Cell Structure and Function
Glossary
Booklet 4 1
Term Meaning
prokaryote cell
eukaryote cell
plant cells
animal cells
cell theory
lens
compound light
microscope
electron
microscope
cell
tissue
epidermal cells
guard cells
stoma
Cell Structure and Function
Glossary
Booklet 4 2
Term Meaning
organelle
mitochondrion
ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate)
nucleus
Deoxyribonucleic
acid
endoplasmic
reticulum
ribosomes
protein synthesis
vacuole
Booklet 4 3
Introduction
All organisms are made of cells and the products of cells. The simplest type of cell is a
prokaryote. It does not contain any membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes include
Bacteria. Eukaryotic cells do contain membrane-bound organelles. Plant, animal and fungus
cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.
Instructions
A Venn diagram shows similarities between groups in the intersecting portions of the circles,
while differences are represented in the non-intersecting portions of the circles. Identify and
name structural features found in different types of cells and add them to the Venn diagrams.
Eukaryotic cells
Animal
Plant
Cells
Cells
Fungus Cells
Booklet 4 4
The Cell Theory
The cell theory states that all living things are composed of one or more cells and that all cells
come from pre-existing cells. Over many years, the cell theory has been added to and refined
by scientists.
Visit our website, Biological Systems, Cell Organelles
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Scroll to
Leeuwenhoek's Lucky Break
How a Dutch fabric-maker became the father of microbiology.
Click on the link to go to
the Discover journal
website.
1. Read the information.
2. Construct a scaled
time line that shows;
o the early
development of
microscopes
o the names of the
developers AND
o the objects that
were observed
o diagrams where
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appropriate
break
Booklet 4 5
Microscopy
Name the parts of the Compound Light Microscope
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1. Follow instructions to make a wet mount of leaf epidermis tissue.
2. Observe under the Compound Light microscope
3. Do a biological drawing and identify the epidermal cells and the guard cells.
4. Identify and label
o the cell wall
o nucleus
Booklet 4 6
o chloroplast
o cytoplasm
Booklet 4 7
Leaf Epidermis Species: Agapanthus
Labelled biological drawing
Booklet 4 8
Cell Structure
All living things are comprised of cells and cell components. This is one of the fundamental
statements of the cell theory. However, not all cells contain the same cell components. The
organelles, or lack of organelles, found in each cell determine the structure and function.
Label the following representations of typical plant, animal and fungus cells. These
structures may be seen under an electron microscope.
Plant Cell Animal cell
Fungus cell
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Booklet 4 10
You will notice that Plant, Animal and Fungus Cells have some organelles in common.
Add these to the Venn Diagram on Page 3
Identify the functions for the following organelles.
Structure Function
Organelle
What does it look like? What chemical job does it do?
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Centriole
Chloroplast
Booklet 4 11
Fill in the missing words in this cloze activity.
All cells require _________________ to move, grow and reproduce. Autotrophic organisms
make their own food (energy) through the process of _________________________ .. are
Organisms that must consume others to gain energy are called ____________________.
The process of _____________________________________ is the cellular reaction that
breaks down the chemical, ____________________________ to provide energy (ATP) to
the cell.
Photosynthesis is the chemical reaction that traps the Suns light energy and transforms it
into useable chemical energy. The word equation for photosynthesis is:
_______________________________________________________________________
The green pigment called ______________________________ , is found in leaf cells.
Oval-shaped membrane-bound organelles called _________________________ are able
to harvest the Suns energy during photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are green because they hold
the enzyme __________________________ which helps the reaction of
_____________________.
Cellular respiration is the chemical reaction where ____________________________
is broken down into _________________________ and __________________________ ,
providing energy to the cell.
Cellular respiration occurs in an organelle called the ______________________________.
Mitochondria have a double membrane and their own DNA.
Booklet 4 12
Cellular respiration has two stages. The first stage, glycolysis, occurs in the
_____________________________ . Glycolysis is sometimes called anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis breaks ___________________________ into pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid
molecules are small enough to move into the _________________________________ .
If there is enough oxygen present then the second stage occurs.
If there is not enough oxygen entering the mitochondria, then the pyruvate molecules are
converted to lactic acid in humans. This happens during exercise. In yeast, which is a type of
fungus, pyruvate is converted to ethanol.
The aerobic stage of respiration occurs in the _________________________________.
This stage transfers the chemical energy of pyruvate into ATP molecules. ATP is the energy-
storing molecule, required for cellular function. The energy from one glucose molecule can be
placed into 36 molecules of ATP.
Exploring the role of the Mitochondrion
The powerhouse of the cell is the organelle called the mitochondrion. Mitochondria are
organelles that take in glucose and oxygen molecules. The enzymes in the mitochondria help
break down the glucose molecules into carbon dioxide and water. The energy that was held
in the glucose molecule is placed into smaller packs of energy inside ATP molecules. This
process is called aerobic respiration.
1. Write the word equation for the process of anaerobic respiration in humans.
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Write the word equation for the process of aerobic respiration in humans
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__________________________________________________________________________
3. Write the word equation for the process of aerobic respiration in. yeast.
__________________________________________________________________________
Booklet 4 14
Draw an InfoGraphic to represent both Glycolysis (Anaerobic Respiration) and
Aerobic Respiration
Assessment Task 3: Extended response research assignment Cell InfoGraphic
Assessment Task 4: Build a prototype of a cell organelle. Submit with the design brief,
including key and reflections.
Booklet 4 15
Exploring cellular respiration in yeast
Task 6: Science Inquiry Practical - Factors affecting respiration rate
Yeast is a microorganism that belongs to the Fungi kingdom. It is found widely in nature and
is used in making such widely diverse foods such as breads, cheese, wine and beer. These
foods may be different but they all have something in common bubbles!
Yeasts respire to produce carbon dioxide, which may be trapped as bubbles.
Bread uses pliable dough to trap the bubbles, Beer making takes advantage of both the
bubbles and the ethanol produced.
Design an investigation to explore a variable that may affect the cellular respiration in yeast.
You may work in pairs, or a collaborative group of three. The groups will gather plan, conduct,
analyse and evaluate the investigation. Students will submit their own science report for this
investigation. This is Assessment Task
Use the Report Writing Template as a guide to how to write your report.
Booklet 4 16
Writing your Report Template
TITLE and DATE Graph: What type of graph will you draw and why?
Problem: Identify the problem Plot the average results
Hypothesis: A short statement, making a prediction about how the TITLE relates the two variables
independent variable will affect the dependant variable.
(A short statement of the relationship between the two
variables.)
Variables:
o Independent or manipulated variable (I change) Dependent variable
o Dependent or responding variable (measured) (units)
o The controlled variables, or variables that you kept the same. (Say how
you kept these the same.)
Independent variable
Materials: List of materials written so that anyone else could repeat (units)
your experiment exactly.
Method: Listed in steps so that anyone else could repeat your Conclusion:
experiment exactly. o What do your results show?
o Sate the relationship between the variables.
Diagram: Use a ruler and pencil. o Describe any patterns or trends in the data.
o Explain, using science ideas why there could be this trend.
Results: Evaluation of the method:
o State whether or not your hypothesis was supported.
Table 1: _______________________________________
o What difficulties did you have in measuring the variables accurately?
o How reliable are your results?
Independent Dependent variable (units)
Why did you do three trials?
variable Trial Trial Trial Average Why did you calculate averages?
(units) 1 2 3 Were your sample sizes big enough?
Was there a significant difference between your results?
What did you do to control the other variables properly?
Use scientific language and concepts to describe what you have
John Curtin College of the Arts / Science Inquiry Skills / Report Writing
learned from this investigation.
Bibliography / References
John Curtin College of the Arts / Science Inquiry Skills / Report Writing
