform infectedtissues Adequatecooking
Diphyllobothrium Intermediatehosts:(1st) fever,eosinophilia infectedtissues ofintermediate
crustaceans,(2nd)fish, Antisparganum hosts
reptiles,amphibians ELISA Avoidpracticeof
Infectivestage: Radiography applyingfrogflesh
plerocercoidlarva toinflamedareas
Modeoftransmission:
ingestionofrawor
undercookedinfected
fish
