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BEU Dept. of Enve. Eng.

[Link]

CIV 112 Computer Programming

Lecture Notes (1)

Computer Programming
A computer is a programmable machine. This means
it can execute a programmed list of instructions and
respond to new instructions that it is given.
Computer Programming is the process of developing
and implementing various sets of instructions to
enable a computer to do a certain task.
Programs are written to solve problems or perform
tasks on a computer.

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Computer Programming
Programmers translate the
solutions or tasks into a
language the computer
can understand.
As we write programs, we
must keep in mind that
the computer will only do
what we instruct it to do.
Because of this, we must
be very careful and
thorough with our
instructions.
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First Computer Programmer: Ada Lovelace

Ada Lovelace is the first

person to develop an
algorithm for a machine.

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Algorithm
An algorithm is a list of
instructions, procedures,
or formulas used to solve a
problem.
The word derives from the
name of the
mathematician,
Mohammed ibn-Musa al-
Khwarizmi (El-Harezm),
(780 850).

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Pseudocode
Pseudocode is a computer programming language
that resembles plain English that cannot be
compiled or executed, but explains a resolution to
a problem.

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Source Code
The source code consists of the programming
statements that are created by a programmer with
a text editor or a visual programming tool and
then saved in a file.
For example, a programmer using the C language
types in a desired sequence of C language
statements using a text editor and then saves
them as a named file.
This file is said to contain the source code.

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Flowchart
A flowchart is a formalized graphic representation
of a logic sequence, work or manufacturing
process, organization chart, or similar formalized
structure.
The purpose of a flow chart is to provide people
with a common language or reference point when
dealing with a project or process.
Flowcharts use simple geometric symbols and
arrows to define relationships.

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Programming Languages
Computer programming is almost always done by
means of Programming Language.
There exists more than 2500 programming
languages in the world.
Some of them are known by only their developers!

For further information:

[Link]
_languages
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Programming Languages

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Programming Language Generations
1GL or first-generation language was (and still is)
machine language or the level of instructions and
data that the processor is actually given to work
on.

2GL or second-generation language is assembler

(sometimes called "assembly") language.

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Programming Language Generations

3GL or third-generation language is a "high-level"
programming language, such as PL/I, C, or Java. A
compiler converts the statements of a specific
high-level programming language into machine
language. A 3GL language requires a considerable
amount of programming knowledge.

4GL or fourth-generation language is designed to

be closer to natural language than a 3GL language.
Languages for accessing databases are often
described as 4GLs.

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Programming Language Generations
5GL or fifth-generation language is programming
that uses a visual or graphical development
interface to create source language that is usually
compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler.
Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies
make 5GL visual programming products for
developing applications in Java, for example.
Visual programming allows you to easily envision
object-oriented programming class hierarchies
and drag icons to assemble program components.

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Machine Code (machine language)

Machine code, also known as machine language,

is the elemental language of computers,
comprising a long sequence of binary digital zeros
and ones (bits).
Sometimes referred to as machine code or object
code, machine language is a collection of binary
digits or bits that the computer reads and
interprets. Machine language is the only language
a computer is capable of understanding.

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Machine Code

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Assembly Language
Sometimes referred to as assembly or ASL,
assembly language is a low-level programming
language used to interface with computer
hardware.
Assembly language uses structured commands as
substitutions for numbers allowing humans to
read the code easier than looking at binary.
Although easier to read than binary, assembly
language is a difficult language and is usually
substituted for a higher language such as C.

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Low-level Languages
Low-level languages have the advantage that they can
be written to take advantage of any peculiarities in
the architecture of the central processing unit (CPU).
Thus, a program written in a low-level language can
be extremely efficient, making optimum use of both
computer memory and processing time.
However, to write a low-level program takes a
substantial amount of time, as well as a clear
understanding of the inner workings of the processor
itself. Therefore, low-level programming is typically
used only for very small programs, or for segments of
code that are highly critical and must run as
efficiently as possible.
[Link]
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High-level Languages
High-level languages permit faster development of
large programs. The final program as executed by the
computer is not as efficient, but the savings in
programmer time generally far outweigh the
inefficiencies of the finished product.
This is because the cost of writing a program is nearly
constant for each line of code, regardless of the
language.
Thus, a high-level language where each line of code
translates to 1-0 machine instructions costs only one
tenth as much in program development as a low-level
language where each line of code represents only a
single machine instruction.
[Link]
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First High Level Language

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[Link]
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Comparison of Programming Languages

[Link]
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Compiler
A compiler is a special program that processes
statements written in a particular programming
language and turns them into machine language
or "code" that a computer's processor uses.

After you write a program, your source language

statements are compiled into machine code that
is stored as an executable file.

Scripting languages like Perl and PHP do not need

to be compiled.
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Compiler

[Link]

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Borland C++ Compiler

Compiler is available from following page after free registration:

[Link]
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Structured Programming (modular programming)
Structured programming (sometimes known as modular
programming) is a subset of procedural programming that
enforces a logical structure on the program being written
to make it more efficient and easier to understand and
modify. Certain languages such as Ada, Pascal, and dBASE
are designed with features that encourage or enforce a
logical program structure.
Structured programming frequently employs a top-down
design model, in which developers map out the overall
program structure into separate subsections.
Program flow follows a simple hierarchical model that
employs looping constructs such as "for, "repeat, and
"while" Use of the "Go To" statement is discouraged.
Structured programming was first suggested by Corrado
Bohm and Guiseppe Jacopini. The two mathematicians
demonstrated that any computer program can be written
with just three structures: decisions, sequences, and loops.
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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a
programming language model organized around
"objects" rather than "actions" and data rather than
logic.
Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical
procedure that takes input data, processes it, and
produces output data.

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Classification of Programming
Languages

Procedure-oriented programming
COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal and C

Object oriented programming

Objective C, C++, Java, and PHP

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Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)
An IDE or Integrated Development Environment is a
software program that is designed to help programmers
and developers build software.
Most IDEs include:
a source code editor
a compiler
build automation tools
a debugger

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Debugger
A special program used to find errors (bugs) in other
programs. A debugger allows a programmer to stop a
program at any point and examine and change the
values of variables.

[Link]

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A GUI is a graphical
(rather than purely
textual) user interface to
a computer.
Elements of a GUI
include textboxes,
buttons, pulldown
menues, list and combo
boxes

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DEV C++ IDE

[Link]
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DEV C++ IDE download page

[Link]
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Visual C++ Express Edition

[Link]
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Software Development Languages

C
C++ (C-plus-plus)
C# (C-Sharp)
Pascal
Delphi
Visual Basic

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Web Languages
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
Javascript
VBScript
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)
Java
ASP (Active Server Pages)

[Link]

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List of other reference web pages:

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

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